Olson v. Hornbrook Community Services District CA3 ( 2021 )

Filed 10/25/21 Olson v. Hornbrook Community Services District CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Siskiyou)
----
KIMBERLY R. OLSON, C091885
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. SCCVPT17579)
v. ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
AND DENYING REHEARING
HORNBROOK COMMUNITY SERVICES
DISTRICT et al., [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
Defendants and Respondents.
THE COURT:
It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on October 1, 2021, be modified as
follows:
1. On page 6, delete the first, second (including the footnote) and third
paragraphs (the third paragraph flows onto page 7) beginning “We conclude plaintiff’s
contention” and insert the following paragraph in place of the three paragraphs: Whether
the trial court had jurisdiction to strike or otherwise disregard the first amended
complaint is irrelevant because plaintiff cannot show prejudice. Indeed, as the trial court
1
found, the first amended complaint does not state a cause of action other than that found
stated in the complaint.
2. On page 7, delete the first two sentences of the first full paragraph,
beginning “While that would be sufficient” and replace them with the following
sentences: The claim plaintiff added to the first amended complaint was under the False
Claims Act. In that regard, we agree with plaintiff that Hamby is distinguishable.
3. On page 8, at the end of the first paragraph after the sentence ending “on
defendant’s demurrer,” add the following footnote: Plaintiff’s contention the trial court
dismissed the amended complaint without notice to her misapprehends the procedural
posture of the legal proceedings. The trial court precluded plaintiff from filing an
amended complaint and informed plaintiff of how to remedy the deficiencies the court
pointed out in the amended complaint. The court then gave plaintiff ample opportunity to
remedy the deficiencies in the proposed amended complaint so that it stated causes of
action and complied with the local rules as it pertained to filing fees. Despite this notice,
plaintiff did not attempt to remedy the deficiencies the court identified in the amended
complaint. Thus, plaintiff’s citation to Reid v. Balter (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1186, is
misplaced because unlike the plaintiff in that case, plaintiff was provided with notice and
an opportunity to remedy purported deficiencies before the trial court dismissed
plaintiff’s action.
4. On page 8, delete the third and fourth sentences of the first full paragraph,
beginning with “Again, because the court.”
5. On page 13, delete the second sentence of the first full paragraph,
beginning “But, as we addressed,” and replace it with the following sentence: But, as we
addressed ante, plaintiff cannot show she was prejudiced by the court’s action because
the amended complaint failed to state a claim for relief.
There is no change in the judgment. The petition for rehearing is denied.
2
BY THE COURT:
/s/
Blease, Acting P. J.
/s/
Robie, J.
/s/
Duarte, J.
3
Filed 10/1/21 Olson v. Hornbrook Community Services District CA3 (unmodified opinion)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Siskiyou)
----
KIMBERLY R. OLSON, C091885
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. SCCVPT17579)
v.
HORNBROOK COMMUNITY SERVICES
DISTRICT et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
Plaintiff Kimberly R. Olson filed a complaint for declaratory relief and a petition
for writ of mandamus against the Hornbrook Community Services District (District) and
its employee Clint Dingman (collectively defendants) alleging a variety of claims
(complaint). Defendants demurred and plaintiff thereafter filed an amended complaint
without court permission alleging an additional cause of action, along with those
previously asserted in the complaint (amended complaint). The trial court disregarded
the amended complaint and sustained defendant’s demurrer on the complaint as to several
1
causes of action. Ignoring the trial court’s ruling regarding the amended complaint,
plaintiff sought a default judgment against defendants on the amended complaint, which
the trial court denied.
On appeal, plaintiff challenges the trial court’s reasons for disregarding the
amended complaint, as well as its refusal to enter a default judgment against defendants
on the amended complaint. Plaintiff also challenges the trial court’s order sustaining
defendants’ demurrer to the complaint and its jurisdiction to enter judgment on the
complaint. We disagree with plaintiff’s contentions and affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff sued defendants alleging several violations of the Ralph M. Brown Act1
(Brown Act), as well as nuisance and waste of public funds. As to the Brown Act,
plaintiff alleged she “and other members of the public objected to the [District’s] consent
calendar on the basis that there was no description of each item of business to be
considered and approved by the Board.” As support, plaintiff attached the District’s
agenda showing that, during the consent calendar portion of the meeting, the Board
would approve minutes from the prior meeting, “approve bills and authorize signatures
on Warrant Authorization Form for District expenses received through March 28, 2017,”
and approve the filing of a report.
Plaintiff also alleged the District violated the Brown Act by providing an
inadequate description pertaining to the “requirement and appropriate procedure for
amendment of District bylaws.” It was inadequate, the allegation continued, because “the
description given did not include the information that the Board, and the District Manager
were actually seeking to change certain sections of the [District’s] Bylaws without voter
approval, when those sections provide that voter approval must be obtained to make any
1 Government Code section 54950 et seq.
2
changes thereto.” Next, plaintiff alleged the District violated the Brown Act by holding a
closed session with legal counsel to discuss two litigation cases when the legal counsel in
question was never appointed or retained at a noticed public hearing. Finally, plaintiff
alleged one of the litigation cases considered during closed session improperly listed the
case number on the agenda.
As to the waste of public funds cause of action, plaintiff alleged Dingman and
board members of the District conspired so that Dingman could file timesheets that did
not accurately reflect the time he worked for the District.2
Defendants filed a demurrer arguing plaintiff did not state facts sufficient to
constitute a cause of action. Plaintiff thereafter filed the amended complaint alleging an
additional cause of action that Dingman violated the False Claims Act3 based on his
filing of false time cards.
The trial court “bounced back” plaintiff’s first amended complaint because the fee
waiver request accompanying the complaint was on an outdated form and the fax-filing
fee had not been paid. The court also noted that while plaintiff requested the complaint
be processed as a confidential False Claims Act proceeding, the court would not do so
because the proceeding was not “initiated” as a False Claim Act proceeding and instead
alleged “violation of the Brown Act, for mandamus, declaratory relief, nuisance and
Waste of Taxpayer funds.” Further, the court found the amended complaint failed to
state a claim under the False Claims Act because the False Claims Act could not be
utilized against government employees. (Citing State of California ex rel. Dockstader v.
2 Plaintiff does not mount arguments on appeal alleging the trial court erred in
sustaining the demurrer as to her nuisance cause of action, thus we will not relate the
facts underlying that allegation.
3 Government Code section 12560 et seq.
3
Hamby (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 480.) As to defendant’s demurrer, the court sustained it
without leave to amend in substantial part, leaving viable only plaintiff’s nuisance claim.
Plaintiff thereafter filed a proper fee waiver form, but the court continued to reject
the amended complaint for the reasons it had previously stated. Eventually, plaintiff filed
a request for entry of default judgment on the amended complaint because, in her view,
defendants had failed to answer. The court denied plaintiff’s request. Defendants then
filed a motion for entry of judgment after plaintiff failed to file and serve an amended
complaint within the parameters of the trial court’s order sustaining the demurrer on the
complaint. Plaintiff opposed the motion arguing she had filed an amended complaint and
the court had erred in sustaining the demurrer as to the complaint. During this process,
plaintiff again sought entry of a default judgment against defendants on the amended
complaint. The court again refused to enter default. The court ultimately granted
defendants’ motion for entry of judgment.
Plaintiff appeals, representing herself.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff’s contentions can to be divided into two categories -- those pertaining to
dismissal of the complaint and those pertaining to the court’s refusal to enter a default
judgment against defendants on the amended complaint. Plaintiff addresses many facets
of these contentions in a haphazard and scattered fashion, compelling us to summarize
basic principles of appellate review.
“ ‘ “A judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct. All intendments
and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent,
and error must be affirmatively shown. This is not only a general principle of appellate
practice but an ingredient of the constitutional doctrine of reversible error.” ’ ” (People v.
Leonard (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 465, 478, quoting Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2
Cal.3d 557, 564.) “It is the appellant’s burden to demonstrate the existence of reversible
error.” (Del Real v. City of Riverside (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 761, 766.) “To demonstrate
4
error, appellant must present meaningful legal analysis supported by citations to authority
and citations to facts in the record that support the claim of error. [Citations.] When a
point is asserted without argument and authority for the proposition, ‘it is deemed to be
without foundation and requires no discussion by the reviewing court.’ [Citations.]
Hence, conclusory claims of error will fail.” (In re S.C. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 396,
408.) Additionally, an appellant has the burden of demonstrating both error and resulting
prejudice. (See, e.g., People v. Coley (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 964, 972; see also Cal.
Const., art. VI, § 13 [“No judgment shall be set aside, or new trial granted, in any cause,
on the ground of misdirection of the jury, or of the improper admission or rejection of
evidence, or for any error as to any matter of pleading, or for any error as to any matter of
procedure, unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, the
court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of
justice”].)
With these principles in mind, we address plaintiff’s appellate contentions starting
with those pertaining to the amended complaint.
I
Plaintiff Was Not Harmed By The Trial Court’s
Failure To Consider The Amended Complaint
In her first argument heading, plaintiff contends the trial court lacked jurisdiction
to strike the amended complaint because it revoked her long-approved fee waiver sua
sponte and required she pay a fax-filing fee. In the body of this argument, plaintiff
elaborates that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to strike or otherwise dismiss the
amended complaint without a motion from defendants or notice to her. She also takes
issue with the court’s remaining reason for disregarding the amended complaint -- that it
was improper for her to amend the complaint with an allegation Dingman violated the
False Claims Act without first alleging it in the complaint.
5
We conclude plaintiff’s contention the trial court lacked jurisdiction to strike or
dismiss the amended complaint on its own motion is without merit. Plaintiff filed the
amended complaint after defendants had filed a demurrer. Given the timing of this filing,
plaintiff was required to seek leave of court to file the amended complaint. (Code Civ.
Proc., § 472, subd. (a).) Thus, the court had jurisdiction to disregard the amended
complaint or grant leave for plaintiff to file the amended complaint.4
Even so, plaintiff argues the reasons cited by the court for disregarding the
amended complaint were erroneous. Plaintiff, however, cannot demonstrate she was
prejudiced by the court’s failure to grant her leave to file the amended complaint.
(People v. Coley, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 972.) Indeed, the court disregarded the
amended complaint for plaintiff’s failure to file the proper fee waiver form, but it
permitted plaintiff an opportunity to remedy the problem. Plaintiff took advantage of that
opportunity and remedied the issue by filing the proper fee waiver form, and the amended
complaint was thereafter rejected for filing on other bases.
Plaintiff has failed to mount an appellate argument demonstrating the court erred
by requiring she file a fax-filing fee before granting leave to file the amended complaint.
Other than eluding to the issue in her first heading and then again in the context of the
trial court’s lack of statutory authority or jurisdiction, plaintiff’s brief does not contain a
4 Plaintiff’s contention the trial court dismissed the amended complaint without
notice to her misapprehends the procedural posture of the legal proceedings. The trial
court precluded plaintiff from filing an amended complaint and informed plaintiff of how
to remedy the deficiencies the court saw in the amended complaint. The court then gave
plaintiff ample opportunity to remedy the deficiencies in the proposed amended
complaint so that it stated causes of action and complied with the local rules as it
pertained to filing fees. Despite this notice, plaintiff did not attempt to remedy the
deficiencies the court identified in the amended complaint. Thus, plaintiff’s citation to
Reid v. Balter (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1186 is misplaced because unlike the plaintiff in
that case, plaintiff was provided with notice and an opportunity to remedy purported
deficiencies before the trial court dismissed plaintiff’s action.
6
citation to authority or argument explaining why the court erred in requiring a fax-filing
fee before the amended complaint could be filed and considered by the court. Because
plaintiff has failed to mount an argument that the court erred on this basis, the argument
is forfeited, and plaintiff has failed to demonstrate reversible error. (In re S.C., supra,
138 Cal.App.4th at p. 408; see, e.g., People v. Coley, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 972.)
While that would be sufficient to affirm the court’s striking of plaintiff’s amended
complaint, we note the trial court was also correct that the amended complaint failed to
state a cause of action under the False Claims Act; albeit, for a different reason than that
relied upon by the court and defendants. We agree with plaintiff that Hamby is
distinguishable. (State of California ex rel. Dockstader v. Hamby, supra, 162
Cal.App.4th at p. 480.) In Hamby, employees of a public school district were sued for
submitting false claims to the State of California based solely on their status and conduct
as public school district employees. (Id. at pp. 483-484.) Extending our Supreme
Court’s holding that a “person” subject to liability under the False Claims Act did not
include a government agency (Wells v. One2One Learning Foundation (2006) 39 Cal.4th
1164), Division Three of the Fourth District Court of Appeal held that “person” also did
not include a government employee who acted within the scope of the employee’s
employment and the government agency had a duty to indemnify the employee (Hamby,
at pp. 486-488, 491). Here, however, plaintiff did not allege Dingman was working
within the scope of his employment when committing the conduct giving rise to the false
claim (i.e., submitting timesheets for time not worked) and plaintiff sued him in his
individual capacity, making plaintiff’s case different from Hamby.
Regardless, plaintiff’s claim lacks merit because the definition of “claim” as used
in the False Claims Act “does not include requests or demands for money, property, or
services that the state or a political subdivision has paid to an individual as compensation
for employment with the state or political subdivision or as an income subsidy with no
restrictions on that individual’s use of the money, property, or services.” (Gov. Code,
7
§ 12650, subd. (b)(2).) Indeed, the False Claim Act, “like its federal counterpart . . . ,
was created to address the problem of companies or contractors who defraud state and
local governments of public funds by making false claims for payment or reimbursement
for their services.” (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1196 (2009-
2010 Reg. Sess.) as amended Apr. 15, 2009, italics added.) The False Claims Act was
not created to address the conduct of government employees, and it explicitly provides
that claims made by those employees “as compensation for employment” are not
included in the prohibited conduct governed by the False Claims Act. (Gov. Code, §
12650, subd. (b)(2).) Accordingly, plaintiff did not state a claim under the False Claims
Act. Because plaintiff cannot demonstrate the amended complaint contained a viable
claim for relief apart from those contained in the complaint, she has not demonstrated
prejudice resulting from the trial court’s failure to grant her leave to file the amended
complaint before ruling on defendants’ demurrer.
Plaintiff also contends the trial court was required to enter a default judgment
against defendants on the amended complaint because she filed it, and defendants failed
to answer it. Not so. Again, because the court never granted plaintiff leave to file the
amended complaint, the amended complaint was never filed. Thus, plaintiff could not
obtain a default judgment against defendants. Further, plaintiff cannot demonstrate
prejudice. As has been explained ante, and will be elaborated on post, plaintiff has not
demonstrated the trial court erred by finding she failed to state a claim for relief in her
pleadings. In whole, the trial court found plaintiff failed to state a claim for relief in the
complaint and that the additional cause of action alleged in the amended complaint also
failed to state a claim for relief. Because plaintiff cannot demonstrate error in those
rulings, she cannot demonstrate that there was a cause of action in the amended
complaint for which the court could enter judgment. (Grappo v. McMills (2017) 11
Cal.App.5th 996, 1015; Taliaferro v. Davis (1963) 216 Cal.App.2d 398, 408-414 [the
8
trial court may not enter a default judgment when the complaint’s allegations do not state
a cause of action].)
II
Plaintiff Has Not Demonstrated The Trial Court
Erred By Sustaining Defendant’s Demurrer
Plaintiff contends the trial court erred by sustaining defendants’ demurrer, and also
that the court lacked jurisdiction to dismiss the complaint. While she appears to assert
the complaint stated a claim as to each cause of action she alleged, plaintiff fails to
develop an appellate argument in that regard, except as to her cause of action under the
Brown Act. Thus, we will not address whether the trial court properly sustained
defendant’s demurrer as to plaintiff’s causes of action for nuisance and waste of public
funds. (In re S.C., supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 408.)
As to the Brown Act cause of action, plaintiff alleged four theories in the
complaint alleging the District violated the Brown Act. First, plaintiff alleged the District
violated the Brown Act by failing to list every action to be taken by approval of the
consent agenda; second, by failing to notify the public of the reason for amending the
District’s bylaws; third, by holding a closed session with retained counsel, when the
contract to retain counsel was never approved at a noticed public meeting; and fourth, by
improperly listing the case number associated with a litigation case considered during
closed session. Plaintiff argues the trial court erred because it relied on its own weighing
of the facts to find plaintiff’s theories lacked merit. We disagree.
We review the trial court’s ruling on a demurrer de novo. (Lee v. Hanley (2014)
227 Cal.App.4th 1295, 1300.) Thus, the court’s weighing of the facts is irrelevant to our
inquiry. If the demurrer can be sustained on any ground raised, we must affirm.
(Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1074, 1081.) If the court sustains a
demurrer without leave to amend and plaintiff seeks leave to amend, plaintiff must
demonstrate how the complaint could be amended to state a valid cause of action. (Ibid.)
9
“The [Brown] Act is intended to ensure that the deliberations and actions of the
governing bodies of local agencies are open and public and that provision is made for
meaningful public access to their decisionmaking. ([Gov. Code,] § 54950.) To that end,
the [Brown] Act requires the meetings of such bodies to be open to the public, held on a
regular schedule, and conducted in accordance with an agenda available in advance of the
meeting. ([Gov. Code,] §§ 54953, 54954, 54954.2.)” (Olson v. Hornbrook Community
Services Dist. (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 502, 514.) “The agenda must contain ‘a brief
general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting,
including items to be discussed in closed session. A brief general description of an item
generally need not exceed 20 words.’ ([Gov. Code,] § 54954.2, subd. (a)(1).)
Importantly, with limited exceptions, ‘[n]o action or discussion shall be undertaken on
any item not appearing on the posted agenda.’ (Id., subd. (a)(2)(E), (3).)” (Ibid.) To
fulfill the Brown Act’s objective, “agenda drafters must give the public a fair chance to
participate in matters of particular or general concern by providing the public with more
than mere clues from which they must then guess or surmise the essential nature of the
business to be considered by a local agency.” (San Diegans for Open Government v. City
of Oceanside (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 637, 643.)
Applying these principles to the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint, she cannot
demonstrate the trial court erred. As to the consent agenda, plaintiff’s allegation boils
down to one we have seen before; that is, the District failed to notify the public of each
bill it would pay that month and disclosed only that it was paying the District’s monthly
bills. We rejected this claim in Olson v. Hornbrook Community Services Dist., supra, 33
Cal.App.5th at pages 520-521, in pertinent part: “[Plaintiff] argues the description,
‘Approve bills and authorize signatures on Warrant Authorization Form for District
expenses received through January 24, 2017,’ does not substantially comply with the Act
because it does not list the individual items to be discussed and acted upon. We disagree
because the description leaves no confusion as to the essential nature of the District’s
10
action, which was to approve bills and authorize signatures for all expenses of the District
received through January 24, 2017. The January 2017 agenda indicated the District’s
expenses would be approved in a single action; those interested in the District’s expenses
would know from the agenda description that they needed to attend the meeting to
participate in that discussion and action. Accordingly, [plaintiff] has not stated a cause of
action under [the Brown Act].”
Plaintiff’s second theory in support of the Brown Act cause of action -- that the
District failed to notify the public of the reason the Board sought to amend the District’s
bylaws -- also lacks merit. The Brown Act extends no obligation to inform the public of
the motivations behind government actions. The Brown Act compels notification of the
action to be transacted or discussed, so that the public will have a meaningful opportunity
to participate in the decisionmaking process. (San Diegans for Open Government v. City
of Oceanside, supra, 4 Cal.App.5th at p. 643.) Here, the agenda notified the public the
Board would be discussing amendments to the District bylaws. All those interested
would know they needed to attend the meeting at which that item was being discussed to
find out the motivations behind the Board’s decisionmaking process. Thus, no Brown
Act violation occurred.
Plaintiff’s third theory alleged the District violated the Brown Act by holding a
closed session with an attorney the District never retained during a noticed and public
hearing. We do not see a Brown Act violation here. Plaintiff identifies the unlawful
action as the closed session item, but alleges the lack of notice pertained to the attorney
representing the District and not as to the substance of the closed session item. Plaintiff
does not allege facts denying her adequate notice of the action to be discussed, thus she
has failed to state a claim under the Brown Act. (San Diegans for Open Government v.
City of Oceanside, supra, 4 Cal.App.5th at p. 643.)
Finally, plaintiff alleged the District violated the Brown Act by improperly listing
the case number associated with a litigation case considered during closed session. We
11
are again reminded of Olson v. Hornbrook Community Services Dist., supra, 33
Cal.App.5th at pages 519-520: “ ‘[S]o long as notice of the essential nature of the matter
an agency will consider has been disclosed in the agency’s agenda, technical errors or
immaterial omissions will not prevent an agency from acting. In Castaic[ Lake Water
Agency v. Newhall County Water Dist.], supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at pages 1206-1207, a
water agency published an agenda which stated that its board of directors would conduct
a conference with its legal counsel, in closed session, and ‘discuss potential litigation.’
The agenda erroneously cited [Government Code] section 54956.9, subdivision (c),
which defines ‘litigation’ as including any adjudicatory proceeding; the agenda should
have cited [Government Code] section 54956.9, subdivision (d)(4), which, in particular,
permits closed sessions when an agency is ‘deciding whether to initiate litigation.’ In
finding that the agency’s discussion of and decision to initiate litigation was valid and
that it had substantially complied with the Ralph M. Brown Act, the court stated:
“[Plaintiff’s] argument is hypertechnical and elevates form over substance. The given
notice plainly advised the members of the public that on March 14, 2013, [the board]
would be meeting with its legal counsel, in closed session, to discuss potential litigation
in two cases. The citation in the given notice to subdivision (c) instead of subdivision
(d)(4) of [Government Code] section 54956.9 could not possibly have misled or confused
anyone.” ’ ”
Similarly here, plaintiff does not allege she was confused by the description
contained in the agenda or that the case name associated with the inaccurate case number
was not the case actually considered by the District during the closed session. To
conclude plaintiff has stated a claim with such allegations would elevate form over
substance and extend the Brown Act beyond its stated purpose of requiring “a brief
general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the
meeting . . . .” (Gov. Code, § 54954.2, subd. (a)(1).)
12
Even so, plaintiff contends the trial court erred by dismissing the entire case on the
basis she failed to amend the complaint because she had filed the amended complaint and
was seeking default judgment on it. But, as we addressed ante, the trial court had
authority to disregard the amended complaint and plaintiff cannot show she was
prejudiced by the court’s action because the additional cause of action alleged in the
amended complaint failed to state a claim for relief. Accordingly, plaintiff’s challenge to
the trial court’s dismissal of her case lacks merit.
DISPOSITION5
The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)
/s/
Robie, J.
We concur:
/s/
Blease, Acting P. J.
/s/
Duarte, J.
5 Plaintiff’s request for judicial notice is denied as irrelevant. Plaintiff requests
judicial notice of legislative history materials related to a 2020 amendment to a statute
pertaining to court filing fees. Because plaintiff failed to advance an argument related to
fax-filing fees and generally failed to show she was prejudiced by the court’s denial of
her request for leave to amend the complaint, this material is irrelevant to our
consideration of plaintiff’s appellate contentions.
13