People v. Turner ( 2021 )

Filed 12/23/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A159822
v.
DEREAK H. TURNER, (Alameda County
Super. Ct. No. H58999)
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Dereak H. Turner appeals a judgment entered upon a jury
verdict finding him guilty of second degree murder. He was charged with
committing two unrelated murders (the Oakland and Hayward murders), and
the cases were consolidated. At the close of evidence in the consolidated trial,
he renewed his earlier motion to sever the two charges on the ground the
evidence he committed the Oakland murder was weak. The trial court
granted the motion, ruling it would leave the jury to decide only the Hayward
case. Defendant then unsuccessfully sought a mistrial in the Hayward case
on the ground the jury would be influenced improperly by having heard the
evidence of the Oakland murder. His sole contention on appeal is that the
trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a mistrial. We
agree with him, reverse the judgment, and remand the matter for a retrial.
1
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
I. The Hayward Case
In the Hayward case (count 3 of the consolidated information),
defendant was charged with murdering Thomas Cunningham (Pen. Code,
§ 187, subd. (a)),1 with allegations that he personally and intentionally
discharged a firearm and caused great bodily injury and death (§§ 12022.7,
subd. (a), 12022.53, subds. (b) & (d)). Defendant admitted he killed
Cunningham but took the position that the circumstances justified a
conviction only of voluntary manslaughter.
When the case came to trial almost ten years after the homicide,
Cunningham’s daughter Chelsie was the prosecution’s main witness.2
Chelsie testified that on the evening of November 24, 2009, when she was 13
years old, her father had a couple of drinks outside his home with Chelsie’s
sister and her friends. Afterward, Chelsie walked with her father and her
two dogs, a Pekinese Chihuahua mix and a German Shepherd, to a corner
store to get ice cream. Chelsie waited outside the store with the dogs, and
Cunningham went inside to buy the ice cream. Chelsie held the German
Shepherd by the collar, without a leash, and the smaller dog walked
unleashed.
Cunningham came out of the store, and Chelsie saw a man later
identified as defendant approaching them. As Chelsie and her father started
walking home, the German Shepherd pulled free from Chelsie and walked up
to the man to sniff his leg but did not make physical contact. Chelsie saw the
man “stop and freeze,” and he might have “put his hand up like he was
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2 We will refer to Chelsie and to other witnesses of this crime by their
first names, intending no disrespect.
2
surprised.” He asked her to grab the dog, sounding “uncomfortable or
nervous or defensive maybe.” Chelsie called to the dog, walked up, and
grabbed him by the collar. Cunningham, who was a few feet ahead, turned
around asked the man, “What?” and began arguing with him from a distance
of seven or eight feet. Their exchange was hostile, argumentative, and angry.
Chelsie did not recall specifically what they were saying, but she thought
they were “cussing.” She did not hear her father threaten the man, and the
two men did not approach each other or exchange blows. By that point
Chelsie had the German Shepherd by the collar, and the dog did not bark or
try to pull away from her. Her attention was primarily focused on managing
the dogs.
Chelsie saw the other man pull a gun from his waistband, heard a
gunshot, and saw her father stumble backward and fall. The man then ran
away. Chelsie was later shown a photographic lineup and identified a picture
of defendant as looking like the person who shot her father.
Cunningham died of two gunshot wounds. His autopsy showed that he
weighed 232 pounds and had a blood alcohol level of .22 percent.
Yvonne G., who lived in the neighborhood, sometimes obtained crack
cocaine from defendant and was hoping to do so the evening of the shooting.
She was walking to a liquor store that evening and spoke with defendant on
the phone as she walked. She heard barking through the phone and was
surprised because she knew defendant did not like being around dogs. As she
approached within earshot of the store, she heard dogs yapping, then
defendant screaming, “like[] they were attacking him,” “Get them off of me,
. . . I’ll put a cap in your ass,” and another male voice speaking in a
“mannerly” tone, then a little girl’s voice saying “Don’t let him kick my dog,”
then “pow pow.” Defendant ran past Yvonne and, still hoping to get drugs
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from him, she told him to go to her house. In October 2017, Yvonne walked
in to the police station to give her statement, apologizing for her years of
silence.
A friend of defendant’s, Nicole H., testified that defendant called on the
night of the crime and asked her to pick him up. When she did so, he told her
that a man’s dog jumped on him, the man lunged at him, and he shot the
man.
Defendant, who was 20 years old at the time of the killing, testified at
trial and admitted shooting Cunningham. Relevant to his defense, he is
African-American and Cunningham was white. Defendant was smaller than
Cunningham, with a height of 5 feet 10 inches and a weight of about 180
pounds. Defendant testified that he carried a gun regularly because he was
robbed and beaten at gunpoint when he was 13 years old.
On the evening of the shooting, defendant had been smoking marijuana
with a friend and was “a little high” and in a good mood. As he walked along
the street afterward, a German Shepherd ran up to him and tugged at his
pants leg, and he was nervous because he did not know whether the dog was
vaccinated or how it normally behaved. When the dog stood on its legs as if
to put its paws on defendant’s sweatshirt, defendant “kind of froze” and said,
“Whoever dog this is, can you please come get your dog.” Chelsie ran up,
grabbed the dog, and apologized, and defendant accepted her apology and
told her the dog had made him nervous. Cunningham came out of the store
and said, “What the fuck did you say, nigger?,” and defendant told him that
he should get a leash for his dog and that it was “not that serious.”
Defendant testified that he had “never experienced such hatred and racism,”
and that it seemed Cunningham thought he had disrespected Chelsie.
4
Cunningham threatened to “kick [defendant’s] ass” and to kill him, but
defendant did not take the threats seriously.
Defendant turned as if to walk away, and he heard Chelsie say, “No.
Let’s just go.” Defendant looked back and saw Cunningham with his left fist
balled up, lunging in defendant’s direction. Defendant thought he was about
to be attacked and he was scared; he did not want to get in a fight with
Cunningham, who “had [him] by 40 or 50 pounds,” and he was concerned the
dog would protect its owner if there were a physical fight. He fired the gun
toward Cunningham and ran away.
Afterward, defendant called a friend and told her that “[t]his guy tried
to attack me. I was afraid. I did what I had to do.” He testified that he did
not intend to kill Cunningham and was ashamed when he learned
Cunningham had died. When defendant later spoke to the police, he did not
tell them what had happened; he was “[a]bsolutely” concerned that he had
shot a white man, and he thought the police “just want to arrest someone and
see someone in prison, particularly young African-American males.”
II. The Oakland Case
In the Oakland case, defendant was accused of murdering Jamal
Waters and dissuading a witness, Dejon Barlow, by force or threat (Pen.
Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 136.1, subd. (c)(1); counts 1 and 2), with various
enhancement allegations.
Barlow testified at defendant’s preliminary hearing. He was found
unavailable to testify at trial, and his preliminary hearing testimony was
read to the jury. According to this testimony, Barlow used to hang out with
Waters and several other people, including Dachaun Dupree. On March 11,
2008, Barlow bought marijuana from Waters and they went to Dupree’s
house. Defendant was there as well, and either he and Dupree or only
5
Dupree accused Waters of having taken a gun, then defendant extended his
arm and shot Waters in the head with a single shot, killing him. Defendant
used a 9-millimeter gun that Barlow had previously seen in his possession.
When Barlow was later arrested on an unrelated matter, he provided
information to the police about the homicide.
The doctor who performed an autopsy on Waters testified he died of a
gunshot wound to the head, which would have caused death within a few
minutes.
The jury also heard Barlow’s preliminary hearing testimony about a
second incident, the basis for the charge of dissuading a witness. In June
2014, when Barlow was in custody at a local jail, defendant and another
person came into his cell and “jumped” him. Defendant told Barlow he was
“on paperwork”—meaning Barlow had provided information about the killing
of Waters—and that Barlow would be killed if he made it to prison. A deputy
sheriff testified that Barlow had a swollen eye and blood coming from his
nose. After Barlow told the deputy sheriff who had attacked him, the deputy
sought and spoke with defendant, and after being treated for his injuries
Barlow was moved to a different area of the jail.
In his testimony at trial, defendant denied shooting Waters or being
present when he was killed. He acknowledged that he knew Waters and that
he and Dupree were friends. He denied knowing anything about a dispute
over a missing gun, and he said he did not think Waters would ever steal
anything from him. He admitted that he assaulted Barlow in the jail, but he
said he did so because he had heard that Barlow had killed Waters and that
Barlow was spreading a rumor that defendant was the killer.
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III. Procedural History
The People moved to consolidate the Hayward and Oakland cases, and
the trial court granted the motion on May 18, 2018 over defendant’s
objection. Before trial, defendant moved to sever the two murder counts and
order separate trials. The trial court denied that motion.
It appears that, in addition to Barlow being unavailable to testify in
person, two of the witnesses the prosecutor had anticipated would testify
about the circumstances of the Oakland case were unwilling or unable to do
so. After evidence was complete, defendant renewed his motion to sever. He
argued that the evidence defendant killed Waters was too weak to support a
conviction in an independent action, but that the far stronger evidence that
he killed Cunningham—in a crime defense counsel described as the more
inflammatory of the two—might persuade a jury that he also killed Waters.
Defendant also argued that there was strong evidence the killing of
Cunningham was manslaughter rather than murder, but that he would be
prejudiced by the jury evaluating his defense “against the backdrop of . . . a
weak case where he’s being accused of blowing [Waters’s] brains out for no
apparent reason at all.”
The court noted that evidence of the Cunningham killing encompassed
approximately 85 percent of the testimony at trial and that “every once in a
while, almost like a hiccup during a meal, there is a reference to what
happened [in Oakland].” The trial court granted the motion to sever the
cases. The prosecutor said he would continue the trial with count 3, the
killing of Cunningham, and the trial court said it would remove the Waters
homicide from the jury’s consideration and would instruct the jury with the
pattern instruction for removal of a count.
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Defendant then moved for a mistrial on the ground that, in considering
Cunningham’s death, the jury would be influenced by the evidence it had
heard of the death of Waters. The trial court denied the motion, concluding
the jury would be able to follow its instructions to disregard the evidence of
Waters’ killing, evidence that it described as de minimis.
Before closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury it would no
longer need to decide counts 1 and 2 and told it to disregard all evidence of
these counts and to consider only the evidence of count 3, the killing of
Cunningham. The court went on to specify that the jury must disregard in
its entirety the medical evidence regarding Waters’s death, the testimony of
Barlow and the deputy sheriff, and the portions of defendant’s testimony that
related to the Oakland case. The court asked for a show of hands on whether
the jurors understood, then obtained their individual promises to confine
their deliberations to the remaining count.
In his closing argument, defendant’s counsel contended defendant was
guilty of voluntary manslaughter rather than murder under two theories.
First, counsel argued, defendant acted under the influence of intense emotion
when an intoxicated Cunningham, who thought defendant was behaving
offensively toward his daughter, called defendant by a racial epithet and
lunged at him. Second, defendant acted in imperfect self-defense, that is, in
the actual but unreasonable belief he needed to use deadly force to avoid
imminent danger of death or great bodily harm because he was afraid of both
Cunningham and the German Shepherd.
Before the jury began deliberating, the trial court again instructed the
jury pursuant to CALCRIM No. 205: “Counts 1 and 2 charging the defendant
with murder and intimidating a witness no longer need to be decided in this
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case. Do not speculate about or consider in any way why you no longer need
to decide these counts.”
The jury found defendant not guilty of first degree murder but guilty of
second degree murder, and found true allegations that he personally used a
firearm, personally and intentionally discharged a firearm, and personally
inflicted great bodily injury. (§§ 187, subd. (a), 12022.7 & subd. (a), 12022.5,
subd. (a), 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d).) Later, the trial court granted the
People’s motion to dismiss counts 1 and 2 due to insufficient evidence.
Defendant moved for a new trial, arguing that he suffered incurable
prejudice from admission of the evidence relating to the Oakland case. The
court denied the motion, noting as it did so that the jurors each said they
would disregard the evidence of the Waters homicide and there was no
indication they did not do so.
The court sentenced defendant to 15 years to life for second degree
murder, with an additional 25 years for a firearm enhancement (§ 12022.53,
subd. (d)), for a total term of 40 years to life.
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion and deprived
him of due process of law when it denied his motion for a mistrial. He
reasons that the ruling undermined his defense to the Cunningham homicide
that he was guilty of only voluntary manslaughter rather than murder—
under a theory of imperfect self-defense or because intense emotion in
response to sufficient provocation obscured his reason or judgment. (See
People v. Rios (2000) 23 Cal.4th 450, 453–454.) And, defendant argues,
evidence of the Oakland murder would affect the jury’s evaluation of the
credibility of his testimony about the encounter with Cunningham, including
his testimony that Cunningham used a racial slur, that Cunningham lunged
9
at defendant, and that defendant carried his gun because he had been robbed
and beaten in the past.
Defendant’s argument is that when the jury heard evidence that he
killed Waters, it created a picture of him as a “cold-blooded assassin,” an
impression that was “allowed to work on the jurors’ minds” for a week before
the judge told the jury to disregard that evidence. Together with the
evidence of defendant’s attack on Barlow in jail, this evidence created an
image that undermined the credibility of his testimony that he believed he
had to use deadly force to protect himself from death or great bodily injury
when he shot Cunningham. And, he argues, his defense of manslaughter
found substantial support in the evidence suggesting that Cunningham, who
had a .22 percent alcohol level, believed a black man might have insulted his
daughter, in Chelsie’s testimony that the incident involved “cussing,” in
Cunningham’s advantage in size over defendant, in the fact that the dog who
approached him was a German Shepherd, a large breed traditionally used as
a guard or police dog, and in the evidence that defendant appeared
apprehensive when the dog pulled away from Chelsie’s control.
The Attorney General begins his argument from a different starting
point. He asserts that because the two homicides “were properly joined
initially, the jury was properly permitted to hear the evidence of the Oakland
case.” We doubt the logic of this argument in a trial where the trial court
ultimately severed the cases, but we begin by considering black letter law
regarding joinder and the standards for granting a mistrial.
Section 954 authorizes two or more offenses “of the same class of crimes
or offenses” to be charged together. Our high court considered the standards
for joinder and, as most pertinent here, severance of charges in People v.
Simon (2016) 1 Cal.5th 98, 121–131 (Simon). Joinder is normally favored
10
over separate trials because it promotes judicial efficiency, but a court has
discretion to sever charges in the interest of justice and for good cause. (Id.
at p. 122.) In reviewing the denial of a motion to sever, we consider
“whether, in light of the information available at the time, the trial court
abused its discretion in denying the severance motion.” (Id. at p. 122; People
v. Westerfield (2019) 6 Cal.5th 632, 689.) To prevail on this point, the
defendant must make a “ ‘clear showing of prejudice,’ ” one that is “stronger
. . . than would be necessary to exclude evidence of other crimes in a severed
trial.” (Simon, at pp. 122–123; accord, People v. Soper (2009) 45 Cal.4th 759,
774.)
Several factors are relevant to the severance inquiry. First, we ask
whether the evidence relating to the different charges would be cross-
admissible if the trials were held separately. (Simon, supra, 1 Cal.5th at
p. 123.) Although cross-admissibility may be an “independently sufficient
condition justifying a trial court’s denial of severance, it is not a necessary
one.” (Ibid; Alcala v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1205, 1221–1222.)
There is no dispute that the evidence related to two homicides in this case
would not have been cross-admissible in separate trials. Other factors are
whether any of the charges are unusually inflammatory and whether a weak
case has been joined with a strong case or another weak case, factors that
reflect a concern that the jury might aggregate evidence or be influenced by a
particularly inflammatory crime when the evidence of one offense may be
weak. (Simon, supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 123, 127–128.)
Even if the trial court did not abuse its discretion under state law when
it denied a motion to sever under the information available at the time, we
still reverse if “ ‘events after the court’s ruling demonstrate that joinder
actually resulted in “gross unfairness” amounting to a denial of defendant’s
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constitutional right to fair trial or due process of law,’ ” that is, “if it is
reasonably probable that the jury was influenced by the joinder in its verdict
of guilt.” (Simon, supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 129–130, quoting People v.
Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 49; see Simon, at p. 123.)
A similar concern animates a motion for mistrial. The court should
grant a mistrial “ ‘ “if the court is apprised of prejudice that it judges
incurable by admonition or instruction. [Citation.] Whether a particular
incident is incurably prejudicial is by its nature a speculative matter, and the
trial court is vested with considerable discretion in ruling on mistrial
motions. [Citation.]” [Citation.] A motion for a mistrial should be granted
when “ ‘ “a [defendant’s] chances of receiving a fair trial have been
irreparably damaged.” ’ ” ’ ” (People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 703
(Edwards).) When the trial court instructs the jury to disregard improper
testimony, we review for abuse of discretion the trial court’s reliance on a
curative instruction in place of declaring a mistrial. (People v. Cox (2003) 30
Cal.4th 916, 953 (Cox), overruled on another ground in People v. Doolin
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, & fn. 22; People v. Navarrete (2010) 181
Cal.App.4th 828, 834 (Navarrete).)
The issue before us is not whether the trial court properly denied
defendant’s motion to sever the counts at the outset of the trial, at a time
when it appeared there would be stronger evidence in the Oakland case than
ultimately was available. That is an issue we have no occasion to decide
because the trial court itself ultimately granted the motion to sever, and only
the Hayward case was presented to the jury. In severing the cases, the trial
court struck all evidence of the Oakland murder and the related jailhouse
beating because that evidence was, in retrospect, all inadmissible in the trial
on the Hayward homicide. The People have made no claim that this evidence
12
was in fact admissible in a severed trial on the Hayward homicide. Nor have
the People drawn our attention to any authority supporting their view that in
a severed case we should apply the rules governing joinder of separate counts
when analyzing the effect on the jury of hearing inadmissible evidence that
defendant committed unrelated crimes. We see no reason to depart from the
usual standards for analyzing the effect of inadmissible evidence when
determining whether defendant was entitled to a mistrial. Under the rules
we have discussed, the appropriateness of a mistrial depends on the likely
effect on the jury of the mistakenly admitted evidence. (See Edwards, supra,
57 Cal.4th at p. 703.) Why the evidence of the Oakland murder was
mistakenly admitted in defendant’s trial on the Hayward homicide is
irrelevant to this inquiry.
In denying the mistrial motion, the trial court explained that it would
instruct the jury to disregard the evidence of the Oakland case and that there
was “absolutely nothing that makes me think that this group of 12 people is
going to be incapable of following the instructions that I give, even in this
situation.” The court told the jury that it should disregard all evidence in the
Oakland case and specified the pertinent evidence, and it obtained a show of
hands and the assurance of each juror that they would do so.
It has long been the rule that a reviewing court presumes the jury
follows an instruction to consider only the evidence pertinent to a charged
crime and to disregard evidence that was admitted improperly. (People v.
Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 138; Navarrete, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at
p. 834.) The presumption that jurors follow instructions has been described
in this regard as “ ‘[t]he crucial assumption underlying our constitutional
system of trial by jury.’ ” (Yeoman, at p. 139.) And it is proper to accord
weight to jurors’ assurances they can follow the law impartially. (See, e.g.,
13
People v. Rountree (2013) 56 Cal.4th 823, 840–841 [crediting jurors’
assurances they could be impartial despite exposure to publicity about case];
People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal.4th 415, 450 [same]; Odle v. Superior Court
(1982) 32 Cal.3d 932, 946 [trial court is in best position to evaluate jurors’
declarations of impartiality]; People v. Mackey (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 32, 83–
84 [same].)
An admonition may be inadequate, however, in “exceptional
circumstances,” an inquiry that depends on the facts of the case. (People v.
Allen (1978) 77 Cal.App.3d 924, 935.) For example, the jury in Navarrete
heard inadmissible evidence suggesting the defendant had confessed to the
charged crime, a confession that would “eviscerate[] the presumption of
innocence” and that “jurors cannot be expected to wipe from their minds.”
(Navarrete, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at pp. 834–835.) The matter was
therefore remanded for a new trial. (Id. at pp. 837, 838.) Other opinions
reach a similar conclusion on different facts. In one case, where the
defendant was on trial for committing a lewd act on a child, a police officer
testified that he had questioned the defendant about another case in which
he had been a suspect. The trial court struck the statement and admonished
the jury to disregard it, but the reviewing court concluded an admonition not
to consider the statement did not cure the resulting prejudice, saying it “was
no antidote for the poison that had been injected into the minds of the jurors.
The defendant stood as one who had been accused of some other sex offense.”
(People v. Bentley (1955) 131 Cal.App.2d 687, 689–691, disapproved on
another ground in People v. White (1958) 50 Cal.2d 428, 430–431.) The same
result was reached in People v. Allen, an “extremely close case” that depended
on the credibility of the defendant and other witnesses. (Allen, at pp. 934–
935.) The reviewing court there concluded an admonition did not cure
14
improper testimony that the defendant was on parole. And in People v.
Schiers (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 102, 108–109, 114 the court found improper
testimony that a lie detector test showed the defendant was lying to be
incurably prejudicial.
In other circumstances, cases have held that brief, isolated, or
ambiguous references to inadmissible matter did not cause incurable
prejudice. (See, e.g., People v. Collins (2010) 49 Cal.4th 175, 197–199 [“brief
and ambiguous” testimony that defendant made collect calls from
“Susanville” before he “ ‘got out’ ” could be cured by admonition]; People v.
Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 128 [“brief and isolated” reference to “ ‘Chino
Institute’ ” did not require mistrial]; People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515,
555 [brief and fleeting reference to parole office].) And, significantly, our high
court has noted the importance of a timely admonition to cure prejudice when
a jury hears inadmissible evidence. (Cox, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 953
[erroneously offered polygraph evidence].)
On the facts of this case, we conclude it was an abuse of discretion to
rely on the admonition as sufficient to cure the prejudice from admission of
evidence of the Oakland murder. In no manner can the evidence that
defendant murdered Waters be called fleeting or ambiguous. The jury knew
defendant was accused of the crime from the moment the prosecutor
described in his opening statement how defendant had shot and killed two
unarmed men, including specific allegations about the killing of Waters, and
the jury heard as the evidence began graphic details from Waters’s autopsy.
Further along in the trial, the jury heard extensive testimony from Barlow
about the circumstances in which defendant was said to have shot Waters in
the head in a shocking and unprovoked manner. The jury also heard of the
jailhouse attack on Barlow, an act of violence to which defendant admitted in
15
testimony the jury also should never have heard. It was not until a week
after Barlow’s testimony was played for the jury—after defendant had
addressed the Waters murder in his testimony and been subjected to cross-
examination about it—that the trial court admonished the jury not to
consider the killing of Waters.
The Attorney General points out that the evidence defendant murdered
Waters was not strong—indeed, that is why the trial court granted the
severance motion at the close of evidence—but the evidence was sufficiently
substantial that the trial court at the same time denied a motion for
judgment of acquittal. (See Pen. Code, § 1118.1). Thus, the jury heard
substantial but inadmissible evidence that defendant committed an
unrelated brutal and senseless murder, evidence we conclude was incurably
prejudicial in a case where malice is the contested issue.
In reaching this conclusion we do not question the diligence of the judge
attempting to mitigate the damage from the jury’s exposure to the
inadmissible evidence, nor the good faith of jurors who committed to
deliberate only on the Hayward homicide. But jurors are human and cannot
be expected completely to ignore, in deciding whether or not defendant shot
Cunningham in an act of imperfect self-defense or in response to provocation
sufficient to negate malice, evidence that on other occasions he murdered a
man in cold blood and then beat a witness to that crime. Defendant’s chances
of a fair trial on the Hayward case were irreparably damaged by the
admission of substantial evidence he committed the unrelated Oakland
homicide, and it was therefore an abuse of discretion to deny his motion for a
mistrial. (See Edwards, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 703.)
We are not persuaded otherwise by the fact the jury acquitted
defendant of first degree murder and convicted him only of murder in the
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second degree for killing Cunningham. It is true that conviction on a lesser
charge can “ ‘strongly suggest[] that the jury was capable of weighing the
evidence and differentiating among [the] various charges.’ ” (Simon, supra,
1 Cal.5th at p. 130, citing People v. Lucas (2014) 60 Cal.4th 153, 217,
disapproved on another ground in People v. Romero and Self (2015) 62
Cal.4th 1, 53, fn. 19, People v. Jones (2013) 57 Cal.4th 899, 927, and People v.
Ruiz (1988) 44 Cal.3d 589, 607.) But the evidence that defendant
premeditated before killing Cunningham was less than overwhelming, a
matter reflected in the prosecutor’s argument that even if jurors did not think
the murder was first degree, he was confident they would all agree it was
second degree, and the jury need not “get caught up on first or second degree
murder.” The success of defendant’s position that he was guilty only of
voluntary manslaughter, on the other hand, depended largely on the jury
accepting his credibility when he testified that Cunningham used a racial
slur and lunged toward him and that he was afraid of Cunningham and the
dog—credibility that was surely damaged by evidence this was not the first
time he shot and killed an unarmed man for no apparent reason. On these
facts, the verdict of second degree murder does not show the jury was
uninfluenced by the evidence that defendant murdered Waters.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. The matter is remanded for retrial.
TUCHER, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
FUJISAKI, J.
RODRÍGUEZ, J.
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Trial Court: Alameda County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Hon. Paul A. Delucchi
Counsel: J. Courtney Shevelson by appointment of the Court of
Appeal under the First Appellate District Project’s
Independent-Case System for Defendant and Appellant
Rob Bonta, Attorney General of California, Lance E.
Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Jeffrey M.
Laurence, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Amit
Kurlekar and Melissa A. Meth, Deputy Attorneys
General for Plaintiff and Respondent
People v. Turner (A159822)
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