People v. Patterson CA2/5 ( 2014 )

Filed 10/29/14 P. v. Patterson CA2/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
THE PEOPLE, B250340
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA390544)
v.
WILLINA PATTERSON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles,
Laura F. Priver, Judge. Affirmed.
Steven Schorr, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, J. Michael Lehman, Deputy Attorney General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
INTRODUCTION
Defendant and appellant Willina Patterson (defendant) was convicted of second
degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)1) in connection with her allegedly handing a
knife to a codefendant who then stabbed a victim to death during an altercation.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in not sua sponte instructing the jury on
voluntary manslaughter on a heat of passion theory; in not sua sponte instructing the jury
as to involuntary manslaughter; by instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 403 because
giving an instruction on the natural and probable consequence doctrine without providing
manslaughter instructions was confusing and reduced the prosecution’s burden of proof;
and on imposing consecutive sentences for the charged crime in a pending unrelated
matter. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
1. Prosecution Evidence
San Julian Park (Park) is located at the corner of Fifth and San Julian Streets. The
Union Rescue Mission (Mission) is located near the Park, on San Julian Street, between
Fifth and Sixth Streets.
a) Laquinta Stewart Testimony
Stewart testified as follows. Defendant and Melvin Parker (Parker) were in a
dating relationship. On July 29, 2011, Stewart saw Parker and Kevivon Brown (Brown)
argue at the Park, and they eventually began punching each other. The arguing was loud
enough for Stewart to hear it from 44 feet away. Defendant was not present for this fight.
Before the fight started, defendant had left the Park and walked down San Julian Street.
1
All statutory citations are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.
2
When defendant was in the Park, she was just standing around, and was not involved in
the fight or argument in the Park. Stewart later testified that defendant was about 10 feet
away from the fight in the Park.
The fight ended when Parker walked away, left the Park, and started to walk on
San Julian Street. When Parker left the Park, he said, “Don’t trip. I’ll be back.” Brown
followed behind Parker, taunting him as he walked away. At that time, defendant was
“down the street . . . ahead of” Parker. Parker turned around, and he and Brown resumed
arguing. While it was still only a verbal altercation, defendant moved closer to it,
removed a knife from her purse, and “slipped the knife” to Parker. Stewart saw that
Parker had two to three inches of something shiny that appeared to be a knife in his right
hand, and the fight became physical when Parker hit Brown in the face while holding the
small metal part of a knife in his hand. While the two men were fighting, defendant said,
“Get ‘em, get ‘em, get ‘em,” about five or six times. Stewart did not remember whether
defendant said “get ‘em, get ‘em” before Stewart saw the knife. The fight was faster than
the first fight, lasting no more than five or six minutes, but Parker and Brown were
fighting harder and more aggressively than earlier.
About two minutes after defendant gave Parker the knife Parker stabbed Brown.
Stewart then said it was at about that same time that defendant said “get ‘em, get ‘em.”
During this fight, defendant seemed angry. Defendant appeared to be instigating the fight
by the matter in which she was talking, and seemed particularly argumentative when
Brown and Parker were arguing face-to-face.
After the stabbing, defendant took the knife back from Parker and put it in her
purse. She said, “Come on, come on. Let’s go, let’s go. We gotta go,” as she headed
south on San Julian Street with Parker.
Once the fight ended, Stewart ran to help Brown, who was bleeding on the ground.
Brown was grabbing his chest, gasping for air, and said, “I can’t believe he stabbed me.”
Later that day, Stewart wrote on a photographic identification report that during
the stabbing incident she saw Parker “pull[] out a knife and start[] stabbing” Brown
Stewart acknowledged her statement made no mention of defendant and did not say
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defendant handed Parker a knife, but rather that he pulled out a knife. During about the
first week of August 2011, Stewart told Los Angeles Police Department Detective Thayer
Lake that Stewart did not see the knife in Parker’s hand until after the fight was already
going on.
b) Vincent Hall Testimony2
Hall testified as follows. Hall saw Parker and defendant walking together going
south from Fifth Street on San Julian Street toward the Mission. Brown was near the
Mission and he seemed kind of angry, walking back and forth in circles. Parker and
defendant approached Brown. As they did so, defendant took an object out of her pocket
and passed it to Parker, who reached out and grabbed it from her hand. Parker walked
over to Brown, went behind and in front of him, and hit him several times with upper
cuts. Using his right hand in a clenched fist, Parker hit Brown in the face, chest, and
stomach more than eight times while defendant yelled, “Baby get him. Baby get him.”
Hall could not see what was in Parker’s hand when Parker was hitting Brown. Hall only
realized Parker had a knife during the last two of the eight hits, after somebody in the
crowd said that Parker had a knife. Then he saw the blade and handle of a small, gray
buck knife, about four to five inches in length, in Parker’s left hand.
At the end of the fight, Parker walked over to defendant and gave her the knife.
Defendant “grab[bed] the knife” and put it in her pocket. Defendant and Parker then left
the Mission area. Brown sustained a cut on his eye and knife wounds to his chest and
stomach. Brown was bleeding from those wounds.
Hall followed Parker and defendant. Hall saw City of Los Angeles Police Officer
Jesus Toris, pointed to Parker and defendant, and told Officer Toris that Parker had just
stabbed somebody.
2
Hall was not available to testify at trial. His November 28, 2012, testimony, given
at defendant’s prior trial, was read into the record.
4
During Hall’s interview with Officer Toris the day of the incident, Hall said he
saw defendant leave with Parker but did not say that he saw defendant hand Parker
anything, or that he heard defendant say anything during the fight. Hall testified that if he
did not mention seeing defendant hand Parker an object it was because that detail
“slipped [his] mind.”
Hall initially testified that about one week after the incident, he met with Detective
Lake and told him that he saw defendant hand Parker a small gray object. He then
clarified that he did see her do that but he did not initially tell Lake about it because it
“slipped [his] mind.”
c) Yola Montgomery Testimony
Montgomery testified as follows. The stabbing incident occurred near an area of
the Mission where a stationary camera was located. A videotape of the stabbing incident
was played for the jury. Montgomery confirmed that the videotape accurately reflected
the events that occurred during the incident.
On July 29, 2011, Montgomery was near the Mission talking with her daughter
and Brown. Montgomery walked away from the conversation, and saw Brown again
about 20 to 30 minutes later. Parker and defendant were walking close together going
southbound from Fifth Street. Defendant was carrying a brown or black purse.
Parker approached Brown, who was sitting down, and started hitting him. Brown
got up and the two started fighting. At first, Parker was just punching Brown. At some
point during the fight, however, Parker “received a knife” and about two minutes into the
fight, Parker stabbed Brown, and she saw blood. At first, Montgomery testified she did
not see defendant hand a knife to Parker. Montgomery had told an investigator she saw
defendant pull out the knife and hand it to Parker. Parker stabbed Brown eight times,
including his upper left chest, the side of his rib cage, his back, and on his right side.
Montgomery confirmed that she did not actually see defendant hand an object to
Parker. Before the incident, defendant had something in her hand, but Montgomery
could not see what it was. Montgomery saw defendant standing two feet behind Parker
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during the fight. Because Montgomery’s back was turned at the time Parker received the
knife, she did not see or know specifically where he got it, but Montgomery knew that
Parker had received one because Montgomery saw it in his hands, and after he stabbed
Brown Parker dropped it on the ground and picked it up.
After the stabbing incident, defendant said “come on, let’s go,” and Parker put the
knife in his left side jacket pocket. Defendant and Parker walked away together going
southbound on Sixth Street. After they walked away, Brown fell down on the sidewalk,
and started gushing out blood. Someone called 911. The responding officer said “dead
on arrival,” and had everybody move back.
When interviewed the day of the incident, Montgomery told Officer Toris that she
saw Parker produce a knife. She did not say that she saw defendant hand Parker anything
or hear defendant say anything during the fight. About one week after the incident,
Montgomery told Detective Lake that defendant did not do anything during the stabbing
incident.
d) Physical Evidence
The day after the stabbing incident, officers located defendant and Parker in a
motel about 10 to 15 miles away from the Mission. Parker and defendant eventually
exited the room, and no one else came out after that.
The officers then entered and searched the room. They observed blood splatter in
the bathroom area and a number of items on the bed, including a black purse.
A knife sheath was found in the purse; the police did not find a knife in the purse.
A DNA analysis of a blood stain located on the purse indicated that it matched Brown’s
blood.
A bill of sale for a vehicle also was found in the purse. The license plate number
on the bill of sale corresponded to the license plate number on a car parked directly in
front of the motel room that had been occupied by defendant and Parker. On the back
seat of the car the officers found a black bag containing blood-spattered jeans and a T-
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shirt, that were consistent with clothing worn by the stabber depicted in the surveillance
video.
e) The Autopsy
Deputy medical examiner Vadims Poukens performed an autopsy on Brown,
whose medical history indicated that he had suffered multiple stab wounds. Examiner
Poukens documented 20 scars on Brown’s body, most of which were consistent with
healing stab wounds. Examiner Poukens opined the cause of Brown’s death was
complications due to multiple stab wounds.
2. Defendant’s Evidence
Defendant did not testify and presented no testimony on her behalf.
B. Procedural Background
The District Attorney of Los Angeles County filed an information charging
defendant with murder in violation of section 187, subdivision (a). The District Attorney
further alleged that defendant had served a prior prison term under section 667.5,
subdivision (b).
Defendant was first tried with Parker. Parker was convicted of second degree
murder, but the jury remained deadlock as to defendant, and a mistrial was declared as to
her. Following a second trial, the jury found defendant guilty on second degree murder.
The trial court denied probation and sentenced defendant to state prison for a term of 15
years to life, along with a consecutive seven-year term in an unrelated case.
The trial court awarded defendant custody credit, and ordered her to pay various
fees, fines and penalties. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
7
DISCUSSION
A. Sua Sponte Instructions on Lesser Included Offenses
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury sua sponte
on the lesser included offenses of voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. Defendant
argues that the trial court should have instructed the jury on voluntary manslaughter
because there was evidence that she acted based on a sudden quarrel or heat of passion,
and it should have instructed the jury on involuntary manslaughter because the jury could
find that defendant only intended to aid in a simple unarmed assault and that Brown’s
death was not reasonably foreseeable and not the natural and probable consequence of a
simple assault.
1. Standard of Review
“We apply the independent or de novo standard of review to the failure by the trial
court to instruct on an assertedly lesser included offense. [Citation.]” (People v. Cole
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1218.)
2. Applicable Law
“In criminal cases, even absent a request, the trial court must instruct on general
principles of law relevant to the issues raised by the evidence. [Citation.] This obligation
includes giving instructions on lesser included offenses when the evidence raises a
question whether all the elements of the charged offense were present, but not when there
is no evidence the offense was less than that charged. [Citation.]” (People v. Koontz
(2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, 1085.) “[T]he existence of ‘any evidence, no matter how weak’
will not justify instructions on a lesser included offense, but such instructions are required
whenever evidence that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense is ‘substantial
enough to merit consideration’ by the jury. [Citations.] ‘Substantial evidence’ in this
context is ‘“evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable [persons] could . . .
conclude[ ]”’ that the lesser offense, but not the greater, was committed. [Citations.]”
8
(People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 162; People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th
186, 200-201 [a trial court need instruct on a lesser included offense only when there is
substantial evidence, “not when the evidence is ‘minimal and insubstantial’”].)
“‘Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being . . . with malice aforethought.’
[Citation.] ‘Such malice may be express or implied. It is express when there is
manifested a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a fellow creature. It
is implied, when no considerable provocation appears, or when the circumstances
attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.’ [Citation.] ‘Murder that
is committed with malice but is not premeditated is of the second degree.’ [Citations.]”
(People v. Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179, 1265-1266.) “Malice will be implied ‘when
the killing results from an intentional act, the natural consequences of which are
dangerous to life, which act was deliberately performed by a person who knows that his
conduct endangers the life of another and who acts with conscious disregard for life.
[Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (People v. Taylor (2010) 48 Cal.4th 574, 623-624.)
Section 31 provides, “All persons concerned in the commission of a crime . . .
whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its
commission, . . . are principals in any crime so committed.” “[A]n aider and abettor’s
liability for criminal conduct is of two kinds. First, an aider and abettor with the
necessary mental state is guilty of the intended crime. Second, under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, an aider and abettor is guilty not only of the intended
crime, but also ‘for any other offense that was a “natural and probable consequence” of
the crime aided and abetted.’ [Citation.]” (People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111,
1117.) “[A] defendant whose liability is predicated on his status as an aider and abettor
need not have intended to encourage or facilitate the particular offense ultimately
committed by the perpetrator. His knowledge that an act which is criminal was intended,
and his action taken with the intent that the act be encouraged or facilitated, are sufficient
to impose liability on him for any reasonably foreseeable offense committed as a
consequence by the perpetrator. It is the intent to encourage and bring about conduct that
is criminal, not the specific intent that is an element of the target offense, which . . . must
9
be found by the jury. [Citation.]” (People v. Croy (1985) 41 Cal.3d 1, 12, fn. 5; see
People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 161-162.)
The Supreme Court recently observed, “[W]e have never held that the application
of the natural and probable consequences doctrine depends on the foreseeability of every
element of the nontarget offense. Rather, in the context of murder under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, cases have focused on the reasonable foreseeability of
the actual resulting harm or the criminal act that caused that harm. [Citations.]” (People
v. Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 165, fn. omitted.) The court said, however, it had not
been called upon in prior cases to “decide whether all of the elements of the nontarget
offense must be foreseeable.” (Id. at p. 165, fn. 3.)
The court added, “In the context of murder, the natural and probable consequences
doctrine serves the legitimate public policy concern of deterring aiders and abettors from
aiding or encouraging the commission of offenses that would naturally, probably, and
foreseeably result in an unlawful killing. A primary rationale for punishing such aiders
and abettors—to deter them from aiding or encouraging the commission of offenses—is
served by holding them culpable for the perpetrator’s commission of the nontarget
offense of second degree murder. (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 143, 151-
152 [59 Cal.Rptr.3d 157, 158 P.3d 731] [second degree murder is the intentional killing
without premeditation and deliberation or an unlawful killing proximately caused by an
intentional act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life, performed with
knowledge of the danger and with conscious disregard for human life].) It is also
consistent with reasonable concepts of culpability. Aider and abettor liability under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine does not require assistance with or actual
knowledge and intent relating to the nontarget offense, nor subjective foreseeability of
either that offense or the perpetrator’s state of mind in committing it. (People v. Nguyen
(1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 518, 531 [26 Cal.Rptr.2d 323] [inquiry is strictly objective and
does not depend on defendant's subjective state of mind].) It only requires that under all
of the circumstances presented, a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would
have or should have known that the nontarget offense was a reasonably foreseeable
10
consequence of the act aided and abetted by the defendant. (Ibid.) [¶] . . . [¶]
Accordingly, we hold that punishment for second degree murder is commensurate with a
defendant’s culpability for aiding and abetting a target crime that would naturally,
probably, and foreseeably result in a murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine.” (People v. Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 165-166.) In People v. Chiu, supra,
59 Cal.4th at page 166, the court held that a defendant would not be convicted under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine for a first degree murder, although aiders and
abettors may be convicted of first degree murder based on direct aiding and abetting
principles.
“‘California statutes have long separated criminal homicide into two classes, the
greater offense of murder and the lesser included offense of manslaughter.’” (People v.
Martinez (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 314, 335.) “Voluntary and involuntary manslaughter
are lesser included offenses of murder. [Citations.]” (People v. Thomas (2012) 53
Cal.4th 771, 813.)
“‘“A defendant who commits an intentional and unlawful killing but who lacks
malice is guilty of . . . voluntary manslaughter. [Citation.]” [Citation.]’” (People v. Rios
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 450, 460.) Except for acts committed in the driving of a vehicle,
involuntary manslaughter is “the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to
felony; or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful
manner, or without due caution and circumspection.” (§ 192, subd. (b).) “[W]here
involuntary manslaughter is predicated on an unlawful act constituting a misdemeanor, it
must still be shown that such misdemeanor was dangerous to human life or safety under
the circumstances of its commission.” (People v. Cox (2000) 23 Cal.4th 665, 675.)
3. Relevant Proceedings
a) The Prosecution’s Theory of the Case and the Defense
The prosecution’s theory of the case was that defendant was guilty of murder
because she handed Parker a knife with either the intent that Parker use it to kill Brown,
11
or with the intent that Parker used it to stab Brown and the natural and probable
consequence of an assault with a knife was Brown’s murder. During closing arguments,
for example, the prosecutor argued that defendant was guilty of murder by aiding and
abetting Brown’s murder by handing Parker a knife with the intent that he use it to
murder Brown. The prosecutor stated, “They walk up together to confront Mr. Brown
and the defendant slides Mr. Parker a knife. Mr. Parker stabs Mr. Brown resulting in Mr.
Brown dying. All the while the defendant’s saying, ‘get him, get him, baby get him,’ two
times, maybe more depending on who it was that heard it, and takes the knife right back
after the stabbing is over. [¶] What does that equal? You have only one reasonable
conclusion from that. [Defendant] intended for Mr. Parker to use the knife to kill Mr.
Brown and but for her actions it would have been a fist fight.”
The prosecutor presented a second theory of liability to the jury based on the
natural and probable consequences of aiding and abetting a knife attack, stating, “But
some of you may be thinking, Mr. Prosecutor maybe [defendant] only gave Mr. Parker
the knife to cut [him] a little bit. Maybe she didn’t intend or share the intent with Mr.
Parker to murder Mr. Brown. She’s still guilty of murder. [¶] . . . [¶] During the assault
Parker commits the crime of murder which the evidence proved and . . . under all the
circumstances a reasonable person would have known that murder is a natural and
probable consequence of that assault. [¶] Let’s think about it. It’s an assault with a
knife. Of course common sense can tell you[,] stab someone with a knife, you attack
somebody with a knife what’s going to happen[?]”
Defendant’s theory of the case was that there was insufficient evidence that she
was the one who provided the knife to Parker and that the witnesses who testified about
her giving to the knife to Parker lacked credibility. During closing arguments, for
example, defendant’s counsel argued that there were inconsistencies in some of the
witnesses’ testimony regarding the knife, and asked the jury, “Did the prosecution prove
to you that [defendant] actually handed Mr. Parker a knife?”
12
b) Instructions Given to the Jury
The trial court instructed the jury with a modified version of CALCRIM No. 520,
stating, “The defendant is charged in Count 2 with murder in violation of Penal Code
section 187. To prove the defendant is guilty of this crime the People must prove that
number 1 the defendant committed an act that caused the death of another person; and 2,
when the defendant acted she had a state of mind called malice aforethought. [¶] There
are two kinds of malice aforethought, express malice and implied malice. Proof of either
is sufficient to establish the state of mind required for murder. [¶] The defendant acted
with express malice if she unlawfully intended to kill; the defendant acted with implied
malice if number 1 [she] intentionally committed an act; 2, the natural and probable
consequences of the act were dangerous to human life; and number 3 at the time she
acted, she knew her act was dangerous to human life; and 4, she deliberately acted with
conscious disregard for human life. [¶] Malice aforethought does not require hatred or ill
will toward the victim. It is a mental state that must be formed before the act that causes
death is committed. It does not require deliberation or the passage of any particular
period of time. [¶] An act causes death if the death is the direct, natural, and probable
consequence of the act and the death would not have happened without the act. A natural
and probable consequence is one that a reasonable person would know is likely to happen
if nothing unusual intervenes. [¶] In deciding whether a consequence is natural and
probable, consider all of the circumstances established by the evidence. [¶] There may
be more than one cause of death. An act causes death only if it is a substantial factor in
causing death. A substantial factor is more than a trivial or remote factor however it does
not need to be the only factor that causes death. If you decide the defendant is guilty of
murder, it is murder of the second degree.”
The trial court instructed the jury with a modified version of CALCRIM No. 400,
stating, “A person may be guilty of a crime in two ways. 1, he or she may have directly
committed the crime. I will call that person the perpetrator; 2, he or she may have aided
and abetted a perpetrator who directly committed the crime. A person is guilty of a crime
whether he or she committed it personally or aided [and] abetted the perpetrator.” The
13
trial court continued to instruct the jury with a modified version of CALCRIM No. 401,
stating, “To prove that the defendant is guilty of a crime based upon aiding and abetting
that crime the People must prove that number 1, the perpetrator committed the crime;
number 2, the defendant knew the perpetrator intended to commit the crime; 3, before or
during the commission of the crime, the defendant intended to aid and abet the
perpetrator in committing the crime and number 4, the defendant’s words or conduct did
in fact aid and abet the perpetrator’s commission of the crime. [¶] One aids and abets a
crime if he or she knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose and he or she specifically
intends to and does in fact aid to and does facilitate, promote, encourage, [or] instigate
the perpetrator’s commission of that crime. [¶] If all of these requirements are proved,
the defendant does not need to actually have been present when the crime was committed
to be guilty as an aider and abettor. If you conclude the defendant was present at the
scene of the crime or failed to prevent the crime, you may consider that fact in
determining whether the defendant was an aider and abettor. However, the fact a person
is present at the scene of a crime or fails to prevent the crime does not, by itself, make
him or her an aider and abettor.”
As discussed below, over the objection of defendant’s counsel, the trial court
instructed the jury with a modified version of CALCRIM No. 403, stating, “Before you
may decide whether the defendant is guilty of murder you must decide whether she is
guilty of assault. To prove the defendant is guilty of assault [sic][3] the People must prove
that 1, the defendant is guilty of assault; 2, during the commission of assault a
coparticipant in that assault committed the crime of murder; and 3 under all the
circumstances a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have known the
commission of the murder was a natural and probable consequence of the commission of
the assault. [¶] A coparticipant in the crime includes the perpetrator or anyone who
aided, abetted the perpetrator. It does not include a victim or innocent bystander. [¶] A
3
As noted below, defendant correctly states that the trial court should have used the
term “murder” instead of ‘assault.”
14
natural and probable consequence is one that a reasonable person would know is likely to
happen if nothing unusual intervenes. [¶] In deciding whether a consequence is natural
and probable, consider all of the circumstances established by the evidence. If the
murder was committed for a reason independent of the common plan to commit the
assault then the commission of murder was not a natural and probable consequence of the
assault. [¶] To decide whether crime of assault [sic][4] was committed, please refer to the
separate instructions I will give you on that crime.”
The trial court also instructed the jury on assault with a deadly weapon pursuant to
a modified version of CALCRIM No. 875, stating, “To prove the defendant is guilty of
assault with a deadly weapon the People must prove that number 1 the defendant did an
act with a deadly weapon other than a firearm that by its nature would directly and
probably result in the application of force to a person; 2, the defendant did that act
willfully. When the defendant acted she was aware of facts that would lead a reasonable
person to realize that her act by its nature would directly and probably result in the
application of force to someone. When the defendant acted she had the present ability to
apply force with a deadly weapon other than a firearm to a person. One commits an act
willfully when he or she does it willingly or on purpose. It is not required that he or she
intend to break the law, hurt someone else, or gain any advantage. [¶] The term[s]
application of force and apply force mean to touch in a harmful or offensive manner. The
slightest touching can be enough if it is done in a rude or angry way. Making contact
with another person including through his or her clothing, is enough. The touching does
not have to cause pain or injury of any kind. The touching can be done indirectly by
causing an object or someone else to touch the other person. [¶] The People are not
required to prove the defendant actually touched someone. The People are not required
to prove the defendant actually intended to use force against someone when she
acted. [¶] No one needs to actually have been injured by the defendant’s act but if
someone was injured, you may consider that fact along with all the other evidence in
4
As noted below, defendant also correctly states that the trial court should have
used the term “murder” instead of ‘assault” here also.
15
deciding whether the defendant committed an assault. [¶] A deadly weapon other than a
firearm is any object, instrument, or weapon that is inherently deadly or dangerous or one
that is used in such a way that it is capable of causing and likely to cause death or great
bodily injury.”
c) Manslaughter Jury Instructions Not Given
Defendant contends that the trial court should have instructed the jury with
manslaughter instructions. CALCRIM No. 570 instructs the jury on heat of passion. It
states, “A killing that would otherwise be murder is reduced to voluntary manslaughter if
the defendant killed someone because of a sudden quarrel or in the heat of
passion. [¶] The defendant killed someone because of a sudden quarrel or in the heat of
passion if: [¶] 1. The defendant was provoked; [¶] 2. As a result of the provocation,
the defendant acted rashly and under the influence of intense emotion that obscured
(his/her) reasoning or judgment; [¶] AND [¶] 3. The provocation would have caused a
person of average disposition to act rashly and without due deliberation, that is, from
passion rather than from judgment. [¶] Heat of passion does not require anger, rage, or
any specific emotion. It can be any violent or intense emotion that causes a person to act
without due deliberation and reflection. [¶] In order for heat of passion to reduce a
murder to voluntary manslaughter, the defendant must have acted under the direct and
immediate influence of provocation as I have defined it. While no specific type of
provocation is required, slight or remote provocation is not sufficient. Sufficient
provocation may occur over a short or long period of time. [¶] It is not enough that the
defendant simply was provoked. The defendant is not allowed to set up (his/her) own
standard of conduct. You must decide whether the defendant was provoked and whether
the provocation was sufficient. In deciding whether the provocation was sufficient,
consider whether a person of average disposition, in the same situation and knowing the
same facts, would have reacted from passion rather than from judgment. [¶] [If enough
time passed between the provocation and the killing for a person of average disposition to
‘cool off’ and regain his or her clear reasoning and judgment, then the killing is not
16
reduced to voluntary manslaughter on this basis.] [¶] The People have the burden of
proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not kill as the result of a sudden
quarrel or in the heat of passion. If the People have not met this burden, you must find
the defendant not guilty of murder.”
CALCRIM No. 580 provides, “When a person commits an unlawful killing but
does not intend to kill and does not act with conscious disregard for human life, then the
crime is involuntary manslaughter. [¶] The difference between other homicide offenses
and involuntary manslaughter depends on whether the person was aware of the risk to life
that his or her actions created and consciously disregarded that risk. An unlawful killing
caused by a willful act done with full knowledge and awareness that the person is
endangering the life of another, and done in conscious disregard of that risk, is voluntary
manslaughter or murder. An unlawful killing resulting from a willful act committed
without intent to kill and without conscious disregard of the risk to human life is
involuntary manslaughter. [¶] The defendant committed involuntary manslaughter
if: [¶] 1. The defendant committed (a crime/ [or] a lawful act in an unlawful
manner); [¶] 2. The defendant committed the (crime/ [or] act) with criminal
negligence; [¶] AND [¶] 3. The defendant’s acts caused the death of another
person. [¶] [The People allege that the defendant committed the following crime[s]:
_________________ . [¶] Instruction[s] _________________ tell[s] you what the People
must prove in order to prove that the defendant committed _________________ .] [¶] [The
People [also] allege that the defendant committed the following lawful act[s] with
criminal negligence: _________________ .] [¶] Criminal
negligence involves more than ordinary carelessness, inattention, or mistake in judgment.
A person acts with criminal negligence when: [¶] 1. He or she acts in a reckless way
that creates a high risk of death or great bodily injury; [¶] AND [¶] 2. A reasonable
person would have known that acting in that way would create such a risk. [¶] In other
words, a person acts with criminal negligence when the way he or she acts is so different
17
from the way an ordinarily careful person would act in the same situation that his or her
act amounts to disregard for human life or indifference to the consequences of that
act. [¶] [An act causes death if the death is the direct, natural, and probable consequence
of the act and the death would not have happened without the act. A natural and probable
consequence is one that a reasonable person would know is likely to happen if nothing
unusual intervenes. In deciding whether a consequence is natural and probable, consider
all of the circumstances established by the evidence.] [¶] [There may be more than one
cause of death. An act causes death only if it is a substantial factor in causing the death.
A substantial factor is more than a trivial or remote factor. However, it does not need to
be the only factor that causes the death.] [¶] Great bodily injury means significant or
substantial physical injury. It is an injury that is greater than minor or moderate
harm. [¶] [The People allege that the defendant committed the following (crime[s]/
[and] lawful act[s] with criminal negligence): _________________ . You may not find the defendant guilty unless
all of you agree that the People have proved that the defendant committed at least one of
these alleged acts and you all agree that the same act or acts were proved.] [¶] In order
to prove murder or voluntary manslaughter, the People have the burden of proving
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted with intent to kill or with conscious
disregard for human life. If the People have not met either of these burdens, you must
find the defendant not guilty of murder and not guilty of voluntary manslaughter.”
4. Analysis
a) Voluntary Manslaughter
Defendant contends that the trial court erred because it failed to instruct, sua
sponte, the jury as to voluntary manslaughter on a heat of passion theory. A killing
“upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion” is voluntary manslaughter. (§ 192, subd. (a).)
If there is sufficient provocation and a defendant acts on a sudden quarrel or heat of
passion, malice is presumed to be absent. (People v. Lee (1999) 20 Cal.4th 47, 59.)
18
Because heat of passion reduces an intentional, unlawful killing from murder to voluntary
manslaughter by negating the element of malice, heat of passion voluntary manslaughter
is a lesser necessarily included offense of intentional murder. (People v. Breverman,
supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 154.) When there is substantial evidence of a lesser included
offense, such as manslaughter, the trial court has a duty to instruct on it. (Id. at p. 162.)
Defendant argues that she knew Parker was under the heat of passion because a
witness testified she was present at the first fight between Parker and Brown, and even if
she was not present, the jury reasonably could find that she knew of the earlier altercation
between Parker and Brown because there was evidence the first fight was loud and she
was with Parker when Brown taunted him. According to defendant, a jury therefore
reasonably could find that she aided and abetted an assault, and knowing that Parker was
under the heat of passion, the natural and probable consequences of the assault therefore
would only be voluntary manslaughter. Defendant, however, does not cite to any
authority, nor are we aware of any, that the trial court errs if it does not instruct on
another’s heat of passion so as to permit the jury to determine if the natural and probable
consequences of an assault is voluntary manslaughter and not murder.
In addition, ‘“The provocation which incites the defendant to homicidal conduct
in the heat of passion must be caused by the victim [citation], or be conduct reasonably
believed by the defendant to have been engaged in by the victim.” [Citation.]’” (People
v. Verdugo (2010) 50 Cal.4th 263, 293.) Defendant relies on evidence concerning
Brown’s purported provocation of Parker: The first fight in which they were engaged
was loud, and after the first fight, Brown followed behind Parker and taunted him.
Defendant, however, may not premise her entitlement to a heat of passion instruction on
the theory that Parker killed Brown while under the heat of passion. (People v. McCoy,
supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 1120-1122.) “Aider and abettor liability is premised on the
combined acts of all the principals, but on the aider and abettor’s own mens rea. If the
mens rea of the aider and abettor is more culpable than the actual perpetrator’s, the aider
and abettor may be guilty of a more serious crime than the actual perpetrator.” (Id. at p.
1120.)
19
There also is not substantial evidence that Brown’s purported provocation of
Parker or defendant would cause a reasonable person to act rashly and without
deliberation and reflection, or otherwise to kill Brown. The test of whether there is
sufficient provocation or heat of passion such that it can negate malice and thereby
reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter is objective. (People v. Steele (2002) 27
Cal.4th 1230, 1253.) The victim’s provocative conduct “must be sufficiently provocative
that it would cause an ordinary person of average disposition to act rashly or without due
deliberation and reflection. [Citations.] ‘Heat of passion arises when “at the time of the
killing, the reason of the accused was obscured or disturbed by passion to such an extent
as would cause the ordinarily reasonable person of average disposition to act rashly and
without deliberation and reflection, and from such passion rather than from judgment.”’
[Citation.]” (People v. Lee, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 59.) The heat of passion must be such
that it would be aroused naturally in an ordinarily reasonable person in the same
circumstances. (CALJIC No. 8.42.)
The trial court did not err by not instructing the jury, sua sponte, as to voluntary
manslaughter. The issue is whether defendant presented sufficient evidence of her own
mens rea. Defendant’s defense was premised on the theory that she did not give the knife
to Parker.
Defendant did not present any evidence that she was acting under a heat of
passion—the subjective prong of voluntary manslaughter. (See People v. Lee, supra, 20
Cal.4th at p. 49.) The evidence shows that she and Parker approached Brown in
connection with the fatal altercation. And there was no evidence that the provocation
would cause a person to react with deadly passion—the objective prong of voluntary
manslaughter. (People v. Hernandez (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1331, 1332.) Defendant
contends that the trial court should have instructed the jury as to manslaughter on the
basis that the jury could have determined that she aided and abetted a lawful act because
she intended to give the knife to Parker to use for self defense purposes only. There
however is no substantial evidence upon which a jury could find that she intended to give
the knife to Parker to use for self defense purposes.
20
b) Involuntary Manslaughter
Defendant also contends that the trial court should have instructed the jury as to
manslaughter, because, according to defendant, the jury could have determined that she
aided and abetted a simple unarmed assault by encouraging it (i.e., saying “get him” to
Parker), and defendant’s act of encouraging that simple unarmed assault was dangerous
to human life under the circumstances of its commission. (People v. Cox, supra, 23
Cal.4th at p. 675.) Although a simple assault can support liability for murder under the
natural and probable consequences theory (People v. Gonzales and Soliz (2011) 52
Cal.4th 254, 297-300), the prosecution did not proceed under such a theory, and
defendant does not show how she would be liable under such a case.
There is conflicting evidence on whether defendant gave Parker the knife. If
defendant gave Parker the knife, she obviously knew that he had one. There also is
evidence from which a jury could infer that even if she did not give the knife to Parker,
she knew he had one. There is evidence that defendant and Parker were in a dating
relationship for several months or perhaps a year. It is undisputed that defendant was
present when the stabbing incident occurred, and defendant was described as being “kind
of close” to Parker during the altercation. Others in attendance at the knifing incident
saw that Parker had a knife, and it is undisputed, and indeed defendant concedes, that
Parker stabbed Brown during the altercation. In addition, after the stabbing incident, a
knife sheath was found in a purse that matched the description of the purse Montgomery
said defendant was carrying immediately before the incident. That purse was located on
the bed of a room vacated by defendant and Parker.
Although there is substantial evidence that defendant gave Parker the knife, and
substantial evidence upon which a reasonable jury could find that defendant knew that
Parker had a knife, such that defendant was aiding an assault with a deadly weapon, there
is not substantial evidence that she did not know that Parker had a knife and merely aided
and abetted a simple unarmed assault. In addition, the jury was instructed on assault with
21
deadly weapon (CALRIM No. 875), and not on simple assault (CALRIM No. 915). The
trial court did not err in not instructing the jury as to manslaughter.
c) Federal Constitutional Right
Defendant did not raise at trial any federal constitutional claim or the failure to
instruct the jury on lesser included offenses. By failing to raise this claim with the trial
court, defendant has forfeited it. (See United States v. Olano (1993) 507 U.S. 725, 731.)
Moreover, failure to give a sua sponte instruction on lesser included offenses may be a
violation of state law but not a federal constitutional error. (People v. Moye (2009) 47
Cal.4th 537, 563; People v. Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 165, 178.)
B. CALCRIM No. 403
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 403. We disagree.
1. Discussions Regarding Jury Instructions CALCRIM No. 403
During the parties’ discussion of the jury instructions with the trial court,
defendant’s counsel objected to CALCRIM No. 403. Defendant’s counsel argued that
the instruction was confusing under the facts of this case “because it specifically starts
out by saying ‘before you may decide whether the defendant is guilty of murder you must
decide whether she was guilty of assault.’ Because I presume that he’s relying on the
same conduct as an aiding and abetting theory to murder, I don’t necessarily think that
this is necessary.” The prosecutor said, “[T]he evidence supports that theory and while
the jury instruction may appear confusing, it does reflect the state of the law and I will
try . . . my best to explain it to them during my closing and the jury can rely on the theory
to convict in this case.” The trial court agreed that the instruction could be confusing, but
said that it agreed with the prosecutor that it was “an alternative theory for murder
and . . . an accurate statement of the law and I will give it.”
22
CALCRIM No. 403 generally is a correct statement of the law. (People v.
Canizalez (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 832, 849.) Defendant claims the instruction is
confusing because evidence supported both a direct aider and abettor theory and a natural
and probable consequences theory; and the instruction did not specify what had to be
found in terms of directly aiding or abetting Parker or her mental state. Added to the
confusion, according to defendant, was the reference to the nontarget offense of murder
as being the target offense of assault.
2. Analysis
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 403 without instructing the jury on manslaughter because it “was
unnecessary, confusing, and enabled the jury to find [defendant] vicariously liable for
murder without requiring it” to find what defendant did to aid and abet Parker, or
defendant’s mental state at the time she acted. Defendant failed to raise her contention
that CALCRIM No. 403 should have been modified to allow the jury to find defendant
guilty of manslaughter. She instead objected to CALCRIM No. 403 on the grounds that
it was “confusing” because the same evidence supported criminal liability under both a
“direct” aider and abettor theory and a natural and probable consequences theory.
Defendant therefore forfeited her contention. “A party may not raise an argument on
appeal that he or she did not raise before the trial court.” (People v. Mayham (2013) 212
Cal.App.4th 847, 856.) “The law generally requires . . . a specific objection . . . to
preserve an issue for appeal.” (People v. Smith (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1458, 1468;
People v. Lopez (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1106, 1118-1119 [a challenge to jury instruction
that was generally accurate was forfeited for failure to seek modification or
clarification].) “Generally, ‘“‘[a] party may not complain on appeal that an instruction
correct in law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete unless the
party has requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying language.’”’ [Citation.] [¶]. . .
[¶] The . . . failure [of CALCRIM No. 403] to state that the aider and abettor could also
be guilty of vehicular manslaughter on the natural and probable consequences theory
23
made the instruction, at most, incomplete in the context of this case, not incorrect.
Therefore, [the defendant] was required to request clarification or modification of this
instruction to add that [defendants] could alternatively be guilty of involuntary
manslaughter as a natural and probable consequence of the target offense. Having failed
to do so, he forfeited this contention as to CALCRIM No. 403.” (People v. Canizalez,
supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 849.)
Even if defendant did not forfeit her contention that CALCRIM No. 403 should
have been modified to allow the jury to find defendant guilty of manslaughter, the trial
court did not err in instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 403. As noted above,
CALCRIM No. 403 is a correct statement of the law (People v. Canizalez, supra, 197
Cal.App.4th at p. 849) and the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury on the
lesser included offenses of voluntary and involuntary manslaughter.
Describing it as an “ancillary” contention, defendant also argues that CALCRIM
No. 403 was “technically flawed” because it referred to “the uncharged target of assault
at two points where the instruction should refer to the charged, non-target offense of
murder” and this “compounded the . . . problem” of not requiring the jury to find what
defendant did to aid and abet Parker, or defendant’s mental state at the time she acted.
Because the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury on the lesser included
offenses of manslaughter, there is no problem to compound. Moreover, the trial court’s
uses the wrong nontarget offense benefitted defendant by suggesting she might be
convicted of assault even if murder was the nontarget crime.
C. Sentencing
Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing on her
consecutive sentences for the instant crime and an unrelated matter. Defendant argues
that it was irrational for the trial court to base its decision to do so on her escalating level
of violence during a short period of time, and her having already received a light sentence
in that unrelated case by being allowed to plead guilty to assault, despite the fact that the
victim died. Defendant also contends that the trial court did not exercise informed
24
discretion because the probation report regarding case number BA387255, considered by
the trial court in sentencing defendant, erroneously referred to the victim in that matter as
being 5 years old instead of 55 years old.
1. Standard of Review
A trial court’s imposition of consecutive terms is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. (People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 452, 468.) The trial court’s sentence
“must be affirmed unless there is a clear showing the sentence choice was arbitrary or
irrational.” (People v. Lamb (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 397, 401.) “‘In the absence of . . . a
showing [that the sentence choice was arbitrary or irrational], the trial court is presumed
to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives, and its discretionary
determination to impose a particular sentence will not be set aside on review.’ [Citation.]
Concomitantly, ‘[a] decision will not be reversed merely because reasonable people
might disagree. “An appellate tribunal is neither authorized nor warranted in substituting
its judgment for the judgment of the trial judge.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Superior Court (Alvarez) (1997) 14 Cal.4th 968, 977-978.)
2. Applicable Law
Section 669, subdivision (a) provides in pertinent part, “When a person is
convicted of two or more crimes, whether in the same proceeding or court or in different
proceedings or courts, . . . , the second or other subsequent judgment upon which
sentence is ordered to be executed shall direct whether the terms of imprisonment or any
of them to which he or she is sentenced shall run concurrently or consecutively.”
California Rules of Court, rule 4.425 provides, “Criteria affecting the decision to impose
consecutive rather than concurrent sentences include: (a) Facts relating to the crimes,
including whether or not: [¶] (1) The crimes and their objectives were predominantly
independent of each other; [¶] (2) The crimes involved separate acts of violence or
threats of violence; or [¶] (3) The crimes were committed at different times or separate
places, rather than being committed so closely in time and place as to indicate a single
25
period of aberrant behavior. [¶] (b) Any circumstances in aggravation or mitigation may
be considered in deciding whether to impose consecutive rather than concurrent
sentences, except: [¶] (1) A fact used to impose the upper term; [¶] (2) A fact used to
otherwise enhance the defendant’s prison sentence; and [¶] (3) A fact that is an element
of the crime may not be used to impose consecutive sentences.” “[T]he trial court is
entitled to look at the whole record in the case” (People v. Fulton (1979) 92 Cal.App.3d
972, 976), including “‘attendant facts,’ ‘the surroundings at the commission of an act,’
[and] ‘practically everything which has a legitimate bearing’ on the matter in issue.”
(People v. Guevara (1979) 88 Cal.App.3d 86, 93.)
3. Relevant Proceedings
At the sentencing hearing, defendant’s counsel advised the trial court that pursuant
to a plea agreement in another case, defendant was presently serving a seven-year state
prison term sentence. Defendant pled guilty in case number BA387255 to assault with a
deadly weapon other than a firearm or with force likely to produce great bodily injury in
violation of section 245, subdivision (a)(1), and she admitted an allegation she personally
inflicted great bodily injury within the meaning of section 12022.7, subdivision (a).
According to the probation report, the incident occurred because defendant “was involved
in a verbal dispute . . . over money” with [Maurice Rem, the victim,] a five-year-old. 5
Defendant “punched the victim once in the head as he tried to walk way,” “[t]he victim
fell to the ground and struck his head on the pavement,” defendant “fled from the scene
bragging about how she knocked the victim out,” and two days later the victim died from
a subdural hematoma. As part of the plea agreement, a voluntary manslaughter count
was dismissed. Defendant was sentenced in case number BA387255 to state prison for a
5
We grant defendant’s request that we take judicial notice of the Attorney
General’s April 28, 2014, letter to us. In that letter, the Attorney General stated that the
Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office advised the Deputy Attorney General that
the probation report was inaccurate in that regarding case number BA387255, Rem, the
victim, was likely 55 years old, not five years old, at the time he was assaulted by
defendant and died.
26
term of seven years, consisting of the upper term of four years for the offense and three
years for the enhancement. Apparently, she had previously been the victim of a sexual
assault.
Defendant’s counsel asked the trial court to concurrently sentence defendant in the
instant case with the sentence in BA387255. Defendant’s counsel stated that defendant
told a detective involved in case number BA387255 that defendant had previously been
raped, and defendant “freaked out” when the victim in that case “laid his hands on her.”
In response to the trial court’s inquiry, defendant’s counsel advised the trial court
that the assault in case number BA387255 occurred about three or four months prior to
the incident involved in the instant case. The prosecutor advised the trial court that the
police had been searching for defendant at the time of the incident involved in this case
occurred.
The trial court stated, “The court is very concerned about the level of violence. I
think [defendant] did get the benefit of having been a victim of a sexual assault she got
the benefit of a plea to a nonmurder charge or she got the benefit of a [section] 245 in the
agreement even though somebody died. [¶] . . . [¶] [B]ased upon the violence as I
indicated my concerns were and also the time it happened very close in time to one
another, escalating violence, the court is going to exercise its discretion and run the
sentences consecutive to one another.”
4. Analysis
Defendant argues that it was not appropriate for the trial court to base its decision
to impose on her consecutive sentences on the favorable plea agreement defendant
received in the unrelated matter—case number BA387255. Defendant has not provided
any authority that a trial court is forbidden from considering the kind of sentence a
defendant received for the first crime, and we are aware of none.
Defendant further argues that she did not receive an “excessive” benefit when she
agreed to the seven year sentence in case number BA387255 because defendant had
previously been raped, and she overreacted to being touched by the victim in that case.
27
The probation report stated that the incident concerning case number BA387255
“involved . . . a verbal dispute . . . over money” with the victim, with defendant
ultimately punching the victim once “in the head as he tried to walk way,” causing him to
fall to the ground and strike his head on the pavement. According to the probation report,
defendant “fled from the scene bragging about how she knocked the victim out,” and two
days later the victim died from the injuries he sustained in the confrontation. The trial
court reasonably could infer that defendant received a benefit when she agreed to the
seven year sentence in case number BA387255 given that the victim died.
Defendant contends that the trial court did not exercise informed discretion
because the probation report regarding case number BA387255 erroneously referred to
the victim in that matter as being 5 years old instead of 55 years old. There is no
indication that the age of the victim in case number BA387255 was a factor considered
by the trial court in imposing consecutive sentences.
Defendant also contends that she is being “effectively punished[d] [in the instant
case] for conduct engaged in primarily by Parker.” Defendant states that “it is unclear
from the evidence whether [she] gave Parker a knife. One [therefore] cannot tell if the
jury reached that conclusion . . . .” As discussed above however, the prosecutor’s legal
theory of the case was premised on the factual theory that defendant provided Parker with
a knife that he used to kill Brown. Defendant, therefore, was punished for her actions in
providing Parker with a knife with the intent that it be used fatally or in a way that a
reasonable person would have understood was likely to have fatal consequences, not for
Parker’s actions. The record therefore reflects that defendant was not deterred from her
conviction of her prior act of violence and has shown a willingness to reoffend.
In the unrelated matter, defendant struck someone who died, and there is no
indication that defendant’s action was an overreaction to having been a victim of rape.
Here defendant was convicted of murder by handing a knife to a person engaged in a
fight. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in providing for consecutive sentences.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
MOSK, Acting P.J.
We concur:
KRIEGLER, J.
GOODMAN, J.

Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
29