People v. Garcia CA3 ( 2022 )

Filed 5/6/22 P. v. Garcia CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE, C091451
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 16FE015384)
v.
MARIO JUNIOR GARCIA,
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Mario Junior Garcia shot and killed his neighbor during a dispute. A
jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder and found true the allegation that he
personally discharged a firearm causing death. On appeal, he contends the trial court
erred in admitting evidence of his involvement in a jail fight, and also claims the matter
should be remanded for the court to consider reducing the gun enhancement. We agree
with the latter claim and remand for exercise of sentencing discretion; we otherwise
affirm the judgment.
1
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At the time of the incident, defendant was 19 years old and lived with his 23-year-
old sister. Defendant frequently drove his car down the street at a high rate of speed and
did “burnouts and donuts” near his house. Neighbors Talanoa Feinga (the victim) and his
wife, and Feinga’s brother, as well as neighbor David S. expressed concerns to defendant
about his driving, as Feinga’s and David’s young children played in front of their houses.
Defendant also frequently hosted loud, well-attended parties that featured loud
music, alcohol, and marijuana. During one such party on July 16, 2016, shots were fired.
Bullets hit Feinga’s house as well as his brother’s and wife’s cars. After the shots were
heard, defendant, who was inside his home, came down the stairs from the second floor
to the first floor with a gun and said, “No one is going to fuck with my house.”
The next morning, there was glass from broken car windows and broken beer
bottles around. Feinga and his brother went to talk to defendant about the damage; they
pointed out that there were families and children living in the neighborhood and that each
of the five bullets fired into the home and cars could have hit and killed someone.
On August 7, 2016, the Feinga family and Feinga’s brother went to a barbeque.
Feinga drank beer while he was cooking and had smoked marijuana that day.1 The
family returned home around 9:30 or 10:00 p.m. and went to sleep. After midnight,
Feinga’s wife was awakened by loud, wall-shaking music coming from defendant’s
house. She saw that David had texted Feinga’s phone asking if he was awake. The wife
woke Feinga and his brother and the two men met David outside.
1 Feinga’s blood-alcohol content at the time of his death was 0.12. His blood also tested
positive for the presence of THC. At that level of intoxication, the ability to control
anger would be impaired in some people.
2
Defendant was hosting another loud party; there was continuous car traffic and
“herds” of young people going to and from the party. At 12:37 a.m., Feinga called 911 to
report the party. Tensions escalated. Another angry neighbor, E.B., approached
defendant’s home, but people told him to “get the hell out of here . . . [¶] . . . or we’re
going to beat your ass.”
Defendant came out of his house and a group of men fell in behind him. As many
as 50 party-goers were in the street and some were on top of cars. As defendant walked
down his driveway towards Feinga’s house, the group of men formed a semicircle around
him.
E.B. walked toward defendant, swearing at him, and Feinga, his brother, and
David followed. Feinga told defendant: “Shut the party down. Get this shit out of here.
We’re tired of it.” Defendant, Feinga and the other neighbors exchanged expletives, and
defendant’s sister yelled: “[H]e’s only a little kid, leave him the fuck alone . . . whatever
they do at their fucking house is their fucking problem.” She also yelled, “Get your old
asses out of here. Don’t come over here. Y’all gonna get fucked up.”
Without warning, defendant pulled out a gun and shot Feinga three times in the
chest from between two and 11 feet away. Feinga died from his wounds. Neither Feinga
nor the others in his group had any physical contact with defendant or had any weapons,
although various party-goers’ opinions differed on whether a fight between the two
groups was imminent. Several witnesses stated that Feinga never threatened defendant,
threw any punches, or lunged toward him. Other witnesses testified that Feinga appeared
to want to fight, and that he charged or lunged at defendant. The time from the 911 call
to the fatal shooting was approximately five minutes or less.
One party-goer said defendant seemed intoxicated. Another said defendant did not
appear angry, told Feinga he did not want any trouble, and made efforts to turn down the
music and move a car parked in front of Feinga’s house to appease Feinga.
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Defendant’s sister testified that Feinga and the other neighbors were on the corner
swearing at defendant’s group and that defendant ignored them, which angered them.
When the neighbors challenged defendant to fight, she told “them that they were grown
men trying to fight a 19-year-old and to go home.” She said that the neighbors then
called her a “bitch” and threatened to “beat [her] ass.” Defendant asked the neighbors
why they were yelling at her. When the neighbors met defendant in the street, Feinga
charged and lunged at defendant and defendant backed up, pulled out his gun, pointed it
at Feinga, and told Feinga to back up.2 The sister testified that Feinga then lunged again
as if to hit defendant. She then heard a gunshot and defendant ran. She added that
defendant was a “class clown” and as far as she knew had never been in a fight.
Another party-goer testified that she saw Feinga yelling at the sister. She added
that Feinga and the other neighbors walked to the middle of the street and were
threatening to beat up defendant, while Feinga taunted defendant to shoot him.
Defendant testified on his own behalf; he had seen Feinga between the July and
August shootings on several occasions, and Feinga had said to him: “One more party.
One more party. I be waiting for the one more party. The next time, my house ain’t
gonna be the one to get shot up.” Another time Feinga said something about waiting to
use his new gun and that defendant would have to “pay for this shit” he had caused due to
his parties. Defendant said these comments prompted him to find Feinga on Facebook,
where he saw “a lot of violent stuff” and “aggressive things” and quotes “pretty much
saying he carries a gun.” He was scared because “once I seen that, I knew [Feinga] was
dangerous, and he has a gun, ’cause he was saying on Facebook, pretty much.”
2 Detective Jeffrey Griggs testified that he interviewed the sister the day of the shooting,
and that she told him defendant said during his confrontation with Feinga, “I’m right here
. . . I got my homies,” meaning that he was not backing down.
4
Defendant testified that after the shooting at the July party, he prepared for the
next party by hiding his gun on top of his refrigerator. He went outside at one point
during the party and Feinga was mad about a car parked near his house. Defendant
directed the car be moved and the music turned down. When a party-goer came in and
told him that his neighbor was threatening his sister, he retrieved his gun and went
outside. He claimed he would have run away were it not for the fact that his sister and
friends were being threatened.
Defendant found Feinga, Feinga’s brother, and E.B. screaming at his sister, telling
her to end the party. He tried to defuse the situation by telling everyone to go into his
backyard and have fun. In response, Feinga and the others called him names and told his
sister to shut up when she came to his defense. When defendant told Feinga not to
threaten his sister, Feinga became enraged and “just went crazy and got very angry.”
Feinga then started walking toward him while saying “What the fuck are you gonna do
about it?” and calling him a “pussy.” Defendant testified that he tried to calm Feinga
down, but Feinga continued to advance. When Feinga was six to seven feet away,
defendant pulled out his gun, pointed it at Feinga, and told him to back off and go home.
Feinga made a motion as if he were going to hit him and said, “You gonna shoot me?”
Defendant started to back up and then shot Feinga three times. As Feinga continued to
advance on him, defendant dropped his gun and ran. He testified he shot Feinga because
“pretty much, he’s gonna kick my ass.”
Feinga’s wife testified that Feinga was neither violent nor a fighter and that the
portions of Feinga’s Facebook page presented in court were not representative of the
page’s general contents.
The jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd.
(a)) and found true the allegation that defendant personally discharged a firearm causing
great bodily injury or death (id., § 12022.53, subd. (d)). The trial court sentenced
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defendant to 15 years-to-life in prison for the murder plus 25 years-to-life for the firearm
enhancement.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on February 4, 2020. The record was
filed on May 27, 2020. After multiple extensions to the briefing schedule, the matter was
fully briefed on December 6, 2021, and assigned to this panel on December 23, 2021.
The parties waived argument and the case was submitted on April 12, 2022.
DISCUSSION
I
Character Evidence under Evidence Code Section 1103
Defendant first claims the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his
participation in a jailhouse fight under Evidence Code section 11033 because it was not
relevant to the jury’s evaluation of his character and was inadmissible under sections 210
and 352, as well as admitted in violation of his federal due process rights. The Attorney
General argues that defendant forfeited the claims when he failed to specifically object at
trial and failed to include the video of the jailhouse fight in the record on appeal.
Alternatively, the Attorney General argues that no error occurred, and any theoretical
error was harmless.
We agree that defendant forfeited this issue and that the claim fails to persuade.
A. Additional Background
The prosecutor moved pretrial to exclude a photograph of Feinga holding two
handguns as well as any questions or evidence regarding weapons found inside Feinga’s
home. During the hearing, defense counsel opposed the motion, stating that Feinga’s gun
possession was relevant to show his “behavior this night was so aggressive, so bullying
that it is almost hard to believe he would do it if he didn’t have a handgun. It helps
3 Undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code.
6
understand his behavior and his attitude.” Because there was no evidence that Feinga
was armed when confronting defendant, the prosecutor argued that any evidence
connecting Feinga to firearms was irrelevant and prejudicial. Defendant responded that
Feinga’s possession of the gun(s) corroborated defendant’s assertion of intimidation by
Feinga and mention of gun acquisition and use. The trial court excluded any reference to
Feinga’s possessing a gun as irrelevant but noted that it could become relevant if
defendant testified.
The prosecutor also detailed the anticipated positive character evidence from
several potential defense witnesses and requested the ability to introduce evidence of
defendant’s later participation in fights at the jail to rebut any such evidence were it
introduced. The court reserved its ruling, stating: “The People are concerned about
potential character evidence. Certainly, if [defense counsel] makes a strategic decision to
offer character evidence, it opens the door to bad character evidence. So he knows when
to wade into that and when not to. But things that happened, like jail write-ups and stuff
might become relevant if he wades into that. So I think we’ll just have to see.” Defense
counsel said he had not yet decided the issue, but understood what the prosecutor sought
to introduce in rebuttal to any positive character evidence.
At trial, defendant testified that he was afraid of Feinga before the August
shooting as outlined above. Prior to cross-examination, the prosecutor requested
permission to ask defendant about a fight he was involved in at the jail, arguing
defendant’s testimony about Feinga’s Facebook page constituted character evidence
under section 1103 that would properly be rebutted by evidence of defendant’s
participation in a jailhouse fight. The prosecution’s offer of proof was a videotape
purportedly showing that defendant and another man pulled a fellow inmate out of his jail
cell onto the second-floor walkway and immediately began to beat him while others
joined in. The prosecution contended this incident was “relevant to show defendant’s
violent character, but also that he is a leader and not afraid to take actions into his own
7
hands. I think a lot of his testimony yesterday, also is kind of painting himself as a
shrinking violet, and this would rebut that as well.” The prosecutor argued that section
352 did not prohibit the video’s admission as “this is a murder case and the conduct
charged is much more serious.”
Defendant objected and argued that there was no evidence he was a leader in the
jailhouse fight; further, his actual involvement was minimal. He argued defendant’s
testimony regarding Feinga’s Facebook page was not character evidence, as “it does not
suggest that [Feinga] acted violently in the past or that he was predisposed to personally
act violently” and that it wasn’t “being offered to show aggressive conduct on the part of
Mr. Feinga.”
The trial court rejected defense counsel’s assertion that the testimony was not
evidence of Feinga’s character, stating: “[T]hat’s the whole position of the defense in
this case, that Mr. Feinga was the aggressor and defendant had to act in defending
himself. So I don’t know how you can’t call it character evidence. He’s introducing
Mr. Feinga’s trait for violence and also asking the jury to find that because he knew that,
he was reasonable in defending himself. And also, the second purpose of that is that
Mr. Feinga acted in conformity with that character that night. That’s the only reason it
was -- I mean, that’s the glaring reason that it’s – it’s out there.” The court continued and
stated that defendant opened the door to whether “[Feinga] acted in conformity with what
[defendant] has said, someone who’s violent, who has violent posts. ‘A lot of violence,’
he said that more than once. So . . . I disagree with you that it’s not character evidence. I
think it is character evidence. And I do think it’s opened the door to the prosecutor being
able to rebut that, either by good character of Mr. Feinga or character for nonviolence or
with [defendant’s] character or a specific instance of conduct of violent character –
violent conduct.”
8
After trial resumed, defendant introduced printouts of Feinga’s Facebook posts
that he testified caused him to be afraid of Feinga. He also affirmatively introduced
evidence of his assault on his fellow inmate, testifying that the inmate was causing
problems and making racist statements about Mexicans. Defendant explained that he
tried to discuss the matter with the inmate and the inmate swung at him, then he and
others started to fight with the inmate and the inmate ran out of his cell during the fight.
He added he did not inflict any serious injuries, merely a kick and perhaps a scratch.
The prosecutor questioned defendant about the assault and showed him (and the
jury) the videotape, which was marked as Exhibit 35 and admitted into evidence.
Defendant acknowledged that he failed to tell jail staff that he was acting in self-defense.
B. Analysis
Where a person’s character or a trait of his character is at issue it may be proven
by any permissible evidence including opinion testimony, evidence of reputation, or
evidence of a specific instance of the person’s conduct. (§ 1100.) Evidence of a person’s
character, however, is generally not admissible to prove his conduct on a specific
occasion, but there are exceptions to that general rule. (§ 1101, subd. (a).) A defendant
may introduce evidence of a victim’s character or a trait of his character to provide his
conduct on a specific occasion (except as limited in sex offense cases). (§ 1103, subd.
(a)(1).) Where a defendant has introduced character evidence to prove a victim’s
conduct, the prosecution may introduce such evidence to rebut the evidence introduced
by the defendant. (§ 1103, subd. (a)(2).)
The admissibility of this evidence has two components: (1) whether the challenged
evidence has “any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action” as directed by section 210 and, if so, (2)
whether the trial court abused its discretion under section 352 in finding that the
probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the probability that
its admission would create a substantial danger of undue prejudice. (§§ 210, 352.)
9
Although we conclude the record is sufficient to review the claim in this instance,
we agree with the Attorney General that by failing to transmit the exhibit at issue
defendant risked forfeiting his challenge to the trial court’s findings based on the omitted
exhibit. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.320 & 8.224; People v. Chubbuck (2019) 43
Cal.App.5th 1, 13 [“Absent an adequate record, we presume the trial court’s judgment
was correctly decided based upon the evidence before it and we deem the issue
forfeited”].) Further, defendant has forfeited his evidentiary and constitutional claims of
error because he did not object under sections 210 and 352 in the trial court. (See
People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 435 [appellant may not argue that the court
should have excluded the evidence for a reason different from his trial objection];
People v. Riggs (2008) 44 Cal.4th 248, 292 [distinct federal due process claim must be
first raised in trial court].) As we have described, he argued to the trial court only that
evidence of the fight was not character evidence. On appeal, defendant does not dispute
this was character evidence or that the law allows for rebuttal evidence regarding
defendant’s character. (See § 1103, subd. (b).) Indeed, he characterizes the evidence of
the fight as “violent character evidence.” He now argues that the fight was irrelevant
because it happened 18 months subsequent to the shooting and could not provide any
insight into defendant’s character at the time of the murder. This claim is forfeited.4
4 To the extent defendant appears to raise ineffective assistance of counsel in his reply
brief, he may not do so for the first time in reply; further, the claim is not properly headed
and argued. For both of these reasons, we decline to consider it. (See Opdyk v. California
Horse Racing Bd. (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 1826, 1830-1831, fn. 4 [the appellant must
present each point separately in the opening brief under an appropriate heading or it is
forfeited]; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).)
10
In any event, defendant’s claim fails on the merits. Defendant testified that he
shot Feinga in self-defense when Feinga charged at him. He explained as justification
that he subjectively believed that Feinga was aggressive, violent, and carried a gun; the
Facebook photos of an armed Feinga supported this view.
“[E]vidence of subsequent crimes may bear on a defendant’s character at the time
of the charged offense.” (People v. Cordova (2015) 62 Cal.4th 104, 133; People v.
Medina (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 897, 903; People v. Shoemaker (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d
442, 447-448.) The evidence of the fight provided an insight into defendant’s approach
to conflict resolution during his interactions with Feinga--although perhaps not
substantial, this insight was not irrelevant. Defendant claimed he was a reasonable,
peaceful man who ended up defending himself against Feinga, who was the violent
aggressor. Despite defendant’s claim that he was also defending himself during the
jailhouse fight, defendant’s participation in yet another conflict suggested he was not a
mere peaceful observer. The jury was free to determine defendant’s role in each situation
and to decide whether his actions in jail demonstrated his character for violence.
We acknowledge there is a point at which “evidence of [a person’s] character
becomes too remote to have any probative value and thus becomes irrelevant,” (see
People v. Shoemaker, supra, 135 Cal.App.3d at p. 448, fn. 4), but this is not the situation
here. The passage of 18 months between the shooting and the fight is not significant
enough to erode all relevance. Indeed, defendant does not point to any evidence that his
character changed over the relevant time period or reason such a change might have
occurred. (People v. Cordova, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 133.) The evidence was not too
remote to be probative.
Nor was the evidence unduly prejudicial to defendant; his testimony and the video
as described on the record were far less inflammatory than the testimony about the
charged incident, and not so outrageous as to risk inflaming the passions of the jury
against defendant. (See People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638 [“prejudice” referred
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to in section 352 applies to evidence which uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias
against the defendant while having very little effect on the issues].)
Finally, as defendant’s due process claim and prejudice analysis is based on the
premise that the evidence was improperly admitted, we need not address them.
II
Firearm Enhancements
Defendant claims the trial court erred at sentencing by not considering reducing
the Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (d) firearm enhancement to a lesser
charged enhancement under subdivisions (b) and (c). He adds that the trial court should
have considered his youth in making its decision not to dismiss the greater enhancement.
Because the law has been clarified since the time of defendant’s sentencing and it is now
clear the trial court has discretion to dismiss or reduce the enhancement as defendant
asks, we shall remand for informed exercise of discretion. Defendant may renew any of
his previous arguments seeking dismissal of the greater enhancement as well as make any
new arguments for dismissal or reduction on remand.
A. Additional Background
Prior to sentencing, defendant filed a motion requesting that the court either strike
the firearm enhancement at issue or impose a lesser included enhancement, relying on
People v. Morrison (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 217, which held the trial courts have the
authority to do as he proposed.
The trial court declined appellant’s request to strike the enhancement and also
declined to consider imposing instead a lesser enhancement, disagreeing with the holding
in Morrison and opining that such consideration was impermissible.
B. Analysis
Penal Code section 12022.53 provides for a 10-year enhancement for the personal
use of a firearm under subdivision (b) ; a 20-year enhancement for the personal and
intentional discharge of a firearm under subdivision (c); and a 25-years-to-life
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enhancement for the personal and intentional discharge of a firearm causing great bodily
injury or death under subdivision (d).
Effective January 1, 2018, the Legislature enacted Senate Bill No. 620, which
amended Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (h) to provide: “The court may, in
the interests of justice pursuant to [Pen. Code] Section 1385 and at the time of
sentencing, strike or dismiss an enhancement otherwise required to be imposed by this
section.” A trial court’s refusal to dismiss a Penal Code section 12022.53 enhancement is
reviewed under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (People v. Pearson (2019)
38 Cal.App.5th 112, 116.) “When being sentenced, a defendant is entitled to decisions
made by a court exercising informed discretion. [Citation.] A court acting while
unaware of the scope of its discretion is understood to have abused it.” (People v. Tirado
(2022) 12 Cal.5th 688, 694 (Tirado).)
In Morrison, the appellate court held that amended Penal Code section 12022.53,
subdivision (h) not only gave a trial court the authority to strike or dismiss a firearm
enhancement, but also to impose a lesser firearm enhancement. (People v. Morrison,
supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 222.) While defendant’s case was pending, our Supreme
Court concluded that “Morrison correctly described the scope of a trial court’s sentencing
discretion under [Pen. Code] section 12022.53.” (Tirado, supra, 12 Cal.5th at p. 697.)
The high court held trial courts are not categorically prohibited from imposing a
lesser enhancement, either charged or uncharged, if the prosecution has charged the
greater enhancement and the facts supporting the lesser enhancement have been alleged
and found true. (Tirado, supra, 12 Cal.5th at p. 697.) Thus, under the Penal Code
section 12022.53 statutory framework, it is now clear that trial courts are permitted to
strike a subdivision (d) enhancement found true by the jury and to impose a lesser
statutory enhancement instead. (Tirado, at p. 700.)
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Here, the prosecution alleged defendant violated Penal Code section 12022.53,
subdivisions (b), (c), and (d) and the jury was presented with and found true the
subdivision (d) enhancement allegation. Thus, as explained by Tirado, the trial court had
the authority to impose a lesser firearm enhancement in the proper exercise of its
discretion in this case. The record shows the trial court was not aware of its discretion in
this regard; accordingly, we shall remand the case for reconsideration of defendant’s
request to dismiss or reduce the Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (d) firearm
enhancement. (See People v. Downey (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 899, 912.) Defendant may
renew any of his previous arguments seeking dismissal of the greater enhancement as
well as make any new arguments for dismissal or reduction on remand. We express no
opinion as to how the court should exercise its discretion on remand.
DISPOSITION
The matter is remanded for the trial court’s exercise of discretion as explained by
this opinion. The judgment is otherwise affirmed.
/s/
Duarte, Acting P. J.
We concur:
/s/
Renner, J.
/s/
Krause, J.
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