People v. Vargas CA2/4 ( 2022 )


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  • Filed 6/27/22 P. v. Vargas CA2/4
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
    publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for
    publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF
    CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION FOUR
    THE PEOPLE,                                                                       B309389
    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                              (Los Angeles County
    Super. Ct. No. BA336486)
    v.
    GEOVANNY ANTONIO VARGAS,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of
    Los Angeles County, Renee F. Korn, Judge. Reversed and
    remanded with directions.
    Deborah L. Hawkins, under appointment by the Court
    of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
    Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
    Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Senior
    Assistant Attorney General, Idan Ivri and Peggy Z. Huang,
    Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
    ____________________________________________
    INTRODUCTION
    Appellant Geovanny Antonio Vargas appeals from the
    superior court’s denial of his petition under Penal Code
    section 1170.95 to vacate his first degree murder conviction.1
    The evidence at trial established appellant was present
    when his codefendant fatally shot a rival gang member in
    broad daylight, and after the two men fled together,
    appellant attempted to hide the gun. The prosecution
    alleged that before the shooting, appellant and his
    codefendant were informed rival gang members were
    crossing out their gang’s graffiti, and appellant agreed to
    retaliate by committing either murder or assault. The jury
    was instructed that if appellant intended to aid and abet
    only an assault, he could be guilty of murder under a natural
    and probable consequences theory. The prosecutor relied on
    this theory (among others) during closing arguments,
    initially suggesting that the natural and probable
    consequences theory established appellant’s guilt of first
    degree murder, before stating in rebuttal that appellant
    1
    Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
    2
    could be guilty of first degree murder only under a
    premeditation theory. The instruction on the latter theory
    stated the defendant premeditated if he decided to kill before
    “committing the act that caused death” (as only the actual
    killer could have done). The jury convicted appellant and his
    codefendant of first degree murder. We affirmed the
    judgment, without addressing whether the jury might have
    relied on the natural and probable consequences theory.
    (People v. Vargas (Nov. 20, 2012, No. B234354) 2012
    Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485 (Vargas I).)
    After the enactment of Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018
    Reg. Sess.) (SB 1437), which eliminated murder liability
    under the natural and probable consequences theory,
    appellant filed a petition to vacate his conviction under
    section 1170.95. At his request, the superior court appointed
    counsel for him. The prosecution opposed the petition, and
    appellant’s appointed counsel made no argument in reply.
    The court held a hearing, during which both parties’ counsel
    argued the court should deny the petition without issuing an
    order to show cause. Appellant made a Marsden motion for
    substitution of counsel, which the court heard and denied.2
    The court proceeded to deny the petition, concluding
    appellant had failed to make a prima facie showing of
    eligibility for relief because the record of conviction
    established the jury rejected the natural and probable
    2
    People v. Marsden (1970) 
    2 Cal.3d 118
    .
    3
    consequences theory in convicting him of first degree
    murder.
    On appeal, appellant contends the court erred in
    denying his petition while, as a result of the court’s denial of
    his Marsden motion, he lacked the assistance of counsel. He
    argues his appointed counsel was ineffective in failing to
    argue the jury might have convicted him under the natural
    and probable consequences theory. The Attorney General
    disagrees, arguing (1) the court properly denied the petition
    without issuing an order to show cause, because the jury
    instructions established the jury rejected the natural and
    probable consequences theory in convicting appellant of first
    degree murder; and (2) the court’s denial of appellant’s
    Marsden motion was proper and, in any event, harmless.
    We conclude the court erred in denying appellant’s
    petition without issuing an order to show cause. The jury
    instructions and closing arguments were ambiguous
    regarding whether appellant could be convicted of first
    degree murder under the natural and probable consequences
    theory. Because the record of conviction did not refute, as a
    matter of law, appellant’s allegation that he was convicted
    under that theory, the court was required at the prima facie
    stage to accept his allegation as true. Accordingly, we
    reverse the order summarily denying the petition, and
    remand to the superior court with directions to issue an
    order to show cause and proceed in accordance with section
    1170.95. We need not address the parties’ dispute
    concerning appellant’s Marsden motion.
    4
    BACKGROUND
    A. Underlying Judgment
    The People charged appellant and his codefendant,
    Lester Manuel Galdamez, with the murder of Gerardo
    Canenguez, with associated gang and firearm allegations.3
    (Vargas I, supra, 2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at
    *1-*2.)
    1. Trial Evidence
    In 2008, appellant and codefendant Galdamez belonged
    to a gang called the St. Andrews Boys 13 (St. Andrews).
    (Vargas I, supra, 2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *2.)
    The murder victim, Canenguez, belonged to a rival gang
    called the Mara Salvatrucha 13 (M.S.). (Id. at *2.) Los
    Angeles Police Department Officer Lazaro Ortega, a gang
    expert, testified that in 2008, the St. Andrews and M.S.
    gangs were at war. (Id. at *2-*3, *13.) Officer Ortega
    further testified that the St. Andrews gang’s primary
    activities included actual and attempted murder, as well as
    assaults with deadly weapons and with fists. (Id. at *2-*3,
    *13.)
    An eyewitness to the shooting testified that on the
    morning of February 14, 2008, he saw Canenguez on a
    bicycle near the intersection of Clinton Street and Wilton
    Place in Los Angeles (in St. Andrews territory). (Vargas I,
    3
    We grant the Attorney General’s request for judicial notice
    of the record on direct appeal.
    5
    supra, 2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *3.) Shortly
    thereafter, the eyewitness heard a gunshot, and saw two
    men -- later identified as appellant and Galdamez --
    standing across the intersection from Canenguez and a
    companion. (Id. at *3-*4.) Galdamez fired three shots at
    Canenguez, who fell off his bicycle. (Id. at *4.) As Galdamez
    and appellant retreated from the intersection, Galdamez
    exchanged gunfire with Canenguez’s companion. (Id. at *4.)
    Another witness heard the gunshots, saw appellant and
    Galdamez flee, and followed the men to appellant’s
    apartment building before calling 911. (Id. at *5.)
    Responding officers arrested appellant at his building. (Id.
    at *6.) During an authorized search of appellant’s residence,
    the officers found a semiautomatic handgun, which was
    determined to have fired the bullet casings found at the
    scene of the shooting, and to bear DNA matching Galdamez.4
    (Id. at *6-*7.)
    Canenguez was transported to a hospital, where he
    died from a gunshot wound to the head. (Vargas I, supra,
    2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *5-*6.) On his person,
    4
    Galdamez hid before the police arrived -- first in a
    dumpster, then in the trunk of a car driven by Liliana Yoon, who
    was dating another St. Andrews member. (Vargas I, supra, 2012
    Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *2, *5, *8.) Yoon testified she
    overheard Galdamez tell her boyfriend he “caught” two M.S.
    members, and use the word “blast.” (Id. at *5.) Galdamez was
    arrested in February 2009, after investigating officers
    interviewed Yoon. (Id. at *7.)
    6
    medical personnel found a pocketknife and a can of black
    spray paint. (Id. at *6.) Police officers noticed that near the
    scene of the shooting, St. Andrews graffiti had been freshly
    crossed out with black spray paint. (Id. at *6.) Officer
    Ortega, the gang expert, opined that if St. Andrews members
    learned their graffiti was being crossed out by a rival M.S.
    member, they were likely to confront the rival with “extreme
    violence,” carrying an expectation that someone “could” die
    and a gun in their possession “m[ight]” have to be used. (Id.
    at *3, *18-*19.)
    Upon appellant’s arrest, he was taken to a police
    station and placed in a room with fellow St. Andrews
    member Javier Plascencia, who had been found near
    appellant’s residence shortly after the shooting. (Vargas I,
    supra, 2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *6.) A video
    recording of appellant and Plascencia’s conversation was
    played for the jury. (Id. at *6.) Appellant referred to a
    phone call from a neighbor (without disclosing the call’s
    subject matter) and said, “We fucking seen ‘em riding bikes
    . . . .” (Id. at *7.) He told Plascencia a man was shot in the
    head, and identified Galdamez as the shooter. (Id. at *7.)
    Testifying in their defense, appellant and Galdamez
    claimed they were attacked by one or two gunmen while
    walking to Galdamez’s friend’s house, and Galdamez fired
    his gun in self-defense. (Vargas I, supra, 2012
    Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *8.) Appellant denied
    knowing Galdamez had a gun, or that a rival gang member
    was crossing out St. Andrews graffiti. (Id. at *8.) He
    7
    acknowledged that if St. Andrews members knew their
    graffiti was being crossed out by a rival M.S. member, they
    would probably try to kill “or hurt” the rival.
    2. Instructions and Arguments
    The trial court (Judge Anne H. Egerton) instructed the
    jury: “Unless I tell you otherwise, all instructions apply to
    each defendant.” The court further instructed the jury (per
    CALCRIM No. 400): “A person is guilty of the crime whether
    he committed it personally or aided and abetted the
    perpetrator who committed it.”5 The court delivered
    instructions on two theories of aiding and abetting, viz., a
    direct aiding and abetting theory (CALCRIM No. 401) and a
    natural and probable consequences theory (CALCRIM No.
    403). The natural and probable consequences instruction
    provided, in relevant part: “To prove that the defendant is
    guilty of murder, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The
    defendant is guilty of assault with a firearm or simple
    assault; [¶] 2. During the commission of assault with a
    firearm or simple assault[,] a coparticipant in that assault
    with a firearm or simple assault committed the crime of
    murder; [¶] AND [¶] 3. Under all of the circumstances, a
    reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have
    known that the commission of the murder was a natural and
    probable consequence of the commission of the assault with
    5
    During closing arguments, the prosecutor stated an aider
    and abettor is “equally” (or “just as”) guilty as the perpetrator.
    8
    a firearm or simple assault.” The instruction did not address
    the degree of murder.
    The court further instructed the jury on express-malice
    and implied-malice murder (CALCRIM No. 520), and on
    premeditated first degree murder (CALCRIM No. 521). The
    premeditation instruction provided, in relevant part: “If you
    decide that the defendant has committed murder, you must
    decide whether it is murder of the first or second degree. [¶]
    The defendant is guilty of first degree murder if the People
    have proved that he acted willfully, deliberately, and with
    premeditation. The defendant acted willfully if he intended
    to kill. The defendant acted deliberately if he carefully
    weighed the considerations for and against his choice and,
    knowing the consequences, decided to kill. The defendant
    acted with premeditation if he decided to kill before
    committing the act that caused death.”
    The prosecutor argued Galdamez was guilty of first
    degree murder because in shooting the victim, he acted on a
    premeditated and deliberate intent to kill. The prosecutor
    argued appellant was guilty of murder under any of three
    theories: (1) he acted with implied malice; (2) he directly
    aided and abetted the murder; or (3) he aided and abetted an
    assault, the natural and probable consequence of which was
    murder. Although the prosecutor indicated the implied-
    malice theory was limited to second degree murder, he did
    not initially suggest the natural and probable consequences
    theory was so limited. On the contrary, he suggested
    otherwise, arguing appellant was guilty of first degree
    9
    murder because he aided and abetted a confrontation while
    “knowing the consequences of confronting rival gang
    members” and “know[ing] that this could escalate into a
    shooting.”
    Appellant’s counsel argued he was not guilty of any
    crime, because the prosecution had failed to prove he knew a
    rival gang member was crossing out St. Andrews graffiti,
    6
    much less intended to retaliate. In rebuttal, the prosecutor
    maintained appellant was guilty of murder because he
    agreed with Galdamez to confront the victim in retaliation
    for the victim’s crossing out St. Andrews graffiti. For the
    first time, the prosecutor stated that the natural and
    probable consequences theory was limited to second degree
    murder, and that appellant was guilty of first degree murder
    only if the jury found he shared Galdamez’s premeditated
    and deliberate intent to kill. The prosecutor did not address
    his earlier, inconsistent argument that appellant was guilty
    of first degree murder because he aided and abetted a
    confrontation he knew “could escalate” into a shooting.
    3. Judgment and Appeal
    The jury convicted appellant and Galdamez of first
    degree murder, and found the gang and firearm allegations
    true. (Vargas I, supra, 2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at
    6
    Galdamez’s counsel conceded Galdamez fatally shot the
    victim, but argued the killing was justified or excused under
    theories of self-defense and provocation.
    10
    *2.) The verdicts did not specify the theory or theories on
    which the jury relied. Each defendant was sentenced to a
    total term of 50 years to life. (Ibid.)
    Appellant appealed, challenging the judgment on
    various grounds immaterial to the instant appeal. (Vargas I,
    supra, 2012 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 8485, at *1.) We
    rejected each challenge and affirmed, without addressing
    whether the jury might have relied on the natural and
    probable consequences theory. (Id. at *9-*34.)
    B. Section 1170.95 Petition
    In March 2019, appellant, acting pro se, filed a petition
    to vacate his murder conviction under section 1170.95,
    alleging he was convicted under the natural and probable
    consequences theory, but could not now be convicted of
    murder because of SB 1437’s changes to the law. At
    appellant’s request, the superior court (Judge Renee F.
    Korn) appointed counsel to represent him. In June 2020,
    following proceedings regarding the constitutionality of
    section 1170.95, the prosecution filed an opposition
    challenging appellant’s eligibility for relief under the statute.
    The prosecution argued appellant had failed to make a
    prima facie showing because in light of the jury instructions
    and the trial prosecutor’s rebuttal argument, the jury
    necessarily rejected the natural and probable consequences
    theory in convicting appellant of first degree murder.
    Appellant’s counsel filed a reply brief, which made no
    argument in support of relief. Appellant himself then
    11
    submitted a letter to the court, arguing he might have been
    convicted under the natural and probable consequences
    theory because (1) the instructions did not limit the theory to
    second degree murder, and (2) although the prosecutor
    stated in rebuttal that the theory was so limited, the jury
    might have disregarded this statement as inconsistent with
    its instructions.7 Appellant also declared that at the time of
    the shooting, he did not know Galdamez had a gun, much
    less aid and abet Galdamez in shooting the victim.
    In November 2020, the court held a hearing to
    determine whether appellant had made a prima facie
    showing. The court announced that although it believed the
    jury found appellant acted with intent to kill in convicting
    him of first degree murder, rendering him ineligible for
    relief, the court intended to issue an order to show cause,
    because the jury had been presented with the natural and
    probable consequences theory. Appellant’s counsel argued
    the court should instead deny his client’s petition,
    principally because, in counsel’s view, the trial evidence
    failed to support the natural and probable consequences
    theory.8 After hearing appellant’s counsel’s arguments, the
    7
    The trial court instructed the jury: “If you believe that the
    attorneys’ comments on the law conflict with my instructions, you
    must follow my instructions.”
    8
    In our view of the trial record, it appears the jury
    reasonably could have concluded the evidence proved appellant
    intended to aid and abet an assault (the natural and probable
    (Fn. is continued on the next page.)
    12
    court indicated it had reconsidered its intent to issue an
    order to show cause. The court then heard argument from
    the prosecutor, and stated that both attorneys’ arguments
    supported the conclusion appellant had not made a prima
    facie showing. The court asked appellant whether he
    wanted to testify.
    In response, appellant made a request for new counsel,
    which the court construed as a Marsden motion. The court
    held a Marsden hearing, during which it allowed appellant
    to explain why he was dissatisfied with his counsel, and to
    reply to his counsel’s responses. Concluding that appellant’s
    counsel had adequately represented him, the court denied
    his Marsden motion.
    When the court reconvened the prima facie hearing,
    both parties submitted. At the conclusion of the hearing,
    and in a subsequent memorandum of decision, the court
    consequence of which was murder), but failed to prove beyond a
    reasonable doubt he intended to kill. (See People v. Gonzales and
    Soliz (2011) 
    52 Cal.4th 254
    , 295-297 [jury reasonably could have
    convicted defendant of murder under natural and probable
    consequences theory, based on evidence he “at the least” intended
    to aid and abet assault with deadly weapon, where defendant and
    shooter saw victims fitting profile of rival gang members while
    driving by gas station, and urged driver to return to station so
    they could confront victims with firearms, in retaliation for
    killing of fellow gang member].) We need not decide the issue, as
    the Attorney General does not argue that the trial evidence failed
    to support the natural and probable consequences theory, or that
    such a failure of evidence would establish the jury rejected the
    theory.
    13
    denied appellant’s petition without issuing an order to show
    cause, concluding he had failed to make a prima facie
    showing of eligibility for relief. The court reasoned: “After
    review of the court file, the jury verdicts, the jury
    instructions, the facts provided in the court of appeal
    decision, and the written and oral arguments, [the court
    concludes] Petitioner was a direct aider and abettor to the
    murder and as such, is ineligible under P.C. § 1170.95.
    . . . Petitioner’s conviction of first degree premeditated
    murder indicates the jury’s determination that Petitioner
    was a direct aider and abettor. Further, the jury’s verdict
    illustrates the rejection [of the claim] that the murder was in
    self-defense. Quite simply, the facts do not support that
    Petitioner was convicted . . . under a natural and probable
    consequences theory.” Appellant timely appealed.
    DISCUSSION
    A. Section 1170.95
    SB 1437 eliminated murder liability under the natural
    and probable consequences doctrine. (See § 188, subd. (a)(3);
    Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, §§ 1, subd. (f), 2.) SB 1437 also
    enacted section 1170.95, which permits a defendant who was
    convicted of murder under the natural and probable
    consequences doctrine, but who could not be convicted of
    murder because of SB 1437’s changes to the law, to petition
    the sentencing court to vacate the conviction and resentence
    the petitioner on any remaining counts. (§ 1170.95, subd.
    (a); Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.) After ascertaining that
    14
    a section 1170.95 petition contains certain required
    information, the court must appoint counsel for the
    petitioner (where requested), allow the parties to file briefs,
    and determine whether the petitioner has made a prima
    facie showing of entitlement to relief. (§ 1170.95,
    subd. (c); People v. Lewis (2021) 
    11 Cal.5th 952
    , 960-
    968 (Lewis).)
    “[T]he ‘prima facie bar was intentionally and correctly
    set very low.’” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at 972.) “Like the
    analogous prima facie inquiry in habeas corpus proceedings,
    ‘“the court takes petitioner’s factual allegations as true and
    makes a preliminary assessment regarding whether the
    petitioner would be entitled to relief if his or her factual
    allegations were proved. If so, the court must issue an order
    to show cause.”’” (Id. at 971, quoting People v. Drayton
    (2020) 
    47 Cal.App.5th 965
    , 978 (Drayton).) “In reviewing
    any part of the record of conviction at this preliminary
    juncture, a trial court should not engage in ‘factfinding
    involving the weighing of evidence or the exercise of
    discretion.’” (Lewis, at 972, quoting Drayton, at 980.) This
    prohibition against factfinding is subject to a limited
    exception: “‘if the record, including the court’s own
    documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the allegations made in
    the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a
    credibility determination adverse to the petitioner.’”” (Lewis,
    at 971, quoting Drayton, at 979.) “However, this authority to
    make [factual] determinations without conducting an
    evidentiary hearing . . . is limited to readily ascertainable
    15
    facts from the record (such as the crime of conviction) . . . .”
    (Drayton, at 980.) “Only where the record of conviction
    contains facts conclusively refuting the allegations in the
    petition,” thereby establishing the petitioner’s ineligibility
    for resentencing “as a matter of law,” may the court refrain
    from issuing an order to show cause. (People v. Flores (2022)
    
    76 Cal.App.5th 974
    , 991-992.)
    If the court finds the petitioner has made a prima facie
    showing, it must issue an order to show cause and hold an
    evidentiary hearing. (§ 1170.95, subds. (c)-(d).) “At the
    hearing to determine whether the petitioner is entitled to
    relief, the burden of proof shall be on the prosecution to
    prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is
    guilty of murder . . . under California law as amended by
    [SB 1437].” (Id., § 1170.95, subd. (d)(3).) If the prosecution
    fails to meet this burden, the court must vacate the murder
    conviction and resentence the petitioner on any remaining
    counts. (Ibid.)
    B. Analysis
    We conclude the superior court erred in denying
    appellant’s petition under section 1170.95 without issuing an
    order to show cause. It was undisputed that appellant was
    not the actual killer. He alleged he was convicted under the
    natural and probable consequences theory, and he could not
    be convicted under any other, still-valid theory. If these
    allegations are true, appellant is entitled to resentencing.
    (See § 1170.95, subd. (a)(3).) The court was required to
    16
    accept appellant’s allegations as true, and to issue an order
    to show cause, unless readily ascertainable facts from the
    record of conviction refuted his allegations as a matter of
    law. (See Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at 974; Drayton, supra,
    47 Cal.App.5th at 980.) As explained below, we conclude the
    record of conviction did not do so.
    The jury instructions did not refute, as a matter of law,
    appellant’s allegation he was convicted of first degree
    murder under the natural and probable consequences
    theory. The instruction on the natural and probable
    consequences theory (CALCRIM No. 403) was given as a
    basis for finding appellant guilty of murder, but it did not
    address the degrees of murder. Absent such delineation, the
    jury might have believed the degree of murder was
    necessarily equal to the degree of murder committed by the
    perpetrator, viz., Galdamez. Indeed, the prosecutor stated
    that an aider and abettor was “equally” guilty as the
    perpetrator, and CALCRIM No. 400 suggested as much, by
    stating a principal was guilty of the crime whether he
    perpetrated it or aided and abetted the perpetrator who
    committed it. Nothing in the instruction on premeditated
    first degree murder (CALCRIM No. 521) unambiguously
    directed the jury to determine appellant’s personal mental
    state as an aider and abettor. On the contrary, the
    instruction provided, “The defendant acted with
    premeditation if he decided to kill before committing the act
    that caused death.” (Italics added.) Because Galdamez, not
    appellant, was undisputedly the defendant who committed
    17
    the act that caused death, the jury might have believed the
    instruction required it to determine only Galdamez’s mental
    state. (See In re Loza (2018) 
    27 Cal.App.5th 797
    , 804 (Loza)
    [habeas petitioner might have been convicted of first degree
    murder under natural and probable consequences theory,
    because “when the court instructed the jury that it had to
    find that the ‘defendant’ premeditated and deliberated, the
    jury could have (and likely did) understand the word
    ‘defendant’ to mean . . . the [codefendant] shooter”].)9
    We acknowledge that the instructions were arguably
    clarified by the prosecutor’s statement, in rebuttal, that
    appellant was guilty of first degree murder only if the jury
    found he shared Galdamez’s premeditated and deliberate
    intent to kill. In his initial summation, however, the
    9
    We reject the Attorney General’s attempt to distinguish
    Loza on the ground that there, certain language in the
    premeditation instruction directed the jury to determine the
    mental state of “the slayer.” (Loza, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at 804,
    italics omitted.) We discern no meaningful distinction between
    “the slayer” and “[t]he defendant . . . [who] committ[ed] the act
    that caused death.” Further, we are unpersuaded by the
    Attorney General’s observation that here, unlike in Loza, the jury
    was instructed that all instructions applied to each defendant
    unless otherwise provided. This instruction did not compel the
    jury to apply all references to “the defendant” to both defendants;
    on the contrary, the natural and probable consequences
    instruction logically could not have been applied to Galdamez,
    the actual killer, in stating the People were required to prove the
    elements of this aiding and abetting theory in order to prove “the
    defendant” guilty of murder.
    18
    prosecutor argued appellant was guilty of first degree
    murder merely because he aided and abetted a confrontation
    he knew “could escalate” into a shooting. Considered as a
    whole, the jury instructions and closing arguments were
    ambiguous regarding whether appellant could be convicted
    of first degree murder under the natural and probable
    consequences theory. Thus, in determining that the jury
    necessarily rejected the natural and probable consequences
    theory in convicting appellant of first degree murder, the
    superior court engaged in “‘factfinding involving the
    weighing of evidence,’” which was impermissible in
    reviewing “any part of the record of conviction” at the prima
    facie stage. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at 972, quoting
    Drayton, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at 980.)
    We are not persuaded by the Attorney General’s
    reliance on People v. Stevenson (2018) 
    25 Cal.App.5th 974
    (Stevenson), abrogated on another ground by People v.
    Canizales (2019) 
    7 Cal.5th 591
    . There, the Court of Appeal
    rejected the defendants’ contention, on direct appeal, that
    they were convicted of first degree murder under a natural
    and probable consequences theory, reasoning that the sole
    instruction on first degree murder was a modified version of
    CALCRIM No. 521 (similar but not identical to the version of
    CALCRIM No. 521 delivered here), under which the jury was
    required to find premeditation and deliberation on the part
    of each defendant. (Stevenson, at 981-984.) Although the
    instruction stated “‘[a] defendant’” acted with premeditation
    if he decided to kill before “‘completing the acts that caused
    19
    death,’” the court did not expressly consider whether this
    language might have led the jury to determine only the
    mental state of the perpetrator. (Id. at 982, 984.) Assuming,
    arguendo, Stevenson was correctly decided, it is inapposite.
    Here, unlike in Stevenson, the prosecutor paraphrased
    CALCRIM No. 400 in a manner indicating that appellant’s
    guilt as an aider and abettor was equal to Galdamez’s as the
    perpetrator, and in his initial summation, the prosecutor
    suggested that appellant was guilty of first degree murder
    under the natural and probable consequences theory.
    Moreover, Stevenson did not concern a petition under section
    1170.95, much less the statute’s requirement to accept the
    petitioner’s allegations as true at the prima facie stage.
    Thus, Stevenson does not persuade us that the record of
    conviction refuted appellant’s allegations as a matter of law.
    (See Drayton, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at 981 [trial court erred
    in denying petition at prima facie stage, where no facts in
    trial record refuted, “as a matter of law,” petitioner’s
    allegation he was convicted under felony murder theory]; cf.
    Loza, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at 806 [even assuming it was
    “‘highly unlikely’” habeas petitioner was convicted of first
    degree murder under natural and probable consequences
    theory, invalid instruction on that theory was not harmless
    beyond a reasonable doubt (italics omitted)].)
    In sum, we conclude nothing in the record of conviction
    prevented appellant from clearing the “‘very low’” bar set by
    the Legislature at the prima facie stage. (Lewis, supra, 11
    Cal.5th at 972.) Accordingly, we reverse the order denying
    20
    appellant’s petition at that stage, and remand to the
    superior court with directions to issue an order to show
    cause and proceed in accordance with section 1170.95.
    21
    DISPOSITION
    The order denying appellant’s petition for resentencing
    under section 1170.95 is reversed. The matter is remanded
    to the superior court with directions to issue an order to
    show cause and proceed in accordance with section 1170.95.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    MANELLA, P. J.
    We concur:
    WILLHITE, J.
    COLLINS, J.
    22
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B309389

Filed Date: 6/27/2022

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 6/27/2022