P. v. Guerrero CA2/6 ( 2013 )

Filed 8/5/13 P. v. Guerrero CA2/6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
THE PEOPLE, 2d Crim. No. B239559
(Super. Ct. No. 1352420)
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Santa Barbara County)
v.
FRANCISCO JAIR GUERRERO,
Defendant and Appellant.
Francisco Jair Guerrero appeals the judgment entered after a jury convicted
him of attempting to dissuade a victim from reporting a crime or causing an arrest (Pen.
Code,1 § 136.1, subd. (b)). The jury also found true allegations that appellant committed
the crime for the benefit of the West Park criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(4)),
and had suffered a prior serious felony conviction that qualified as a strike (§§ 667,
subds. (a)(1), (d)(1), & (e)(1), 1170.12, subds. (b)(1), (c)(1)). Prior to sentencing,
appellant filed a motion for new trial alleging, among other things, that the evidence was
insufficient to support the jury's true finding on the gang enhancement allegation.
Immediately after the trial court granted the motion on that ground, the prosecutor
requested that the gang enhancement allegation be dismissed and the court proceeded to
1 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
do so. Appellant was sentenced to 11 years in state prison and was awarded 596 days of
presentence custody credit. He contends on appeal that the evidence is insufficient to
support his conviction. He also contends the court abused its discretion in denying his
Romero2 motion and in declining to reduce the substantive offense to a misdemeanor.
The People also appeal, contending the court abused its discretion in dismissing the gang
enhancement allegation. We affirm.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
In 2010, Jennifer Fuentes was living in Santa Maria with her boyfriend
Gilbert Montoya. One night in September of that year, several people came to the house
and robbed Fuentes at gunpoint. The robbers took $5,000 in cash, but Fuentes did not
call the police.
On November 24, 2010, Fuentes was at home preparing for the following
day's Thanksgiving dinner when she looked out the window and saw two men walking up
the driveway. Fuentes called Montoya and asked if he had invited anyone to come over.
After he answered in the negative, Fuentes called 911. While she was on the phone with
the 911 operator, she saw the men in her backyard. Fuentes got her young stepdaughter
from the bedroom, went to the garage, and got into her car. When she pulled out of the
garage, she saw the two men in a gold Buick that was parked on the side of the house.
She also saw a black Chrysler 300 parked nearby. As she was driving away, she looked
back and saw the Chrysler drive off at the same time as the Buick. When she returned
home later, her kitchen window was broken. Fuentes called the police and an officer
came and took a report. Fuentes did not identify anyone as a potential suspect.
Fuentes has known appellant, whose nickname is "Cisco," for over 10
years. Fuentes had a good relationship with appellant and thought of him as a "big
brother." Fuentes was also close with appellant's sister Joaquina Rodriguez, who was a
friend and coworker of Montoya's sister Jessica. Jessica told Rodriguez about the
September robbery and the November attempted robbery and mentioned the black
2 (People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero).)
2
Chrysler.3 Jessica also told Rodriguez "they were trying to say . . . that [Fuentes] knew
who it was" and "had mentioned someone who said it was Boy." "Boy" is the nickname
of Jesus Quevado, a member of the West Park criminal street gang who was also known
to drive a black Chrysler at the time.4
During Thanksgiving dinner, Rodriguez told appellant about the robbery
and attempted robbery. Sometime after Thanksgiving, Fuentes received a telephone call
from her cousin Christina Sedillo. Fuentes was surprised to receive the call because it
was late at night and she and Sedillo were not close. Fuentes drove to her mother's
house, where Sedillo was staying. Sedillo was "fidgety and shaky" and repeatedly looked
out the window and at her cell phone. Sedillo told Fuentes that appellant had come to her
house and "asked her if she could tell [Fuentes] . . . if [Fuentes] had given any names to
the police in regards to what had happened the day before Thanksgiving, that someone
was going to get in trouble." Fuentes was "confused" because she had not given any
names to the police. She was also upset "[b]ecause [she] was being accused of ratting
when [she] hadn't" and feared that "something might happen" to her.
After speaking to Sedillo, Fuentes no longer wanted to cooperate with the
police. When she spoke to the police again on December 29th and was asked to identify
suspects, she said she "did not want to be involved anymore and that [she] wasn't 100
percent sure" who had committed the crime. Fuentes was "afraid" and the whole
situation took "a very large emotional toll" on her. She "felt like [she] was being
badgered" by the police and did not return their telephone calls because she "didn't know
who had done this to [her] and [she] didn't feel that [she] could help them any further."
Sedillo testified under subpoena as a hostile witness. She acknowledged
having a conversation with Fuentes sometime around Thanksgiving, and admitted that
3 Rodriguez testified at trial as a prosecution witness. The jury also heard the
surreptitiously recorded conversation she had with the police regarding the incident.
4 Rodriguez knew Boy as an "acquaintance" of appellant's, although she did not
know his real name. Fuentes testified that she did not know Quevado, although she had
heard of him "[b]y hearsay."
3
appellant came to her house one night that same month. She denied, however, that she
and appellant had spoken about a robbery at Fuentes's house, that he had asked her to
pass along a message to Fuentes, or that she had passed along any message to Fuentes.
Santa Maria Police Detective Mark Streker interviewed Sedillo on January
27, 2011. In a recorded conversation that was played for the jury, Sedillo told Detective
Streker that appellant showed up at her house sometime around Thanksgiving and told
her that someone had robbed Fuentes's home and that she had identified the perpetrator to
the police. Appellant told Sedillo she needed to "relay a message to [Fuentes] . . . that
she needed to clarify that it wasn't the person that she pointed it out to be . . . ." Although
appellant did not give any names, he said "the person that she's saying it is . . . wasn't
there or didn't do it, so she needs to clarify with the cops that she . . . was mistaken by . . .
the pictures that she [had] seen and she was, I don't know what, wrong."5
Detective Streker also testified as the prosecution's gang expert. The
parties stipulated that "Boy" Quevado was a West Park gang member. It is a "cardinal
rule" of all gangs that individuals who provide information to the police or testify against
members of the gang may be disrespected, assaulted, or even killed. Gang members like
to intimidate victims and witnesses to prevent them from coming forward.
Detective Streker opined that appellant was an associate, yet not a member,
of the West Park gang. He did opine, however, that appellant was an associate of the
gang. He reached that conclusion based on the facts that (1) appellant is on good terms
with a brother who is a known member of the gang; (2) appellant's cell phone number
came up on a cell phone belonging to someone who is a known member of the Nipomo
gang; (3) appellant's phone had the phone number for a known member of the Northwest
gang; and (4) appellant has Aztec tattoos, which are consistent with gang membership.
5 After appellant's preliminary hearing, Detective Streker received a telephone call
from a confidential informant who said that Sedillo had told the informant it was actually
"Boy" who had asked her to speak to Fuentes. According to the informant, Sedillo said
"she was trying to protect [Boy] because she was closer friends with him" than appellant.
Sedillo did not consider it "any big deal to point her finger at" appellant because "she
didn't like him[.]" Sedillo denied having such a conversation with the informant.
4
The detective was not asked to opine whether appellant attempted to dissuade Fuentes for
the benefit of the West Park gang, nor did he offer any such opinion.
Detective Streker also testified regarding a jailhouse telephone call
appellant made to an unidentified male. In a recorded excerpt that was played for the
jury, appellant is heard asking, "[w]hat are they saying out there?" After the other person
gave an unintelligible response, appellant asked, "That came from stupid bitch ass Boy,
huh?" Appellant then tells the person, "don't believe anything they're saying" and also
states, "that mother fucker was at my court and was supposed to testify against me, you
know what I mean?"
DISCUSSION
I.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
attempting to dissuade a victim from reporting a crime or causing an arrest under section
136.1, subdivision (b). He claims the evidence at most establishes that he was guilty of
the misdemeanor offense of knowingly inducing someone to give false material
information or withhold true material information pertaining to a crime, as provided in
section 137, subdivision (c).
In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction, we
examine the entire record and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the
judgment to determine whether there is credible evidence from which a reasonable trier
of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Streeter
(2012) 54 Cal.4th 205, 241.) Our review is the same in a prosecution primarily resting
upon circumstantial evidence. (People v. Watkins (2012) 55 Cal.4th 999, 1020.) We do
not redetermine the weight of the evidence or the credibility of witnesses. (People v.
Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 60.) We must accept logical inferences that the jury might
have drawn from the evidence although we would have concluded otherwise. (Streeter,
supra, at p. 241.)
5
Section 136.1 provides in pertinent part that "every person who attempts to
prevent or dissuade another person who has been the victim of a crime" from "[m]aking
any report of that victimization to any peace officer" or "causing or seeking the arrest of
any person in connection with that victimization" is guilty of either a misdemeanor or a
felony. (Id. at subd. (b)(1), (3).) The jury was instructed accordingly. (CALCRIM No.
2622.) Appellant argues that there is no evidence from which the jury could have found
he attempted to dissuade Fuentes from "making a report" of her victimization or "causing
an arrest" because "[t]he facts show she reported it, he knew that, and he wanted her to
clarify her report. Attempting to get someone to clarify a report is not the same as
attempting to dissuade someone from reporting or from causing an arrest."
Appellant takes too narrow a view of both the statutory language and the
evidence. "Making a report" in this context "generally means notifying the authorities
that the crime has occurred and providing information about the offense." (People v.
Fernandez (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 943, 948 (Fernandez), italics added.) Although
Fuentes had already reported the crime when appellant conveyed his message to her, the
police were still in the process of eliciting information from Fuentes about the incident,
most significantly with regard to the identity of the perpetrators. Moreover, appellant did
not merely want Fuentes to "clarify her report." The evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the judgment, demonstrates that appellant's message was directed at
convincing Fuentes to either recant her identification of the perpetrators or, if no such
identification had been made, refrain from ever making one. The jury could reasonably
infer from this evidence that appellant sought to prevent Fuentes from causing the arrest
of the perpetrators by dissuading her from providing any information about their
identity.6
6 Contrary to appellant's claim, it is of no moment whether "Fuentes was in a
position to cause an arrest of someone" in that "[s]he was not sure who did it." The issue
is whether appellant attempted to prevent Fuentes from causing an arrest, such that he is
guilty of a violation of section 136.1, subdivision (b). In any event, the jury could infer
that Fuentes knew who had committed the crime, yet was dissuaded by appellant's
message to refrain from doing so.
6
Fernandez, to which appellant cites, does not compel a contrary result. The
defendant in that case was convicted of attempting to dissuade a witness from reporting a
crime under subdivision (b)(1) of section 136.1, based on evidence that he tried to
influence the testimony of a witness at a preliminary hearing. In reversing, we reasoned
"that section 136.1, subdivision (b) punishes a defendant's pre-arrest efforts to prevent a
crime from being reported to the authorities. Under the current statutory scheme, such
conduct is not the equivalent of an effort to prevent a witness from giving testimony after
a criminal proceeding has been commenced. Appellant's attempt to prevent or influence
[the witness's] testimony simply is not substantial evidence of conduct proscribed by
section 136.1, subdivision (b)(1), although it would have been punishable as an attempt to
influence a witness's testimony under section 137, subdivision (c), had it been charged
under that section." (Fernandez, supra, 106 Cal.App.4th at p. 950, italics added.)
As we have noted, appellant's crime involved pre-arrest efforts to dissuade
Fuentes from identifying those who victimized her, thereby preventing their arrest.
Moreover, the misdemeanor offense of knowingly inducing someone to give false
material information or withhold true material information pertaining to a crime, as
provided in section 137, subdivision (c), proscribes a more general and less serious form
of conduct than the crime of which he was convicted. Appellant did not merely induce
Fuentes to withhold information or "change her story." Rather, he tried to induce a
victim to recant her identification of the perpetrator such that the perpetrator would avoid
arrest. His claim that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for attempting
to dissuade a victim from reporting a crime or causing an arrest under section 136.1,
subdivision (b), accordingly fails.
II.
Romero Motion
Appellant asserts the court abused its discretion in denying his Romero
motion to strike his prior 2009 conviction for first degree burglary (§ 459). We disagree.
In the furtherance of justice, a trial court may strike or dismiss a prior
conviction allegation. (§ 1385; Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 504; People v. Meloney
7
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 1145, 1155.) A trial court's refusal to strike a prior conviction
allegation is reviewed under the highly deferential abuse of discretion standard. (People
v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 375 (Carmony).) Under that standard, the party
seeking reversal must "'. . . clearly show that the sentencing decision was irrational or
arbitrary. . . .'" (People v. Superior Court (Alvarez) (1997) 14 Cal.4th 968, 977-978
(Alvarez).) It is not enough to show that reasonable people might disagree about whether
to strike a prior conviction. (Carmony, at p. 378.) Only extraordinary circumstances
justify a finding that a career criminal is outside the three strikes law. (Ibid.) Therefore,
"the circumstances where no reasonable people could disagree that the criminal falls
outside the spirit of the three strikes scheme must be even more extraordinary." (Ibid.)
When considering whether to strike prior convictions, the relevant factors a
court must consider are "whether, in light of the nature and circumstances of his present
felonies and prior serious and/or violent felony convictions, and the particulars of his
background, character, and prospects, the defendant may be deemed outside the scheme's
spirit, in whole or in part, and hence should be treated as though he had not previously
been convicted of one or more serious and/or violent felonies." (People v. Williams
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 161.) The three strikes law "not only establishes a sentencing
norm, it carefully circumscribes the trial court's power to depart from this norm . . . .
[T]he law creates a strong presumption that any sentence that conforms to these
sentencing norms is both rational and proper.” (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 378.)
When the record shows the trial court considered relevant factors and acted to achieve
legitimate sentencing objectives, the court's decision will not be disturbed on appeal.
(People v. Myers (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 305, 310.)
The record before us reveals no basis for a conclusion that appellant falls
outside the spirit of the three strikes law. As the court noted, "[t]here is a continued
pattern of criminal behavior. That pattern continues to get more serious. There is a
serious concern about what's in the interest of the protection of the public and the
interests of society." The court further noted that appellant's strike conviction was
8
relatively recent; indeed, appellant was still on probation for the offense when he
committed the current crime.
Appellant complains that the court failed to consider (1) the facts
underlying his strike conviction for first degree burglary; (2) his drug addiction; (3)
Fuentes's letter requesting leniency; or (4) his background, character, and prospects. He
fails, however, to offer any evidence that the court failed to consider these facts. The
court is not required to "'explain its decision not to exercise its power to dismiss or strike'
. . . . [Citation.]" (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 376.) Because appellant provides no
basis for us to conclude that the court's decision to deny his Romero motion was "so
irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could agree with it" (id. at p. 377), his
claim that the decision amounts to an abuse of discretion fails.
III.
Section 17, Subdivision (b)
Defendant claims the court also abused its discretion in denying his motion
to reduce his conviction from a felony to a misdemeanor pursuant to section 17,
subdivision (b) (section 17(b)). We are not persuaded.
In considering a section 17(b) motion, the trial court must undertake "an
intensely fact-bound inquiry taking all relevant factors, including the defendant's criminal
past and public safety, into due consideration; and the record must so reflect." (Alvarez,
supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 981–982.) In addition, the court should consider "'the nature and
circumstances of the offense, the defendant's appreciation of and attitude toward the
offense, or his traits of character as evidenced by his behavior and demeanor at the trial.'
[Citations.]" (Id. at p. 978.) The trial court should also consider the general objectives of
sentencing as stated in California Rules of Court, rule 4.410.7 (Ibid.) To establish an
7 California Rules of Court, rule 4.410(a) sets forth the general objectives of
sentencing: "(1) Protecting society; [¶] (2) Punishing the defendant; [¶] (3) Encouraging
the defendant to lead a law-abiding life in the future and deterring him or her from future
offenses; [¶] (4) Deterring others from criminal conduct by demonstrating its
consequences; [¶] (5) Preventing the defendant from committing new crimes by isolating
him or her for the period of incarceration; [¶] (6) Securing restitution for the victims of
crime; and [¶] (7) Achieving uniformity in sentencing."
9
abuse of discretion, appellant bears the burden of demonstrating that the court's decision
to deny his section 17(b) motion was so arbitrary or irrational that no reasonable person
would agree with it. (Alvarez, at pp. 977-978; Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 377.)
Appellant asserts that the court's decision "did not give 'individualized
consideration' to the offense, the offender, and the public interest." In issuing its tentative
ruling, however, the court stated it was denying appellant's section 17(b) motion "for all
of the very same reasons" that it denied the Romero motion. In its final ruling, the court
began by discussing appellant's offense and characterized it as "one of the most serious
crimes" because it "undermine[s] the very foundation of the system that we have." The
court went on to state that "the seriousness of the underlying offense and the defendant's
criminal history as a whole is what the Court is using to deny a [section 17(b)]
reduction."
Although appellant also faults the court for "effectively ruling that witness
intimidation crimes are always very serious," the ruling cannot fairly be so characterized.
Considered in context, the court merely recognized that this particular offense was very
serious, given the nature of the offense, the facts upon which it was based, and appellant's
criminal history, which collectively demonstrated a history of "taking advantage of those
around him and those close to him and using his relationships to commit felonies." After
considering these factors, the court found it would not be in the interests of justice to
reduce appellant's crime to a misdemeanor. The court properly considered the relevant
factors and presumably acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives in denying
appellant's section 17(b) motion. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.
IV.
People's Appeal
The People contend the court abused its discretion dismissing the gang
enhancement allegation pursuant to section 1385. They claim the dismissal amounts to
an abuse of discretion because (1) the court failed to comply with the statutory
requirement that the reasons for the dismissal must be set forth in an order entered in the
minutes; and (2) the enhancement allegation was attached to an alternative penalty
10
provision. The People further claim the court abused its discretion in concluding the
evidence was insufficient to support the allegation.
The People's claim overlooks one very salient point: the gang enhancement
allegation was dismissed at the prosecutor's request after the court granted appellant's
motion for new trial as to the enhancement allegation on the ground of insufficient
evidence. As framed by the People, the court found the evidence insufficient to support
the allegation in its role as "13th juror" and then simply proceeded to dismiss it under
section 1385. The record reflects otherwise. After concluding that the evidence was
insufficient to support the allegation, the court stated: "So with regard to the motion [for
new trial] as to the gang enhancement, the Court is going to grant that. Procedurally I
guess that would be then striking it." Presumably, the court would have then proceeded
to order a new trial as to the allegation. The prosecutor, however, immediately
interjected, "We would ask for dismissal." The court asked whether the prosecutor was
requesting dismissal "[o]f the special allegation," and the prosecutor replied, "That's
correct, your Honor."
Because the People requested the dismissal, they are estopped from
challenging it as an abuse of discretion under the doctrine of invited error. (Mary M. v.
City of Los Angeles (1991) 54 Cal.3d 202, 212 [“Under the doctrine of invited error,
when a party by its own conduct induces the commission of error, it may not claim on
appeal that the judgment should be reversed because of that error”]; People v. Barton
(1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 198.) They also thereby waived the right to challenge the court's
failure to set forth the reasons for the dismissal in an order entered upon the minutes.
(People v. Hunt (1977) 19 Cal.3d 888, 897, fn. 10; Smith v. Superior Court (1981) 115
Cal.App.3d 285, 293.)
In any event, there is no merit to the People's assertion that the gang
enhancement allegation could not be dismissed because it was attached to an alternative
penalty provision. Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(4)(C), which provides for an
indeterminate term of seven years to life, only applies when a gang-related attempt to
dissuade a victim or witness is accompanied by an express or implied threat of force.
11
(People v. Lopez (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1049, 1052.) Because the jury made no such
finding here, the alternative penalty provision did not apply. (Ibid.)
Nor can it be said the court abused its discretion in granting the new trial
motion on the ground of insufficient evidence. We apply a strong presumption that the
court properly exercised its discretion in this regard, and we do not disturb the court's
ruling unless there is an unmistakable abuse of discretion. (People v. Davis (1995) 10
Cal.4th 463, 524.) We assume official duty is regularly performed, and absent a contrary
showing in the record we presume the court complied with its duty to review the
evidence and make its own determinations. (People v. Quicke (1964) 61 Cal.2d 155,
160.) The trial court has broad discretion in determining whether the evidence has
sufficient probative value to sustain the verdict, and we draw all factual inferences in
favor of the court's decision. (People v. Dickens (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1245, 1252.)
The court's ruling will be reversed "only in those instances when, as a matter of law, there
is no substantial evidence" to support it. (People v. McDaniel (1976) 16 Cal.3d 156, 178;
Dickens, at p. 1252.)
The People argue that the court "fail[ed] to consider the record in its
totality" when it found that insufficient evidence warranted a new trial on the gang
enhancement allegation. The record reflects, however, that the court reviewed all of the
evidence in making its ruling. Indeed, the court referenced "every possible nexus there
was to a gang in this case," and ultimately found the evidence lacking in that regard. As
the court noted, there was no evidence that appellant was a member of any gang and the
evidence of his gang association was hardly overwhelming. The court further noted that
neither Sedillo's statement nor Fuentes's testimony referred to or otherwise implicated
any gang members. While the People point out that the prosecution presented gang
expert testimony, the expert never actually opined that the crime had been committed for
the benefit of a gang. The People also fault the court for failing to "articulate in what
manner the inferences and circumstantial evidence were open to other reasonable
conclusions," but no such analysis was a prerequisite to its ruling. The court, in its proper
role as "the 13th juror," was not persuaded that the gang enhancement allegation had been
12
proven true beyond a reasonable doubt. The People fail to meet their burden of
demonstrating that this ruling amounts to an abuse of the court's broad discretion.
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
PERREN, J.
We concur:
GILBERT, P. J.
YEGAN, J.
13
Kay S. Kuns, Judge
Superior Court County of Santa Barbara
______________________________
Lisa M. J. Spillman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant Guerrero.
Joyce E. Dudley, District Attorney, Michael J. Carrozzo, Deputy District
Attorney, for Plaintiff and Appellant People.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Mary Sanchez,
Jonathan M. Krauss, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent People.
14