In re Gustavo L. CA4/1 ( 2014 )

Filed 9/26/14 In re Gustavo L. CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
In re GUSTAVO L., JR., a Person Coming
Under the Juvenile Court Law.
D065359
SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,
(Super. Ct. No. SJ12753A)
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
GUSTAVO L., SR.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Garry G.
Haehnle, Judge. Affirmed in part; dismissed in part as moot.
Jamie A. Moran, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County
Counsel, and Erica C. Cortez, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Valerie Lankford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Minor.
INTRODUCTION
This case involves now-nine-year-old Gustavo L., Jr. (Jr.), who was removed from
the care of his mother, Cynthia V. (mother), in April 2012 as a result of mother's attempt
to smuggle drugs from Mexico into the United States while Jr. was in the car with her.
Mother was arrested. Jr.─who was born in Colton, California─and mother had moved
around in California, Nevada, and Mexico. Their most recent residence was Tijuana,
Mexico, but they only lived there for four months prior to mother's arrest. Jr.'s presumed
father, Gustavo L., Sr. (father), is a Mexican national who had been deported from San
Bernardino County to Mexico in 2007 as a result of drug possession and domestic
violence convictions and now resides in Tijuana with Jr.'s six siblings. Both parents have
criminal histories.
Father appeals (1) the juvenile court's July 9, 2012 order taking "full jurisdiction"
over this case, and (2) the court's December 4, 2013 order suspending father's visitation
with Jr. He contends (1) the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under the Uniform
Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) (Fam. Code,1 § 3400 et
seq.); and (2) the court erred in granting the San Diego County Health and Human
Services Agency's (Agency's) petition under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 to
suspend his visitation with Jr. because the Agency "did not present sufficient evidence of
changed circumstances, or that the requested change in the visitation order would be in
[Jr.'s] best interests."
1 Statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise specified.
2
In its pending motion for judicial notice and dismissal of this appeal,2 the Agency
requests that this court (1) take judicial notice of the juvenile court's February 18, 2014
postappeal order terminating father's parental rights; and (2) dismiss father's entire appeal
on the ground it is moot because subsequent to the challenged December 2013 order
suspending father's visitation with Jr., the court terminated his parental rights, he did not
appeal from the termination order and that order is now final.
In a letter brief, Jr.'s appellate counsel states she agrees with the Agency that the
juvenile court properly took subject matter jurisdiction in this case under section 3421,
subdivision (a)(2) (hereafter section 3421(a)(2)) because Jr. "had no home state [within
the meaning of the UCCJEA], there were no custody orders involving [Jr.] in any other
state, and the family had significant connections to California."
We grant the Agency's motion for judicial notice of the order terminating father's
parental rights, but deny its companion motion for dismissal of the entire appeal in order
to reach the merits of father's claim that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under
the UCCJEA. We conclude that the juvenile court had subject matter jurisdiction under
section 3421(a)(2) and that father's claim on appeal that the court erred in ordering the
suspension of his visitation with Jr. is moot and must be dismissed because he did not
appeal the now-final order terminating his parental rights.
2 Under this court's order dated May 29, 2014, the Agency's combined unopposed
motion for judicial notice and opposed motion to dismiss this appeal as moot is
considered concurrently with his appeal.
3
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND3
In April 2012 the Agency filed a petition in the juvenile court under Welfare and
Institutions Code section 300, subdivision (b) alleging Jr. was at substantial risk of
suffering harm as a result of mother's failure or inability to adequately protect him.
Specifically, the petition alleged that mother had been arrested at the border after
attempting to cross into the United States from Mexico with over 14 kilograms of cocaine
concealed in her vehicle while Jr. was a passenger in the vehicle. The petition also
alleged Jr. was suffering from severe dental neglect in that his four front teeth were black
and worn down, his teeth hurt when he ate, and mother had failed and refused to provide
the dental care and treatment he needed. Immediately prior to mother's arrest, she and Jr.
had been living in Tijuana, Mexico, because she had lost her job in Las Vegas, Nevada.
During three of those four months, mother and Jr. lived in father's home with Jr.'s six
siblings.
At the contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing held on July 9, 2012, the
juvenile court took jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, finding that Jr. was a United States
citizen because he was born in California and that there were no custody or visitation
orders out of any court in Mexico. The court found the allegations in the petition to be
true, declared Jr. a dependent of the juvenile court, removed him from mother's care,
3 This case has a lengthy and complex factual background. We limit our summary
to facts necessary to provide context for resolution of the dispositive UCCJEA
jurisdictional issue raised in both father's appeal and his opposition to the Agency's
pending dismissal motion. Additional facts will be discussed as needed in the discussion
part of this opinion.
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found it would be detrimental to place him with the father, and then placed him in a
licensed foster home.
At the six-month review hearing, the juvenile court terminated reunification
services for the mother and ordered continued reunification services for the father.
At the 12-month review hearing, the juvenile court terminated the father's
reunification services.
In November 2013, at the selection and implementation hearing held under
Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26, the Agency recommended that Jr. be freed
for adoption and that mother's and father's parental rights be terminated. In addition, the
Agency filed a petition under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 requesting that
the father's visitation with Jr. be suspended pending the outcome of the selection and
implementation hearing, which was continued at the Agency's request.
Regarding the Agency's Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 petition, Jr.'s
CASS4 therapist opined that the "pressure" he received during visitations with the father
and his siblings to reunify may have increased Jr.'s anxiety and disruptive behaviors at
home and at school. Another therapist indicated that Jr.'s current diagnosis was
posttraumatic stress disorder, and recommended that visits with the father cease given
that Jr. suffered anxiety, avoidance, irritable behaviors, and a decrease in coping skills
after visits with the father. Jr. became distressed and reported losing sleep over the fact
that father's reactions and/or comments during visits made him feel bad.
4 CASS refers to Comprehensive Assessment Stabilization Services.
5
After considering this evidence, the juvenile court granted an interim order
suspending the father's visits pending a further hearing on the Agency's Welfare and
Institutions Code section 388 petition.
On December 4, 2013, following an evidentiary hearing on the Agency's Welfare
and Institutions Code section 388 petition, the juvenile court granted the petition, finding
there had been a change of circumstances regarding Jr.'s visitation with the father, and
also finding by clear and convincing evidence that it was in Jr.'s best interests to suspend
the father's visits. In making this order, the juvenile court took into account the opinions
of two experts that it was in Jr.'s best interest to stop visitation, as well as the fact that
Jr.'s prior behaviors, such as his slamming of doors and locking himself into his bedroom,
had significantly improved following the temporary suspension of the father's visits.
At this hearing, the Agency requested that the juvenile court readdress the issue of
jurisdiction and find that Jr. did not have a home state as defined under the UCCJEA.
The juvenile court was reluctant to readdress the issue given its previous jurisdictional
finding on July 9, 2012, but ultimately ordered that the issue would be addressed at the
next Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26 hearing.
Father filed a timely notice of appeal challenging the December 4, 2013 order
suspending his visitation with Jr.
At the Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26 hearing held on January 16,
2014, the juvenile court confirmed it had proper jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. The
court granted the request of father's attorney for a continuance to speak to the father about
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whether he wanted to contest the Agency's recommendation to terminate his parental
rights.
At the Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26 hearing held on February 18,
2014, father's counsel informed the court she was authorized to proceed on behalf of the
father. After considering the submitted evidence, the juvenile court terminated the
mother's and father's parental rights and freed Jr. for adoption. The father did not appeal
from the termination order.5
DISCUSSION
I. AGENCY'S MOTION FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE AND
DISMISSAL OF FATHER'S APPEAL
In its pending motion, the Agency first requests that this court take judicial notice
of the juvenile court's February 18, 2014 order terminating father's parental rights. The
juvenile court issued this order after father filed his timely notice of appeal in this matter
on January 25, 2014. In his opposition to the Agency's motion, father does not oppose
the Agency's request for judicial notice. We grant the Agency's request for judicial
notice. (Evid. Code, § 459, subd. (a).)
In its motion the Agency also contends father's pending appeal should be
dismissed on the ground it is moot because subsequent to the challenged December 2013
order suspending his visitation with Jr., the juvenile court terminated his parental rights,
5 In his opposition to the Agency's pending motion for judicial notice and dismissal
of this appeal, father does not dispute that he did not appeal from the order terminating
his parental rights.
7
he did not appeal from the termination order, and that order is now final.6 We reject this
contention and deny the Agency's motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of father's claim
the court lacked jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
In his appeal father asserts two claims. First, he claims the court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. Second, he claims the court erred in granting the
Agency's petition under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 to suspend his
visitation with Jr.
In its motion for dismissal of both of the foregoing claims on appeal, the Agency
suggests father's jurisdictional claim should be dismissed as moot because his failure to
appeal the February 2014 order terminating his parental rights conferred subject matter
jurisdiction and deprived us of appellate jurisdiction to resolve that claim. However, as
we explained in In re A.M. (2014) 224 Cal. App. 4th 593, 598, "[s]ubject matter
jurisdiction either exists or does not exist at the time the action is commenced and cannot
be conferred by stipulation, consent, waiver or estoppel." Thus, father did not confer
subject matter jurisdiction by failing to appeal the February 2014 order terminating his
parental rights, and his failure to appeal that order did not deprive us of appellate
jurisdiction to resolve his jurisdictional claim under the UCCJEA. (In re A.M., at p. 598.)
Accordingly, we conclude father's jurisdictional claim is not moot and we deny the
Agency's motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of that claim. (Ibid.; see In re Joshua C.
(1994) 24 Cal. App. 4th 1544, 1547-1548 [appeal in juvenile dependency matter should
6 In his opposition to the Agency's motion, father does not contest the Agency's
assertion that the February 18, 2014 order terminating his parental rights is final.
8
not be dismissed as moot when doing so forecloses parent from challenging the
jurisdictional findings].)
However, we grant the Agency's motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of father's
second claim on appeal that the court erroneously granted the Agency's petition under
Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 to suspend his visitation with Jr.. "When no
effective relief can be granted, an appeal is moot and will be dismissed." (In re Jessica
K. (2000) 79 Cal. App. 4th 1313, 1315.) In Jessica K. the dependency court denied a
mother's petition under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 for the return of her
child to her custody and later terminated the mother's parental rights and ordered that the
child be placed for adoption. (Jessica K., at p. 1315.) The mother appealed from the
order denying her petition, but she did not appeal from the order terminating her parental
rights. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal dismissed the mother's appeal as moot. (Id. at p.
1317.) The Jessica K. court explained that the mother allowed the parental rights
termination order to become final by failing to appeal from that order and, as a result, her
appeal from the denial of her Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 petition was
moot because "[n]o effective relief [could] be afforded mother even were [it] to find her
appeal . . . meritorious." (Jessica K., at pp. 1316-1317.)
Similarly here, father allowed the order terminating his parental rights to become
final by failing to appeal from that order. As a result, if the juvenile court properly had
jurisdiction over this case under the UCCJEA, it had authority to order the termination of
father's parental rights, and father's appeal from the denial of his Welfare and Institutions
Code section 388 petition is moot and must be dismissed because no effective relief may
9
be afforded him. For reasons we shall explain, we conclude the juvenile court had
jurisdiction over this case under the UCCJEA. Accordingly, we grant the Agency's
motion to dismiss as moot father's claim on appeal that the court erred in granting the
Agency's Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 petition.
II. FATHER'S APPEAL (JURISDICTION)
As noted, father claims the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over this case
under the UCCJEA, and thus it lacked jurisdiction to grant the Agency's petition under
Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 to suspend his visitation with Jr. We reject
this claim.
A. General Principles Governing Jurisdiction Under the UCCJEA
The UCCJEA is the exclusive method in California for determining subject matter
jurisdiction in child custody proceedings involving other jurisdictions. (§ 3421, subd.
(b); In re Marriage of Nurie (2009) 176 Cal. App. 4th 478, 490.) The term "child custody
proceeding" is statutorily defined as "a proceeding in which legal custody, physical
custody, or visitation with respect to a child is an issue." (§ 3402, subd. (d).) "A
dependency action is a '"[c]hild custody proceeding"' subject to the UCCJEA." (In re
A.M., supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 597.)
The purposes of the UCCJEA in the context of dependency proceedings include
avoiding jurisdictional competition and conflict, promoting interstate cooperation,
litigating custody or visitation where the child and family have the closest connections,
avoiding relitigation of another state's custody or visitation decisions, and promoting
exchange of information and other mutual assistance between courts of sister states. (In
10
re C.T. (2002) 100 Cal. App. 4th 101, 106.) "Under the UCCJEA, a California court must
'treat a foreign country as if it were a state of the United States for the purpose of'
determining jurisdiction." (In re Marriage of Nurie, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 490,
quoting § 3405, subd. (a).)
As noted, ante, "[s]ubject matter jurisdiction either exists or does not exist at the
time the action is commenced and cannot be conferred by stipulation, consent, waiver or
estoppel." (In re A.M., supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 598.)
With exceptions not applicable here, under section 3421, subdivision (a),
California may assume jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if
any of four circumstances specified in that subdivision applies.
First, California is the child's "home state" on the date the proceeding commenced
or was the home state of the child within six months before the proceeding commenced
and a parent continues to live in California if the child is absent from the state. (§ 3421,
subd. (a)(1).) "'Home state' means the state in which a child lived with a parent or a
person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the
commencement of a child custody proceeding. . . . A period of temporary absence of any
of the mentioned persons is part of the period." (§ 3402, subd. (g).)
Second, of particular importance here, there is no home state or a court of the
child's home state "has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the grounds that this state is
the more appropriate forum" (§ 3421(a)(2)) and both of the following are true: the child
and at least one parent have a "significant connection" to California other than mere
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physical presence, and "substantial evidence" is available in California as to the child's
care, protection, training and personal relationships. (Ibid.)
Third, all courts having jurisdiction under the prior two tests have declined to
exercise jurisdiction on the ground California is the more appropriate forum. (§ 3421,
subd. (a)(3).)
Fourth, no other state has jurisdiction under any of the foregoing tests. (§ 3421,
subd. (a)(4).)
1. Standard of review
"We are not bound by the juvenile court's findings regarding subject matter
jurisdiction, but rather 'independently reweigh the jurisdictional facts.'" (In re A. C.
(2005) 130 Cal. App. 4th 854, 860.)
B. Analysis
In his appellant's opening brief, father asserts the juvenile court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA because Jr. "had no prior connection to California"
and "Mexico . . . should have jurisdiction over [Jr.]." However, in his reply brief father
acknowledges both that Jr. does have a prior connection to California and that Jr. has no
home state for purposes of the UCCJEA, but he asserts that Jr. "had not [sic] prior
connection to San Diego County, as he was a resident of Tijuana at the time he was
detained" at the border. Both the Agency and Jr.'s appellate counsel argue the court
properly had subject matter jurisdiction under section 3421(a)(2).
As discussed, ante, under section 3421(a)(2) the juvenile court had subject matter
jurisdiction over this case under the UCCJEA if (1) Jr. had no home state when the
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dependency proceedings commenced in this case in April 2012, (2) Jr. and at least one of
his parents have a significant connection to California other than mere physical presence,
and (3) substantial evidence is available in California concerning Jr.'s care, protection,
training and personal relationships. (§ 3421(a)(2).)
Father acknowledges that Jr. had no home state when the dependency proceedings
commenced in this case. Thus, the first jurisdictional prerequisite set forth in section
3421(a)(2) is satisfied.
The second jurisdictional prerequisite set forth in section 3421(a)(2) is met
because the record establishes that both Jr. and mother have a significant connection to
California other than mere physical presence. As noted, father acknowledges in his reply
brief that Jr. has a connection to California. Indeed, the record shows that Jr. was born in
Colton, California. Father asserts that his earlier statement that Jr. had no prior
connection to California was "an obvious, and unintentional misstatement" and "[t]he
point he was trying to make was that [Jr.] had not [sic] prior connection to San Diego
County, as he was a resident of Tijuana at the time he was detained." However, it is
immaterial that Jr. had no prior connection to San Diego County because the
jurisdictional prerequisite in question expressly requires only that the child and at least
one parent have a significant connection to "this state" (California) other than mere
physical presence. (§ 3421, subd. (a)(2)(A).)
In addition, the Agency presented evidence that mother has a sister who resides in
California and Jr. has an extended family (including uncles, aunts, and cousins) who
reside in Riverside. The Agency also provided evidence showing Jr. and his family had
13
lived in California for a significant period of time as evidenced by the fact that (1) the
family was investigated for abuse or neglect by a California child welfare agency in San
Bernardino County on numerous occasions over the course of about nine years, and
Jr.─who was born in 2005─was the subject of four of those investigations during the first
two years of his life; and (2) the family was the subject of three dependency cases in that
county.
The last jurisdictional prerequisite set forth in section 3421(a)(2) is met because
the record establishes that "[s]ubstantial evidence is available in this state concerning
[Jr.'s] care, protection, training, and personal relationships" (§ 3421, subd. (a)(2)(B)). As
already discussed, the Agency presented evidence showing that Jr. lived in California
with his family for at least the first two years of his life, and virtually all of the child
welfare history concerning the family came from a California social services agency.
The record also shows that Jr. suffered severe dental neglect and underwent oral surgery
in California.
Father asserts that "[t]he only things that support the finding of jurisdiction (the
social worker's reports, the health treatment [Jr.] received in San Diego, etc.) arise
directly out of the mere fact that he found himself in custody here when mother was
arrested." However, the record discussed, ante, belies this assertion.
Father's reliance on this court's recent decisions in In re Gino C. (2014) 224
Cal. App. 4th 959 and In re A.M., supra, 224 Cal. App. 4th 593, is unavailing. In both of
those cases, unlike in this case, Mexico was the child's home state for purposes of the
UCCJEA. (In re Gino C., at p. 965; In re A.M., at p. 597.)
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For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the juvenile court had subject
matter jurisdiction under section 3421(a)(2) and that father's claim that the court erred in
ordering the suspension of his visitation with Jr. is moot and must be dismissed because
he did not appeal the order terminating his parental rights.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court's decision to take jurisdiction is affirmed. Father's claim on
appeal that the juvenile court erred in granting the San Diego County Health and Human
Services Agency's petition under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388 to suspend
father's visitation with Jr. is dismissed as moot.
NARES, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
McINTYRE, J.
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