People v. Phim CA5 ( 2016 )

Filed 8/3/16 P. v. Phim CA5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
F069104
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. 25626)
v.
OPINION
VIRET PHIM,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Stanislaus County. Valli K.
Israels, Judge.
Michael Satris, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney
General, R. Todd Marshall and A. Kay Lauterbach, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
INTRODUCTION
In 1994, appellant Viret Phim, a 17-year-old gang member from Stockton, shot
and killed two of his own confederates while they were participating in the robbery of a
14-year-old girl outside a market in Modesto.
Appellant was subsequently convicted of two counts of first degree murder, with
robbery and multiple-murder special circumstances, under a theory of felony murder, as
well as other offenses. The trial court sentenced him to two terms of life without the
possibility of parole (LWOP) for the murders, staying the second LWOP term. This
court affirmed appellant’s convictions in 1997. (People v. Phim (Nov. 20, 1997,
F025275) [nonpub. opn.].)
On April 8, 2013, appellant filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in which he
claimed he was entitled to resentencing on both statutory grounds pursuant to Penal
Code1 section 1170, subdivision (d)(2) (hereafter § 1170(d)(2)), and on federal
constitutional grounds pursuant to Miller v. Alabama (2012) 567 U.S. ___ [132 S. Ct.
2455] (Miller).
On June 14, 2013, the trial court issued written orders denying, without prejudice,
appellant’s petition for writ of habeas corpus with respect to his Miller-based
constitutional claims, and setting the matter for hearing solely as a petition for recall and
resentencing pursuant to section 1170(d)(2).
After a hearing on February 28, 2014, the trial court denied the petition for recall
and resentencing, essentially concluding that, although appellant had made commendable
progress in his postconviction rehabilitation efforts in prison, he had not demonstrated
sufficient progress to justify resentencing under the factors enumerated in section
1170(d)(2).
On appeal, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in determining
that he was not entitled to resentencing under section 1170(d)(2). Among other things, he
argues that the court abused its discretion by failing to consider the juvenile LWOP
sentencing considerations established by Miller (the so-called “Miller factors”).
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2.
Based on the unique circumstances of this case, we conclude that the order
appealed from should be reversed and the matter remanded for the trial court to
reconsider appellant’s original petition for writ of habeas corpus in its entirety, including
appellant’s constitutional claims, in light of the authorities discussed, infra.
DISCUSSION
Governing Law
In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that statutes requiring courts to
sentence juvenile homicide offenders to LWOP violated the Eighth Amendment ban on
cruel and unusual punishments. (Miller, supra, 567 U.S. at pp. ___, ___ [132 S.Ct. at
pp. 2469, 2475].) The high court explained that its other recent precedents concerning
juvenile sentencing, Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551 and Graham v. Florida
(2010) 560 U.S. 48, along with its “individualized sentencing decisions[,] make clear that
a judge or jury must have the opportunity to consider mitigating circumstances before
imposing the harshest possible penalty for juveniles.” (Miller, supra, 567 U.S. at p. ___
[132 S.Ct. at p. 2475].) In other words, “a sentencer misses too much if he treats every
child as an adult.” (Id. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2468].)
The Court accordingly set forth five considerations—the above mentioned “Miller
factors”—that sentencing courts need to evaluate before sentencing a juvenile homicide
offender to LWOP: (1) “his chronological age and its hallmark features—among them,
immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences”; (2) “the
family and home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot usually
extricate himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional”; (3) “the circumstances of the
homicide offense, including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way
familial and peer pressures may have affected him”; (4) “that he might have been charged
and convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies associated with youth—for
example, his inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea
3.
agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own attorneys”; and (5) “the possibility of
rehabilitation.” (Miller, supra, 567 U.S. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2468].)
The Miller Court made clear that it was not foreclosing “a sentencer’s ability” to
conclude that LWOP was an appropriate sentence for a particular juvenile homicide
offender. (Miller, supra, 567 U.S. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2469].) Instead, it explicitly
stated that its ruling “mandates only that a sentencer follow a certain process—
considering an offender’s youth and attendant characteristics—before imposing a
particular penalty” (id. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2471]), such that sentencing courts going
forward were obligated “to take into account how children are different, and how those
differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison” before
imposing LWOP sentences (id. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2469]).
In Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) ___U.S. ___ [136 S. Ct. 718, 736], the Court
held that Miller applies retroactively to offenders like appellant, whose LWOP sentences
became final before Miller was decided.
The pertinent statute governing sentencing of juvenile offenders remains
section 190.5. Subdivision (b) of that statute provides that “[t]he penalty for a defendant
found guilty of murder in the first degree, in any case in which one or more special
circumstances enumerated in Section 190.2 or 190.25 has been found to be true under
Section 190.4, who was 16 years of age or older and under the age of 18 years at the time
of the commission of the crime, shall be confinement in the state prison for life without
the possibility of parole or, at the discretion of the court, 25 years to life.”
In People v. Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal. 4th 1354, 1388–1389 (Gutierrez), which, as
noted by the trial court, was pending review at the time of the hearing on appellant’s
resentencing petition, the California Supreme Court applied Miller to disapprove People
v. Guinn (1994) 28 Cal. App. 4th 1130 [33 Cal. Rptr. 2d 791] (Guinn), which had held that
section 190.5, subdivision (b) created a presumption in favor of LWOP for those
4.
sentenced under its provisions. In Gutierrez, our high court summarized its holding and
disposition as follows:
“[W]e hold that section 190.5[, subdivision] (b), properly construed,
confers discretion on a trial court to sentence a 16- or 17-year-old juvenile
convicted of special circumstance murder to life without parole or to
25 years to life, with no presumption in favor of life without parole. We
further hold that Miller requires a trial court, in exercising its sentencing
discretion, to consider the ‘distinctive attributes of youth’ and how those
attributes ‘diminish the penological justifications for imposing the harshest
sentences on juvenile offenders’ before imposing life without parole on a
juvenile offender. (Miller, supra, 567 U.S. at p. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2465].)
Because the sentencing regime created by section 190.5[, subdivision] (b)
authorizes and indeed requires consideration of the distinctive attributes of
youth highlighted in Miller, we find no constitutional infirmity with
section 190.5[, subdivision] (b) once it is understood not to impose a
presumption in favor of life without parole.
“Because the two defendants here were sentenced before Miller in
accordance with the interpretation of section 190.5[, subdivision] (b)
prevailing at the time (see Guinn, supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 1142), we
remand for resentencing in light of the principles set forth in Miller and this
opinion.” (Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 1360–1361.)
The court thus interpreted Miller as requiring a court “to admit and consider relevant
evidence of” the five Miller factors. (Gutierrez, at p. 1388.)
Although a court must consider the Miller factors and all relevant evidence
pertinent to them prior to sentencing a juvenile offender to LWOP or declining to
resentence him or her to a determinate sentence, “[n]o particular factor, relevant to the
decision whether to impose LWOP on a juvenile who has committed murder,
predominates under the law.” (People v. Palafox (2014) 231 Cal. App. 4th 68, 73.)
“Hence, as long as a trial court gives due consideration to an offender’s youth and
attendant characteristics, … it may, in exercising its discretion under Penal Code
section 190.5, subdivision (b), give such weight to the relevant factors as it reasonably
determines is appropriate under all the circumstances of the case.” (Ibid.)
5.
Analysis
Here, it is undisputed that the trial court did not consider the Miller factors in
determining whether appellant was entitled to recall of his LWOP sentence and
resentencing under section 1170 (d)(2). The attorney general argues the court’s failure to
consider the Miller factors does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion because the court
was only “obliged to consider the factors set forth in the statute” and notes “[y]outh [was]
not one of those factors.”
It is true that prior to the hearing on appellant’s petition in February 2014, the trial
court limited the scope of the hearing to the question of whether appellant was entitled to
resentencing under the factors enumerated in section 1170(d)(2), by denying, without
prejudice, appellant’s habeas petition with respect to his Miller-based constitutional
challenges to his LWOP sentence. However, it appears the court’s reason for so limiting
the scope of the hearing was erroneous.
The trial court’s June 2013 written order reflects that the reason the court declined
to reach appellant’s constitutional claims was because it mistakenly believed that
appellant had already raised “unsuccessfully on appeal” the contention that his LWOP
sentence under section 190.5, subdivision (b), “constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
under the Eighth Amendment because he was a minor at the time he committed the
offense.” However, our 1997 opinion upholding the judgment of conviction reflects that,
although appellant claimed his sentence constituted cruel and unusual punishment under
the state Constitution, he did not challenge his LWOP sentence under the Eighth
Amendment of the federal Constitution.
The trial court’s reason for declining to reach appellant’s constitutional claims on
the merits thus appears to have been mistaken and there was no reason for the court to
limit the scope of the hearing to the question of statutory relief as it did. In light of this
and the number of decisions concerning the LWOP sentencing of juveniles rendered by
the United States and California Supreme Courts since the court heard appellant’s
6.
petition, including while this case has been pending on appeal, we believe the most
appropriate remedy is to remand the matter for the court to hold a new hearing to
reconsider, in its entirety, appellant’s original petition for writ of habeas corpus in light of
the authorities discussed above and any other pertinent decisions that may have been
rendered by the time the court reconsiders appellant’s petition.
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial court with
directions to reconsider appellant’s original April 8, 2013, petition for writ of habeas
corpus in its entirety in light of the views expressed and authorities discussed in this
opinion.
_____________________
HILL, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________
GOMES, J.
_____________________
KANE, J.
7.