People v. Young ( 2016 )

Filed 4/27/16; pub. order 5/26/16 (see end of opn.)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A143082
v.
DAVID ELIJAH YOUNG, (Contra Costa County Super. Ct.
No. 051403286)
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant David Elijah Young appeals from the trial court’s denial of his motion
to suppress evidence obtained in a warrantless search of his home and to dismiss the child
pornography possession case filed against him. He argues the search was unlawful
because the county probation department’s postrelease community supervision of him
had terminated the day before the search as a matter of law, pursuant to the terms of
Penal Code section 3456.1 We disagree and affirm the trial court’s ruling.
BACKGROUND
The record indicates that on May 14, 2012, defendant was released from prison
and placed on postrelease community supervision pursuant to the Postrelease
Community Supervision Act of 2011, codified as section 3450 et seq. (Act). He was
supervised by a deputy probation officer, Alex Concepcion, of Contra Costa County’s
probation department. As conditions of defendant’s supervision, he was subject to
1
All statutory references herein are to the Penal Code.
1
warrantless searches of his person and possessions and prohibited from possessing
pornographic material.
In February 2014, the Contra Costa County District Attorney filed an information
in which he charged defendant with possession of child pornography with a prior
conviction (§ 311.11, subd. (b)). The district attorney also alleged defendant was subject
to certain sentence enhancements.2
Defendant pled not guilty and denied the enhancement allegations. He then
moved before the trial court pursuant to sections 1538.5 and 995 to suppress evidence
and dismiss the information. Among other things, he argued the evidence against him
was obtained as the result of an unlawful warrantless search of his home by Concepcion
and police one day after the department’s postrelease community supervision powers
over him had terminated.
At the subsequent suppression hearing, evidence was presented that about two
weeks before the search of defendant’s home, Concord Police Department Detective
Tamra Roberts contacted Concepcion and requested permission to search defendant’s
home pursuant to the conditions of his postrelease community supervision. Roberts had
received information that defendant was chatting on-line with teenage girls about sexual
matters. The search was approved, but, because of scheduling conflicts, Concepcion
and the police did not search defendant’s home until May 15, 2013, a year and one day
after defendant was placed on postrelease community supervision.
Evidence further indicated that in the course of this search, Concepcion and the
officers found a laptop computer and a computer tower in defendant’s bedroom. The
laptop contained a video depicting what appeared to Detective Roberts to be “underage
girls performing sexual acts.” Defendant was arrested and taken to the police station,
where, after being advised of his constitutional rights, he admitted receiving pictures
2
The district attorney had previously filed a three count felony complaint against
defendant; defendant had moved at his preliminary hearing to suppress all evidence
obtained as a result of the same warrantless search of his home that is the subject of this
appeal, which motion the court denied; and the court had dismissed two of the counts in
the complaint.
2
via email depicting girls five to eight years of age posing naked and in lewd positions,
and that some of the pictures also depicted adult penises.
An expert in computer forensics related to child pornography examined the
laptop and tower computers pursuant to a warrant. On the laptop, he found the
previously discovered video, as well as what appeared to be images of child
pornography in unallocated spaces that had been occupied by deleted data. The expert
was unable to determine when these images were placed on the computer, accessed or
deleted.
Concepcion testified that the county probation department’s supervision of a
person such as defendant could last for up to three years, but after one year, if the
person had no violations, the department would begin the process of “closing” the case
and was required to discharge the person from supervision within 30 days.3 A county
probation officer would review the person’s records to assess whether discharge was
appropriate and would submit this assessment to a supervisor who, when appropriate,
would transmit it to the probation department’s clerk for formal discharge.
As far as Concepcion knew, defendant did not have any violations during his
first year on postrelease community supervision. Concepcion had not begun assessing
defendant’s eligibility for discharge at the time that police and he searched defendant’s
home.
The court denied defendant’s suppression motion based in part on its review of the
relevant statute, section 3456, which, as we will discuss, provides that a person shall be
discharged 30 days after he or she successfully completes a one-year term on postrelease
community supervision. The court concluded that it was “obvious from the language
itself in its unambiguous terms that the 30-day window is a continuing window of
continued supervision in which the parole terms and conditions, including search and
seizure, and the prohibition on possession of pornography applies.”
3
Concepcion said the department could also discharge a person after six months,
but defendant was not eligible for such a discharge under the department’s policies
because he was required to register as a sex offender under section 290.
3
Defendant sought a writ of mandate from this court, which we denied.
Subsequently, pursuant to a plea agreement, he pled no contest to violating
section 311.11, subdivision (b). The court dismissed the enhancement allegations,
sentenced defendant to a low term of two years in state prison and awarded him actual
and conduct credits totaling 836 days. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal based
on the denial of his suppression motion. While this appeal was pending, defendant
requested that we take judicial notice of certain legislative history. We hereby grant
this request.
DISCUSSION
Defendant asserts that the trial court should have granted his suppression motion
because authorities searched his home without a warrant one day after the termination of
their authority to do so, as indicated by section 3456. We disagree with his interpretation
of section 3456 and conclude authorities had the legal authority to search his home.
Defendant argues a question of statutory interpretation and not of fact.
Accordingly, we independently review his argument to determine whether, as a matter of
law, the authorities engaged in acts constituting an unreasonable search and/or seizure.
(See People v. Ayala (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 225, 255.)
“ ‘In construing statutes, we aim “to ascertain the intent of the enacting legislative
body so that we may adopt the construction that best effectuates the purpose of the law.”
[Citations.] We look first to the words of the statute, “because the statutory language is
generally the most reliable indicator of legislative intent.” [Citations.] [¶] When the
statutory text is ambiguous, or it otherwise fails to resolve the question of its intended
meaning, courts look to the statute’s legislative history and the historical circumstances
behind its enactment. [Citation.] Finally, the court may consider the likely effects of a
proposed interpretation because ‘ “[w]here uncertainty exists consideration should be
given to the consequences that will flow from a particular interpretation.” ’ [Citation.]
‘The intent prevails over the letter, and the letter will, if possible be so read as to conform
to the spirit of the act.’ ” (People v. Nelson (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 1083, 1097.)
4
Furthermore, “ ‘[i]n the first step of the interpretative process we look to the
words of the statute themselves. [Citations.] The Legislature’s chosen language is the
most reliable indicator of its intent because ‘ “it is the language of the statute itself that
has successfully braved the legislative gauntlet.” ’ [Citation.] We give the words of
the statute “a plain and commonsense meaning” unless the statute specifically defines
the words to give them a special meaning. [Citations.] If the statutory language is
clear and unambiguous, our task is at an end, for there is no need for judicial
construction. . . .
“ ‘Nevertheless, the “plain meaning” rule does not prevent a court from
determining whether the literal meaning of the statute comports with its purpose.
[Citations.] Thus, although the words used by the Legislature are the most useful
guide to its intent, we do not view the language of the statute in isolation. [Citation.]
Rather, we construe the words of the statute in context, keeping in mind the statutory
purpose. [Citation.] We will not follow the plain meaning of the statute “when to do
so would ‘frustrate[] the manifest purposes of the legislation as a whole or [lead] to
absurd results.’ ” [Citation.] Instead, we will “ ‘interpret legislation reasonably
and . . . attempt to give effect to the apparent purpose of the statute. ’ ” ’ ” (People v.
Nelson, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1097–1098.)
Further, “an enactment is to be read as a whole.” (Harris v. Superior Court
(2012) 53 Cal. 4th 170, 188.) In other words, “[l]egislative intent must be gleaned from
the whole act rather than from isolated words.” (Building Industry Assn. v. City of
Camarillo (1986) 41 Cal. 3d 810, 819.)
With these statutory interpretation rules in mind, we turn to the language of the
Act. It was enacted “to improve public safety outcomes” and facilitate certain
offenders’ “successful reintegration back into society.” (§ 3450, subd. (b)(5); see
People v. Espinoza (2014) 226 Cal. App. 4th 635, 641.) Low-level offenders released
from prison are subject to community supervision provided by the probation
department of the county to which the person is being released according to a
postrelease strategy developed by each county’s board of supervisors. (§ 3451,
5
subds. (a), (c)(1).) Unless his or her supervision is tolled for reasons not relevant here,
“[a] person shall not remain under supervision . . . on or after three years from the date
of the person’s initial entry onto postrelease community supervision . . . .” (§ 3455,
subd. (e).)
The Act provides for numerous mandatory conditions of postrelease community
supervision, including that “[t]he person, and his or her residence and possessions,
shall be subject to search at any time of the day or night, with or without a warrant, by
an agent of the supervising county agency or by a peace officer.” (§ 3453, subd. (f).)
The local supervising county agency “shall establish a review process for assessing
and refining a person’s program of postrelease supervision,” and “may determine
additional appropriate conditions of supervision listed in Section 3453 consistent with
public safety.” (§ 3454, subds. (a), (b).)
“At any time during the period of postrelease community supervision, if a peace
officer has probable cause to believe a person subject to postrelease community
supervision is violating any term or condition of his or her release, the officer may,
without a warrant or other process, arrest the person and bring him or her before the
supervising county agency . . . .” (§ 3455, subd. b(1).) Further, the supervising
agency may, following application of its assessment processes, “petition the court . . .
to revoke, modify, or terminate postrelease community supervision. . . . Upon a
finding that the person has violated the conditions of postrelease community
supervision,” the revocation hearing officer may, among other things, “[r]eturn the
person to postrelease community supervision with modifications of conditions, if
appropriate, including a period of incarceration in county jail” and “[r]evoke and
terminate postrelease community supervision and order the person to confinement in
county jail.” (§ 3455, subd. (a)(1), (2).)
Section 3456 provides for the termination of postrelease supervision after three
years, six months and one year as follows:
6
“(a) The county agency responsible for postrelease supervision . . . shall
maintain postrelease supervision over a person . . . until one of the following events
occurs:
“(1) The person has been subject to postrelease supervision pursuant to this
title for three years at which time the offender shall be immediately discharged from
postrelease supervision.
“(2) Any person on postrelease supervision for six consecutive months with no
violations of his or her conditions of postrelease supervision that result in a custodial
sanction may be considered for immediate discharge by the supervising county.
“(3) The person who has been on postrelease supervision continuously for one
year with no violations of his or her conditions of postrelease supervision that result in
a custodial sanction shall be discharged from supervision within 30 days.”
Defendant does not dispute for the purposes of this appeal that there was
probable cause to arrest him as a result of the warrantless search of his home. Instead,
he contends that the authorities had no authority to conduct this warrantless search in the
first place because the search occurred a year and one day after he had been placed on
postrelease community supervision, which year he had completed without violating his
conditions. Therefore, pursuant to section 3456, the actual authority to supervise him
had ended the day before the search and the authorities’ warrantless search of his home
was unlawful.
Defendant’s interpretation of section 3456 cannot withstand even a brief review
of the statute. The plain and unambiguous language of section 3456,
subdivision (a)(3) states that after a person successfully completes one year of
postrelease community supervision, the supervising agency “shall” discharge the
person from supervision at some point within the next 30 days. The statute does not
require the agency to discharge the person on any particular date prior to the expiration
of this 30-day period; it requires only that discharge occur some time within that
period. Until the discharge actually occurs, the agency “shall maintain postrelease
7
community supervision.” (§ 3456, subd. (a).) The language of the statute is
unambiguous.
Defendant argues that because section 3456, subdivision (a) begins with the
statement that the “county agency responsible for postrelease supervision . . . shall
maintain postrelease supervision over a person . . . until one of the following events
occurs” (italics added), and because section 3456, subdivision (a)(3) refers to the
“person who has been on postrelease supervision continuously for one year with no
violations,” the relevant “event” in subdivision (a)(3) is this one-year time period,
which automatically triggers termination of supervision. The language of
subdivision (a)(3) does not support this interpretation. The relevant “event” is, as the
subdivision makes clear, the person’s “discharge[] from supervision” within 30 days of
the end of this one-year period. Only then does the agency cease to “maintain
postrelease supervision.”
Further, defendant’s interpretation makes no sense. Section 3456,
subdivision (a)(1) provides for immediate discharge when a person has been subject to
postrelease supervision for three years. Obviously, in addressing the earlier discharge
30 days after one year that is outlined in section 3456, subdivision (a)(3), the
Legislature intended something other than immediate discharge. Otherwise, there
would be no reason for providing the 30-day window in which the agency is to act.
Also, defendant’s interpretation would end supervision over a person who could then
violate the conditions of supervision during the subsequent 30-day period without
fearing detection that might occur via supervision, thereby creating an increased risk to
public safety. Such an interpretation is directly contrary to the purposes of the Act,
which, as we have discussed, include “to improve public safety outcomes” among
adult felon parolees. (§ 3450, subd. (b)(5).)
Defendant contends that our interpretation, and the trial court’s, essentially
creates a 13-month period of supervision rather than one year, rendering the reference
in section 3456, subdivision (a)(3) to “one year” superfluous. (See Klein v. United
States (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 68, 80 [“courts must strive to give meaning to every word in
8
a statute and to avoid constructions that render words, phrases, or clauses
superfluous”].) We disagree. The Act provides that a person’s successful
completion of a one-year period triggers not necessarily immediate discharge (as
occurs at the end of three years) nor the agency option to discharge (as occurs at the
successful completion of a six-month period); rather, while it may trigger immediate
discharge, it may also trigger an assessment by the agency of a person’s conduct and
gives the agency time to either seek from the court a modification or revocation of
supervision, or discharge the person. This makes eminent sense.
Defendant also contends the supervising agency has an additional 30 days to
discharge a person after one year merely to allow time for the administrative processing
of this discharge and may no longer assert its supervisory powers during this period of
time. Defendant points to nothing in the Act to support this interpretation, nor do we
find any in our own review of it. To the contrary, reviewing the Act as a whole, it is
apparent that the agency may during this 30-day period of time seek the modification or
revocation of supervision by the court, such as for the reasons indicated in this case: the
discovery during this 30-day period that the person has violated conditions of his
supervision and is subject to arrest.
In light of our conclusion herein, we need not discuss the other arguments
raised by the parties.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
9
STEWART, J.
We concur.
RICHMAN, Acting P.J.
MILLER, J.
People v. Young (A143082)
10
Filed 5/26/16
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, A143082
v. (Contra Costa County
DAVID ELIJAH YOUNG, Super. Ct. No. 051403286)
Defendant and Appellant. ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
FOR PUBLICATION
BY THE COURT:
The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on April 27, 2016, was not certiffed
for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause and pursuant to California Rules
of Court, rule 8.1105, it now appears that the opinion should be published in the Official
Reports, and it is so ordered.
Dated: _______________________ ________________________________
Kline, P.J.
1
Trial Court: Contra Costa County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Hon. Terri A. Mockler
Counsel:
Theresa Osterman Stevenson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Jeffrey M. Laurence, Acting Senior Assistant Attorney General, Eric D. Share,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Ronald E. Niver, Deputy Attorney General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
2