People v. Rocha , 165 Cal. Rptr. 3d 190 ( 2013 )

Filed 12/6/13
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H038703
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. C1103705)
v.
MANUEL ALFRED ROCHA,
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury convicted defendant Manuel Alfred Rocha of residential burglary and
interfering with a police officer based on evidence that he entered a homeowner’s garage
and carried away an impact wrench belonging to the homeowner. On appeal his chief
contention is that the court erred in admitting evidence of a 2009 burglary, also of a
residential garage, to show that defendant committed the present burglary with the
requisite larcenous intent. Defendant contends that the circumstances of the earlier
burglary were too dissimilar from the charged offense for it to possess substantial
probative value, and that its potential for prejudice preponderated over whatever
probative value it might have. He also contends, and respondent concedes, that the trial
court overstated the time to be deducted from defendant’s credit for presentence
confinement due to a contemporaneous parole hold. We will direct a modification of the
judgment to award additional credit, but will otherwise affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
Around 8:00 on the morning of Saturday, March 26, 2011, Gilberto Gonzales, as
was his custom, opened the door of the garage attached to his San Jose home. The garage
was used to do laundry as well as to store personal property, including many tools
Mr. Gonzalez owned for working on cars and in construction. He usually left the door
open when he was home. Toward noon he drove to the auto parts store.1 A few minutes
later, his wife Denise and daughter Bianka stepped out of the house to have a smoke.2
Almost as soon as they did, Bianka heard a noise in the garage. Bianka described the
sound as “[l]ike going through things; making noises, closing and opening doors,” also
“like people scattering things, opening drawers.” She thought the noises were being
made by her father, which was odd because he had “just left.” Meanwhile Denise saw
the “shadow of a person” in the corner of the garage. She too thought her husband had
returned, so she went back into the house on the way to the back yard, because her
husband did not like smoking in front of the house.
Bianka reentered the house and opened a door connecting into the garage,
apparently expecting to see her father. Instead she saw defendant, a complete stranger,
standing about 10 feet away, “opening drawers.” He turned to look at her; neither of
them spoke. According to Denise, Bianka called out that someone other than her father
was present. She ran to the phone and called 911. While on the phone, she went out the
front of the house and saw defendant emerge from the garage and walk down the
driveway and then the street. He appeared to be holding a bulky boxlike object to his
chest, apparently wrapped in a sweater or jacket. He was walking slowly. He seemed
1
Mr. Gonzales initially thought it might have been around 9:00 in the morning,
but agreed that it “might have been” more like 11:30 a.m., which is apparently more
consistent with police dispatch records.
2
Denise testified that she stepped outside alone.
2
“calm, cool, collected.” He also struck her as “disorientated,” though she could not
describe this impression more particularly. She thought he was on drugs. She was
familiar with people who use methamphetamine and had seen them under its influence,
though she had no formal training in its effects.
Bianka described the intruder to the 911 operator, who relayed it in turn to San
Jose Police Officer Cooley, who was patrolling in the area. Within 10 minutes, he saw
defendant—who matched the description—in a trailer park a few blocks from the
Gonzalez home. Defendant was carrying a black case resembling a lunch pail. Officer
Cooley followed him into the mobile home park. When defendant saw him, he froze, and
then—disregarding Officer Cooley’s command to stop—bolted, dropping the case to the
ground. Additional officers were summoned to surround and search the mobile home
park. About an hour later, they found defendant standing inside a metal shed. In the shed
they also found a pair of pliers and a screwdriver. Officer Cooley did not perceive
defendant as “disorientated,” confused, paranoid, hallucinating, delusional, or exhibiting
other physical or mental signs of being under the influence of methamphetamine. From
Officer Cooley’s experience, defendant “had the loo[k] of like he was caught.”
About 15 minutes after defendant was captured, San Jose Police Officer Vela
brought Bianka to the mobile home park for an in-field showup. She saw defendant
standing by a police car in handcuffs. She apparently identified him as the man she had
seen in the garage.3
3
Although one of the prosecutor’s questions to Bianka obliquely assumed that
she had in fact identified the suspect as the man she saw in the garage, the prosecutor
neglected to directly ask her whether that was the case. Officer Vela was asked, “[D]id
Ms. Gonzales provide you any identification,” to which he answered, “Yes.” But when
he was asked, “What did she say,” his answer, as transcribed, was this: “[W]hen I asked
her if that was the individual that we were detaining? And her immediate response was,
yeah, that’s him.” Whether or not this was his actual testimony, the jury could
reasonably infer from the evidence as a whole that Bianka identified defendant as the
man she saw in the garage.
3
Defendant was taken into custody by San Jose Police Officer Jennings, who had
arrived at the scene of the capture almost immediately after it occurred. Defendant
initially refused to identify himself to Officer Jennings, but did so after the officer
explained that since he was going to be fingerprinted and identified anyway, he should
“just avoid the delay and let us know who you are.”4 Maybe 10 to 15 minutes elapsed
between his initial refusal and the yielding of his identity. During this time he sat in the
back of Officer Jennings’s patrol car. He seemed calm and resigned, exhibiting no signs
of mental or emotional upset. The same was true during the 10 minutes it took Officer
Jennings to drive him to the “preprocessing center,” and once there, throughout the
officer’s questions about things like his address and occupation. Nor did he exhibit any
untoward behaviors while a phlebotomist took a blood sample. In total Officer Jennings
spent perhaps four hours in defendant’s presence. Defendant might have exhibited some
symptoms consistent with methamphetamine intoxication, but the officer did not see
anything that would have led him to charge defendant with being under the influence. In
particular, defendant had dry mouth, but while this was consistent with present
methamphetamine use, it could also be explained by past or chronic use, or the use of
other drugs. Methamphetamine remains detectable in the blood for 24 hours after
ingestion and in the urine for four days.
The case defendant had abandoned contained a tool variously referred to in the
record as an impact wrench or drill. Officers showed this to Mr. Gonzalez, who said it
was his. He said the pliers were not his. He initially identified the screwdriver as his.
But when it was shown to him at trial, he denied that it was his.
4
Defense counsel twice asked questions insinuating that defendant might have
professed to be unable to remember his name. However, no evidence to that effect was
adduced.
4
After the incident it appeared that several things in the garage had been moved,
presumably by the intruder. A bike, normally kept near a washer and dryer along the
back wall of the garage, had been left near the main garage door. The bike was not
functional, having a broken chain. A “TV screen box,” also previously located near the
back of the garage, was found next to the bike. Some tools normally kept on top of a
desk or dresser near the center of the garage had been scattered, and various cabinets and
drawers were open.
It was stipulated that a blood sample drawn from defendant about 2:45 p.m. on
March 26th, 2011, tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine.
A search incident to defendant’s arrest yielded a Costco membership card in the
name of Curtis Pembrook. Mr. Pembrook testified that the card had been in his wallet
when the wallet and his cell phone were taken from his car by persons unknown while the
car was parked in front of his home on the morning of February 17, 2011.
Defendant was charged with (1) first degree burglary of an inhabited dwelling
house (Pen. Code, §§ 459, 460, subd. (a)), with an allegation that the house was occupied
at the time of the burglary (id., § 667.5, subd. (c)(21)); (2) receiving stolen property (Pen.
Code, § 496, subd. (a)); and (3) obstructing an officer (Pen. Code, § 148 , subd. (a)(1)).
It was further alleged, by way of enhancement and to establish ineligibility for probation,
that defendant had previously been convicted of first-degree burglary and of grand theft,
and that he was on both parole and probation when he committed the charged offenses.
The jury found defendant guilty of first-degree burglary and obstructing an officer,
but not guilty of receiving stolen property. Defendant made a motion to strike his prior
conviction for first-degree burglary under People v. Romero (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 497. The
court granted the motion for reasons stated in a written decision. The court sentenced
defendant to the lower term of two years, plus a five-year enhancement under Penal Code
5
section 667, subdivision (a). The court allowed credit for presentence confinement of
376 actual days plus 49 days conduct credit. Defendant filed this timely appeal.
DISCUSSION
I. Evidence of Prior Burglary
A. Background
Prior to trial the prosecutor moved to admit, and defendant moved to exclude,
evidence of a 2009 burglary in which defendant was found to have stolen two pairs of
speakers from a residential garage in Gilroy. The trial court ruled that evidence of the
prior burglary was admissible to show that defendant possessed the intent to steal when
he entered the Gonzalez garage. The court observed that both crimes “involv[ed] single
family residences, entering through an open garage door, taking property from the
garage.” In addition, both offenses “occur[red] during the daytime when the resident was
home.” “All these factors,” the court found, “support a strong inference that the
defendant probably harbored the same intent in each instance.” The court further found
that the evidence possessed substantial probative value that was “not substantially
[out]weighed by any prejudicial effect, nor would it require undue consumption of time,
nor is it likely to confuse the issues or mislead the jury.” Accordingly, the court
concluded, “the uncharged theft related offense may be admitted to prove intent.”
At trial Michael Loebs testified that in the early afternoon of November 13, 2009,
he noticed a van driving slowly up and down the street in front of his Gilroy home.5 He
worked in loss prevention, and the van’s behavior made him suspicious. He went out of
the house and got into his car where he watched a man whom he “knew didn’t belong
there” going in and out of the garage attached to the home of his neighbor, Michael
Johnson. He was unable to identify defendant as the man at trial, but at the time of the
5
So he first testified. When asked on cross-examination whether the van was
“driving back and forth on your street,” he said, “It was driving in one direction.”
6
event he described the man as an adult Hispanic male. He saw the man make four of five
trips from the garage to the van, carrying items including two speakers and a gray box.
He took down the van’s plate number. A couple minutes after the man left, Mr. Johnson
arrived and Mr. Loebs asked him if somebody was supposed to be going through his
garage grabbing stuff. Johnson checked his garage, then called 911. Perhaps 15 minutes
later, an officer arrived and drove Mr. Loebs to a location about three blocks away, where
he identified defendant as the intruder. He also identified a van as the one driven by the
intruder. He later learned that the name of the intruder was Manuel Rocha.
Michael Johnson testified that a night or two before November 13, 2009, a
washing machine had flooded his garage, forcing him and his family to remove
everything from the garage and dispose of items, such as carpet, that were ruined. In the
early afternoon of November 13, he went to the hardware store to work on some shelving
that had been made accessible by the evacuation. He left the garage door open. Before
he returned he got a phone call from a neighbor asking if he had hired someone to haul
material out of his garage. He raced home to check on his sick daughter, whom he had
left there alone, and then he called the police. Later he went to where the intruder had
been apprehended, and he recognized a grey box containing Polk Audio speakers and a
white box containing Pioneer speakers, both of which were items he had moved earlier
that day.
Defendant had been apprehended while driving a van about seven minutes after
the Johnson burglary was reported, and six to eight blocks from its location, by Gilroy
Police Officer Basuino.6 Mr. Johnson came to the scene and identified two speaker boxes
6
The name appears as “Basuino” in the reporter’s transcript’s table of contents
and throughout the clerk’s transcript. When defense counsel asked the witness how to
pronounce his name, the answer (as transcribed) was “Bas-suino.” This did not deter the
reporter from rendering the name throughout his testimony and closing argument as
“Bausino.”
7
in the van as his. At some point defendant told Officer Basuino that “he buys tools cheap
and resells them.”7
It was stipulated that defendant was charged with first degree burglary in
connection with the 2009 incident and was convicted of that charge in June 2010 on a
plea of no contest.
The jury was instructed that if it found defendant had committed the 2009
burglary, it could “consider that evidence for the limited purpose of deciding whether or
not the defendant acted with the intent to commit theft in this case.” (See CALCRIM
No. 375.) It was told to consider the degree of similarity between the two offenses in
evaluating this evidence. (Id.) It was told not to consider the evidence for any other
purpose, and not to conclude that defendant had a bad character or criminal disposition.
(Id.) Finally, it was told that the evidence was not sufficient by itself to establish the
requisite intent. (Id.)
B. Section 1101
“Character evidence, sometimes described as evidence of propensity or disposition
to engage in a specific conduct, is generally inadmissible to prove a person’s conduct on
a specified occasion. (Evid.Code, § 1101, subd. (a).) Evidence that a person committed
a crime, civil wrong, or other act may be admitted, however, not to prove a person’s
predisposition to commit such an act, but rather to prove some other material fact, such as
that person’s intent or identity. (Id., § 1101, subd. (b).) We review the trial court’s
decision whether to admit evidence, including evidence of the commission of other
crimes, for abuse of discretion. [Citation.]” (People v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 804,
841.)
7
The court granted a defense motion to exclude evidence that defendant had a
number of used tools in the van and that when Officer Basuino first contacted him,
defendant volunteered the statement, “Is this about the tools?”
8
Here the evidence of the 2009 burglary was offered on the rationale that it tended
to establish the requisite mental element for the charged burglary, i.e., that when
defendant entered the Gonzales garage he possessed the intent to steal. (See Pen. Code,
§ 459 [defining burglary as entry into specified structure or area “with intent to commit
grand or petit larceny or any felony”].) Numerous decisions have upheld the admission
of prior burglaries on a similar rationale when, as here, a defendant contests the
sufficiency of the prosecution evidence to establish the required intent. (See People v.
Harris, supra, 57 Cal. 4th 804, 842 [evidence of prior burglary admissible to show
larcenous intent where “[i]n both cases, defendant entered a woman’s dwelling within
walking distance of his own apartment at night, and stole several items”; defendant’s
commission of earlier burglary “supports the reasonable inference that he also intended to
steal from [second victim’s] apartment”]; People v. Delgado (1992) 10 Cal. App. 4th
1837, 1846 [prosecutor was properly allowed to ask questions designed to show prior
burglary resembling charged offense in that both involved entry through a window, theft
of a VCR in payment of a debt, and asportation of VCR and jewelry in a pillowcase];
People v. Wilson (1991) 227 Cal. App. 3d 1210, 1216-1217 [where defendant claimed to
have entered acquaintance’s residence to wait for her, while intoxicated on alcohol and
drugs, evidence of earlier burglary conviction involving similar circumstances and excuse
was properly admitted as evidence of larcenous intent]; People v. Nible (1988) 200
Cal. App. 3d 838, 846-850 [where defendant introduced evidence of extreme intoxication
at time of entry into victim’s bedroom through window, court properly admitted evidence
of earlier intrusions through bedroom windows with apparent intent to commit sex
offenses]; People v. Dowdy (1975) 50 Cal. App. 3d 180, 188 [in prosecution for burglaries
of jewelry and pet stores, evidence of prior burglary of clothing store was properly
admitted to show defendant’s larcenous intent; facts were “strikingly similar”]; People v.
Enos (1973) 34 Cal. App. 3d 25, 36-37 [where defendant claimed to be looking for
9
someone when surprised in garage by homeowner, and defendant placed intent in issue at
trial by claiming to have been looking for a friend, prosecution was properly allowed to
adduce evidence of prior conviction for possessing property stolen from two residential
garages, plus incident where defendant was found prowling around residence and
professed to be looking for friend]; People v. Curcio (1967) 255 Cal. App. 2d 183, 185-
186 [in prosecution for burglary arising from theft of radios from distributor’s warehouse,
trial court properly admitted evidence of prior theft from another radio distributor’s
warehouse using similar technique]; People v. Romero (1966) 244 Cal. App. 2d 495, 498-
500 [evidence of three previous burglaries properly admitted where defendant claimed
that he was too intoxicated to form intent necessary for burglary]; People v. Rosenfield
(1966) 243 Cal. App. 2d 60, 68-69 [where defendants testified that they entered victim’s
apartment solely to recover funds he had stolen from one of them after she performed act
of prostitution, trial court properly allowed evidence of previous incident in which that
defendant’s solicitation of act of prostitution led to armed robbery by other defendant],
disapproved on another point in People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 312, 381-382;
People v. Kerns (1955) 134 Cal. App. 2d 110, 114 [where defendant denied larcenous
intent and attributed presence in store to inveiglement by mysterious female, trial court
properly admitted evidence of prior attempted break-in which defendant also attributed to
encounter with mysterious female]; People v. Bonilla (1932) 124 Cal. App. 212, 215
[evidence of prior burglary of dry goods store properly admitted to rebut defendant’s
denial of knowledge that goods he hauled away from service station were stolen].)
Defendant contends that the two incidents here were not sufficiently similar to
justify the inference held permissible in cases such as the foregoing. He asserts that the
trial court’s stated finding of “several” similarities rests on “the parsing of a single factor
into multiple parts.” The question, however, is not the number of points of similarity but
their logical relevance to establish the mental element of the charged offense. The
10
rationale for introducing uncharged misconduct to show intent has been said to be that
“ ‘if a person acts similarly in similar situations, he probably harbors the same intent in
each instance’ . . . . The inference to be drawn is not that the actor is disposed to commit
such acts; instead, the inference to be drawn is that, in light of the first event, the actor, at
the time of the second event, must have had the intent attributed to him by the
prosecution.” (People v. Robbins (1988) 45 Cal. 3d 867, 879 (Robbins).) This inference
in turn depends on “ ‘the doctrine of chances—the instinctive recognition of that logical
process which eliminates the element of innocent intent by multiplying instances of the
same result until it is perceived that this element cannot explain them all. Without
formulating any accurate test, and without attempting by numerous instances to secure
absolute certainty of inference, the mind applies this rough and instinctive process of
reasoning, namely, that an unusual and abnormal element might perhaps be present in
one instance, but that the oftener similar instances occur with similar results, the less
likely is the abnormal element likely to be the true explanation of them. [¶] . . . In short,
similar results do not usually occur through abnormal causes; and the recurrence of a
similar result (here in the shape of an unlawful act) tends (increasingly with each
instance) to negative accident or inadvertence or self-defense or good faith or other
innocent mental state, and tends to establish (provisionally, at least, though not certainly)
the presence of the normal, i.e., criminal, intent accompanying such an act; and the force
of each additional instance will vary in each kind of offense according to the probability
that the act could be repeated, within a limited time and under given circumstances, with
an innocent intent.’ ” (Id. at pp. 879-880, quoting 2 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev.
1979) § 302, p. 241; see Imwinkelried, The Use of Evidence of an Accused’s Uncharged
Misconduct to Prove Mens Rea: The Doctrines Which Threaten to Engulf the Character
Evidence Prohibition (1990) 51 Ohio St. L. J. 575, 593 (Uncharged Misconduct).)
11
Professor Imwinkelried, upon whose treatise the Supreme Court relied in Robbins,
supra, 45 Cal.3d at pages 879-880, has suggested that the intermediate inference
justifying proof of intent by evidence of uncharged misconduct is “the objective
improbability of the accused’s innocent involvement in so many similar incidents.”
(Imwindelrid, supra, at p. 594, fn. omitted.) In his view, such an inference is supportable
only if three threshold criteria are satisfied: (1) each uncharged incident must be
“roughly similar to the charged crime” (id. at p. 595, italics omitted); (2) counting both
charged and uncharged incidents, the accused must have been “involved in such events
more frequently than the typical person” (id. at p. 597, italics omitted); and (3) the
existence of mens rea “must be in bona fide dispute,” such that the prosecution has “a
legitimate need to resort to the uncharged misconduct evidence to prove intent” (id. at p.
598, italics omitted).
Here we have no difficulty in concluding that all three of these criteria were
satisfied. First, the trial court could quite properly find the charged and uncharged
offenses materially similar in that both involved defendant’s nonconsensual entry into
residential garages belonging to complete strangers, the doors of which garages had been
left open. Defendant asserts that these similarities were negated by differences between
the two incidents: “In the prior case, Mr. Rocha was in a vehicle, he drove by the
residence more than once before stopping and entering the garage, and he took stereo
components while ignoring the tools that were in the garage. When contacted by the
police, he did not evade and was cooperative. In this case, Mr. Rocha was on foot, took
tools and appeared to be prepared to take a bicycle, attempted to avoid the police and was
uncooperative.” None of these distinctions defeats the extraordinary circumstance of
having twice entered strangers’ garages and carried away property belonging to them.
Under Professor Imwinkelried’s analytical framework, the events need only be “roughly
12
similar,” i.e., similar enough to make it unlikely that each, or any, of them occurred
innocently. The two incidents at issue here meet this criterion.
Professor Imwinkelried’s second factor—extraordinary frequency—gives us some
pause, for we are concerned with only one uncharged incident, making two incidents in
total. But the Supreme Court has rejected the proposition that the doctrine of chances
cannot justify admission of a single incident of uncharged misconduct, stating, “We agree
with the Oregon Supreme Court that ‘no categorical statement can be made one way or
the other. Depending upon the circumstances of the case, sometimes one prior similar act
will be sufficient . . . . A simple, unremarkable single instance of prior conduct probably
will not qualify, but a complex act requiring several steps, particularly premeditated, may
well qualify. These decisions must be made case-by-case . . . .’ ” (Robbins, supra, at
pages 880-881, fn. 5, quoting State v. Johns (1986) 301 Or. 535 [725 P.2d 312, 324].)
Neither of the incidents here may have been a particularly “complex act,” but both were
sufficiently remarkable to trigger an inference that neither could have been innocent.
Moreover, they occurred within two years of each other, and even one such entry is more
than a “typical person” would be likely to make in a lifetime. And while the
circumstances of the second, charged entry do not affirmatively suggest “premeditation,”
the circumstances of the first entry—defendant’s apparent reconnoitering of the
neighborhood—do indeed raise such an inference.
As for Professor Imwinkelried’s third factor—a bona fide dispute as to the mental
element of the charged offense—defendant certainly put that issue into controversy. His
entire defense was that the prosecution had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
he entered the Gonzales garage with larcenous intent. Defense counsel argued to the jury
that defendant “could have been a homeless drug user, looking for a place for shelter,
respite or suffering from delusions or paranoia [induced by methamphetamine use] . . . .
It is quite possible that Mr. Rocha . . . as a drug user, . . . saw an open garage and looked
13
for a place for shelter.” Later he said, “Mr. Rocha may have been high, compromised,
confused, hearing voices, delusional, not knowing where he was or where he was or who
he was when he entered that garage.” Consistent with this theory, the jury was instructed
that it could consider the effects of voluntary intoxication in determining whether the
prosecution had satisfied its “burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant acted with the intent to commit theft.”
We detect no error in the trial court’s ruling that the prior burglary was admissible
under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b).
C. Section 352
Even when evidence of uncharged conduct is otherwise admissible, it must be
excluded if its probative value is outweighed by its potential to prejudice the factfinder
against a party, to confuse the issues, or to consume undue amounts of time. (Evid.
Code, § 352; People v. Mungia (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 1101, 1130.) The trial court’s decision
to admit evidence over an objection on this ground is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
(See People v. Harris, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 842.)
In a flight of hyperbole, defendant characterizes the evidence here as “highly
inflammatory.” Evidence may be fairly so characterized only when it might be expected
to outrage the jurors’ sensibilities, i.e., to so “inflame” their sentiments as to render them
incapable of objectively evaluating the evidence before them. The evidence here could
hardly have that effect. It was about as innocuous as evidence of uncharged crimes can
ever be. No one was injured or even threatened with injury in either case. In both
instances, defendant simply strolled into an open garage, took some property, and left.
The nearest suggestion to any kind of threat or menace was the alarm Bianka Gonzales
must have felt when she opened the door into the garage and saw a complete stranger
rummaging through her father’s tools. This is hardly the stuff of which inflamed
sentiments are made.
14
Nor does defendant identify anything particularly prejudicial about the evidence
here. He therefore falls back on the threat of prejudice inherent in all evidence of
uncharged misconduct. He cites a recent decision by this court in which we
acknowledged that in view of this inherent risk, such evidence may be admitted “ ‘only if
[it has] substantial probative value.’ ” (People v. Lopez (2011) 198 Cal. App. 4th 698,
715, quoting People v. Foster (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 1301, 1331.) But as we also noted there,
a substantial part of the risk said to be inherent in such evidence is that it “breeds a
‘tendency to condemn, not because [the defendant] is believed guilty of the present
charge, but because he has escaped unpunished from other offences [sic] . . . .’ ” (Ibid.)
The court obviated this risk here when it informed the jury, by stipulation, that defendant
had been charged with burglary as a result of the 2009 incident “and was convicted of the
same on June 29th, 2010, after defendant plead [sic] no contest to the charge.”
At the same time, the court could quite reasonably conclude, as it manifestly did,
that the evidence possessed substantial probative value in responding to the defense
theory, which depended on raising a substantial possibility that defendant had entered the
garage in a bewildered state and had decided to steal something, if at all, only after
finding himself there. In an attempt to lend substance to these possibilities, the defense
elicited testimony from a county criminalist that a “chronic user of methamphetamine,
over time . . . can have paranoia and delusion.” An example of such paranoia might be
where a person talking to a methamphetamine user puts a hand in a pocket and the user,
thinking a knife or gun is being drawn, strikes the person. The user may thus
“misunderstand, misinterpret or over-react to things around them.” A delusion, in turn, is
“a strong feeling about, something that is not really true or despite of the evidence that
what he believes is not true.” (So transcribed.) An example would be an insistence that
the earth is flat, “something totally off the wall type of belief because of what is going on
in the brain.” A methamphetamine user’s thoughts may be “confused and disorganized.”
15
Counsel also cited the testimony of Bianka Gonzales that defendant struck her as
disoriented and that she thought he was on drugs.
Based on this evidence, defense counsel asked the jury to entertain the possibility
that defendant had wandered into the Gonzales garage in a state of drug-induced
befuddlement, perhaps “looking for a place for shelter, respite or suffering from delusions
or paranoia.” The evidence that he had, on another occasion, entered a garage with a
preexisting intent to steal tended strongly, through the doctrine of chances, to controvert
this hypothesis. A drug-addled wanderer might stray into a stranger’s garage for a first
time; but if he has previously entered such a garage for purposes of theft, and has been
apprehended and punished for such conduct, he is hardly likely to do it again with
innocent intent, however bewildered he may be. In a sense the defense theory may be
characterized as one of mistake, i.e., defendant entered the garage without understanding
what he was doing, and thus without the intent to steal, or any other objectively coherent
intent. The fact that he had previously engaged in identical conduct with larcenous intent
did not conclusively refute this hypothesis; but that was not required. All that was
required was that the fact of the prior burglary have a substantial tendency in reason to
establish that defendant entered the garage with knowledge of what he was doing and
with intent to do the only objectively advantageous thing he could do there: steal
something valuable, as he had done before in another garage That at any rate was an
inference the jury could reasonably draw, and one for which the prosecution was entitled
to lay the evidentiary foundation. Its probative value arose from the very theory
proffered by the defense.
Defendant suggests that the prejudicial potential of the evidence was unnecessarily
heightened by the manner of its presentation, i.e., the prosecutor was permitted to
“virtually retry” the earlier case by presenting three witnesses to that incident. No
alternative method of proving the relevant facts has been suggested here or below. Nor
16
does defendant otherwise elaborate upon this suggestion. We therefore pass it without
further consideration.
Defendant complains of the fact that evidence concerning the 2009 burglary “was
not presented in a discrete portion of the prosecution’s case, but . . . piecemeal[,] with
testimony concerning other events occurring between witnesses describing the prior
burglary.” No attempt is made to build a syllogistic argument on this fact, but defendant
goes on to note the trial court’s obligation to “consider not only the lack of particular
probative value but also facts showing that the use of the evidence could confuse the jury
and overly complicate the issues at trial.” He acknowledges the court’s express finding
that these factors did not warrant exclusion of the evidence, but he implies that the court
should have explained that finding in more detail. The court was under no obligation to
do so. In any event, having reviewed the whole record with some care, we see no
significant risk that the evidence as presented confused the jury, or otherwise diverted it
from the proper discharge of its duties.
Defendant alludes to testimony by the officer who arrested him for the 2009
burglary that defendant made a comment at that time reflecting his familiarity with the
fact that used tools could be profitably sold. This is not charged as a separate error but
apparently offered to substantiate defendant’s claims of undue prejudice. We fail to see
how it can have that effect. The trial court carefully limited the testimony so as to convey
nothing more than defendant’s familiarity with the possibility of profitably selling used
tools. This was obviously relevant to motive, which in turn supported an inference of
intent. We again decline to discuss in depth an argument defendant has not troubled to
articulate.
We find no error under state law in the court’s admission of the evidence of the
2009 burglary.
17
D. Due Process
Finally, defendant contends that admission of the evidence of the 2009 burglary
violated his right to due process. In the one federal case he cites where such a conclusion
was reached, the court found that the evidence of uncharged misconduct had served no
legitimate purpose and thus operated only to invite an “impermissible propensity
inference.” (McKinney v. Rees (1993) 993 F.2d 1378, 1383.)8 Here, as we have noted,
the evidence was relevant to support a legitimate incriminating inference independent of
any consideration of propensity. The cited case therefore provides no ground for
reversal.
Defendant also cites People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal. 4th 428, 435, for the
proposition that “a trial court’s improper application of Evidence Code section 352 may
also rise to the level of a due process violation.” What the court actually held there was
that after a defendant’s Evidence Code section 352 objection had been overruled, he
could—despite failing to mention the due process clause in the trial court as a separate
ground of objection—“make a very narrow due process argument on appeal,” i.e., “that
the asserted error in admitting the evidence over his Evidence Code section 352 objection
had the additional legal consequence of violating due process.” (Ibid.) The holding of
8
Defendant also cites Michelson v. United States (1948) 335 U.S. 469, 475-476,
for the proposition that “[w]hen no permissible inference may be drawn from the
misconduct evidence, the error transcends mere evidentiary error and violates the
constitutional proscription against trial by character assassination.” We reject this
interpretation of the cited decision, in which Justice Jackson declared much of the thicket
of common-law rules then governing the introduction of character evidence to be
“archaic, paradoxical and full of compromises and compensations by which an irrational
advantage to one side is offset by a poorly reasoned counter-privilege to the other.” (Id.
at p. 486.) The court nonetheless declined to modify this “grotesque structure” by
“pull[ing] one misshapen stone out of” it. (Ibid.) The court therefore affirmed a
conviction in which the prosecution had been allowed to ask character witnesses, called
by the defendant, whether they knew about a prior conviction that the Court of Appeals
found too remote and dissimilar to have any rational bearing on the case.
18
that case cannot come into play unless the Evidence Code section 352 objection was
overruled in error. Here we have concluded that the court did not err by overruling the
objection. Therefore no due process claim can be predicated on the holding of Partida.
Defendant’s final argument is that the asserted error in admitting this evidence was
prejudicial. It is of course unnecessary to reach this question in view of our
determination that no error occurred. We do wish to acknowledge, however, defendant’s
concern that the jury “struggled with the issue of intent,” thus indicating the critical role
of that question in its verdict. It would hardly be surprising if the jury focused on this
issue, since it was essentially the only ground of defense. But the evidence cited by
defendant indicates that insofar as the jury “struggled” with this issue, it was dealing with
the legal parameters of burglarious intent and not their application to the evidence
presented. Thus the jury foreperson did submit an inquiry to the court expressing
“confus[ion] about ‘intent to commit burglary.’ ”9 But the note referred to an instruction
which, as originally given, invited confusion on this subject by enumerating the elements
of theft as if they were elements of burglary—which of course they could not be, since
burglary does not require a completed theft but only an entry with intent to steal. 10 In
9
The note read, “We are confused about ‘intent to commit burglary.’ According
to Penal Code 459 [which was referenced in the relevant instruction], items 1 through 4
must be satisfied to convict. In addition the 1st sentence after items 1-4 says, ‘A burglary
was committed if the defendant entered with the intent to commit theft.’ Is this last
sentence a fifth condition of burglary? Both the prosecutor and the defendant’s attorney
said that burglary is committed when the defendant intends to steal as he crosses
threshold. Please clarify.”
10
The written instruction, CALCRIM No. 1700, was available to the jury during
deliberations. It stated:
“The defendant is charged in Count 1 with burglary in violation of Penal Code
section 459.
“To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that:
19
response to the jurors’ question, the court furnished them with a new instruction,
directing them to substitute it for the original instruction and to “[d]isregard the old
instruction . . . in its entirety.” The new instruction clarified that the elements of theft
were relevant only to determining whether defendant “intended to commit theft,” and not
as elements of the offense in their own right.
“1. The defendant entered a building;
“AND
“2. When he entered a building, he intended to commit theft.
“To decide whether the defendant intended to commit theft, the People must prove
that:
“1. The defendant took possession of property owned by someone else;
“2. The defendant took the property without the owner’s or owner’s agent’s
consent;
“3. When the defendant took the property he intended to deprive the owner of it
permanently or to remove it from the owner’s or owner’s agent’s possession for so
extended a period of time that the owner would be deprived of a major portion of the
value or enjoyment of the property;
“AND
“4. The defendant moved the property, even a small distance, and kept it for any
period of time, however brief.
“A burglary was committed if the defendant entered with the intent to commit
theft. The defendant does not need to have actually committed theft as long as he entered
with the intent to do so. The People do not have to prove that the defendant actually
committed theft.
“Under the law of burglary, a person enters a building if some part of his or her
body or some object under his or her control penetrates the area inside the building's
outer boundary.”
20
The record provides no basis to suppose that the jurors’ “confusion” about the
intent element had any bearing at all on its evaluation of the defense theory. So far as the
record shows, the jury sought clarification only because the original instruction conflated
the element of intent, which was necessary to convict, with the elements of a completed
theft, which was not.
II. Presentence Custody Credits
Defendant contends that the trial court shortchanged him on credit for presentence
confinement by denying credit for the entire period he was also subject to a parole hold.
Defendant contends that 41 days of this time were solely attributable to the conduct
underlying the present charges, and therefore seeks additional credit of 41 actual days and
6 days conduct, for a total of 47 days. Respondent concedes the point. We accept the
concession. The crucial premise, which respondent concedes, is that under the governing
guidelines, “only 9 months of the 12-month parole term could have been based on the
absconding charge,” such that “3 months of the term must have been solely attributable to
the burglary offense.” Since defendant was released from the parole term after serving
166 days, a proportionate fraction of that time—one-quarter, or 41 days—must be
attributed solely to the burglary charge. We will direct a modification of the judgment
accordingly.
DISPOSITION
The trial court is directed to modify the abstract of judgment to reflect an
additional 41 days credit for actual time in presentence confinement, plus 6 days conduct
credit. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.
21
______________________________________
RUSHING, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
PREMO, J.
____________________________________
ELIA, J.
People v. Rocha
H038703
22
Trial Court: Santa Clara County
Superior Court No.: C1103705
Trial Judge: The Honorable Teresa Guerrero-Daley
Attorney for Defendant and Appellant David S. Adams
Manuel Alfred Rocha: under appointment by the Court
of Appeal for Appellant
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Respondent Kamala D. Harris
The People: Attorney General
Dane R. Gillette,
Chief Assistant Attorney General
Gerald A. Engler,
Senior Assistant Attorney General
Seth K. Schalit,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Leif M. Dautch,
Deputy Attorney General
People v. Rocha
H038703
23