Citizens for a Green San Mateo v. San Mateo County Community College District , 173 Cal. Rptr. 3d 47 ( 2014 )

Filed 6/17/14
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
CITIZENS FOR A GREEN SAN MATEO,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A137612
v.
SAN MATEO COUNTY COMMUNITY (San Mateo County
COLLEGE DISTRICT ET AL., Super. Ct. No. CIV 506800)
Defendants and Appellants.
In this action under the California Environmental Quality Act (Pub. Resources
Code, §21000 et seq. (CEQA)),1 San Mateo County Community College District and San
Mateo County College District Board of Trustees (collectively District2) appeal from the
judgment granting the petition for a writ of mandate brought by Citizens for a Green San
Mateo (Citizens), challenging the District’s approval of a mitigated negative declaration
for the College of San Mateo (CSM) Facilities Improvement Project (the Project). The
Project involves the renovation, demolition and/or new construction of numerous
buildings, as well as renovation of parking lots, pedestrian walkways, and vehicle
circulation. Citizens contends the District violated CEQA when it removed trees on the
hillsides surrounding the CSM campus, alleging that the “clear-cutting” of more than 200
1
Unspecified section references refer to the Public Resources Code. Unspecified
references to “Guidelines” are to the California Code of Regulations, title 14, section
15000 et seq. These guidelines “ ‘are entitled to great weight and should be respected by
the courts unless they are clearly erroneous or unauthorized.’ [Citation.]” (Fall River
Wild Trout Foundation v. County of Shasta (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 482, 490.)
2
Where appropriate, we shall differentiate between the District and the Board of
Trustees (Board).
1
mature trees was outside the scope of the Project. The District argues, among other
things, that Citizens’ challenge is untimely. Finding Citizens’ action is barred under the
applicable statute of limitations, we reverse.
I. BACKGROUND
The District, established in 1922, owns and operates three public community
colleges in San Mateo County, including CSM, Skyline College, and Ca᷈nada College.
The CSM campus is situated on 153 acres on a hilltop in the City of San Mateo, and is
classified as “Urban and Built-Up Land” by the Department of Conservation. The City
of Hillsborough is northwest of the CSM campus. No officially designated scenic vistas
are on the CSM campus, and no designated scenic highways are nearby. CSM does,
however, provide “panoramic views of the San Francisco Bay” from some areas of the
campus.
A. The 2006 Facilities Master Plan
In 1999, the District initiated a process to “identify needs for repair/renovation and
new construction projects required to support the current and future instructional needs”
of its three colleges. This process culminated in the 2001 Educational Facilities Master
Plan. In August 2006, the District adopted the 2006 Facilities Master Plan to update the
2001 Educational Plan “as the guiding document for specific facility improvements” at
the District’s three campuses. With funding from the 2005 voter-approved Measure A,
along with various state funds, the District sought to complete the proposed
improvements set forth in the 2006 Facilities Master Plan. The recommended
improvements for each college share the same planning guidelines, which have the goal
of creating physical connections resulting in a cohesive campus concept. Specifically,
the guidelines emphasize the ability of exterior spaces as contributing to the overall
planning structure. “Their quality, character and prominence results from a concentration
of external elements including people, landscape and enclosure.” The guidelines also
encourage the creation of gathering spaces and improved pedestrian and vehicular
circulation. Landscape elements are suggested to create “visual cues to enhance the
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perception and functions around the campus.” Such landscape elements “might be hard
or soft,” “natural or constructed,” and/or “big or small.”
Among the specific recommendations for the CSM campus is the implementation
of “a range of hierarchies of landscape elements as visual cues for understanding and
navigating the campus.” The recommended “landscape components,” included “trees,
furniture, lighting, signage, and surface treatments . . . .” With “the objectives of way-
finding, managing the interface between pedestrian and vehicular circulation” the 2006
Facilities Master Plan “recommends improvements for all parking lots and the Loop
Road.” The Loop Road at CSM is “self-contained,” in that no public traffic uses the
Loop Road as a shortcut to other areas.
The 2006 Facilities Master Plan is attached as appendix A to the Initial Study and
its recommendations are referenced and included as part of the Project’s purpose.
B. The Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration
In December 2006, an Initial Study was prepared for the CSM Project and formed
the basis of the District’s proposed mitigated negative declaration.
1. Project Background
The Initial Study identifies the major goals of the Project as including “the
renovation or replacement of old facilities, demolition of obsolete buildings, improved
access to student support services, modernization of general lecture facilities, creation of
more defined main entrances, improved parking accessibility, and renovation of
outdoor spaces and athletic facilities.” The Project’s proposed improvements, which are
based on the recommendations in the 2006 Facilities Master Plan, include “enhancement
of the campus entries and pedestrian corridors, traffic circulation improvements,
renovation of buildings and parking lots, building demolition, and construction of new
buildings.” The recommended improvements are designed to “enhance and improve the
learning environments of each college and provide first-class facilities and grounds that
stimulate and inspire the students.”
2. Project Description
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The Project “includes several facility improvement projects, including:
enhancement of the campus entrance, pedestrian corridors, and plazas; internal traffic
circulation improvements; renovation of existing buildings; building demolition;
construction of new and or replacement buildings; and renovation and construction of
new parking lots.” With respect to the internal traffic circulation, the Project suggests
that the main Loop Road “could be repaved” and “modified with landscape treatment” to
assist with vehicular crossings and pedestrian safety. (Italics added.)
The Project description includes a list of assumptions and design features
regarding, among other things, the Project boundaries, tree removal, lighting and parking
lot renovations. All proposed improvements are within campus boundaries on property
owned by the District. With respect to tree removal, the Project assumptions and design
features section specifically explains that: “Tree removal could occur [as] a result of
building construction or demolition and would be compensated with the planting of
replacement trees and vegetation around new or renovated buildings and parking lots, at
campus entrances, at the proposed new roundabouts, and within the overall enhanced
landscape design for the campus.” Also, exterior lighting “would be focused onsite,
generally directed downward, and incorporate shielding to prevent fugitive glare.”
Further, to the extent feasible, “luminaire mounts (e.g. light poles, wall fixtures, etc.) with
non-glare finishes would be installed. The height of light standards would be reduced (to
the extent practical) to limit the potential for light backscatter into the nighttime sky, as
well as incidental light spillover. Luminaire intensity would be the minimum necessary
for safety.”
3. Environmental Impacts
The Initial Study analyzed the Project’s potential environmental impacts and
concluded that all potentially significant impacts could be avoided or reduced to a less-
than-significant level with the implementation of various mitigation measures.
a. Aesthetics
In the aesthetics analysis, the Initial Study noted that there are “no officially
designated scenic vistas.” However, it was noted that the Project site has “important
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scenic vistas . . . of the San Francisco Bay.” As such, “[t]he design of the proposed
project would take advantage of the prominent views to enhance the visual quality of the
campus.” Inasmuch as the proposed Project would not adversely affect the scenic
qualities of the campus, the Initial Study concluded there would be no impact on scenic
vistas.
With respect to the visual character of the Project site and surroundings, the
aesthetics analysis noted that the Project “includes construction of new and/or
replacement buildings and parking lots; renovation of existing buildings; demolition of
obsolete buildings; and internal circulation and entrance improvements for the purpose of
visually and functionally improving and modernizing the campus.” (Italics added.) Thus,
the Project “would change the aesthetic” of CSM, but would “not significantly change the
overall visual massing or scale of development at the project site.” Rather, “[c]hanges to
the visual character and to the local landform would be site-specific and would not
detract from the adjacent natural landscapes or panoramic views. The proposed project
could require the removal of mature trees and vegetation. Individual tree removal would
be compensated by planting of replacement trees and vegetation around new and
renovated buildings and parking lots, at campus entrances, and within the overall
enhanced landscape design for the campus.” (Italics added.) The environmental impact
was deemed to be less than significant, as the proposed improvements “would not result
in the substantial degradation of the visual character and quality of the project site or its
surroundings.”
The aesthetics analysis also concluded that there would be a less than significant
impact on lighting and glare issues at CSM.
b. Biological Resources
In the biological resources analysis, the Initial Study notes it is “possible that the
removal of trees and shrubs and demolition of existing structures could result in the loss
of migratory bird nests.” To mitigate these potential impacts, the Initial Study
incorporated “Mitigation Measure Bio-1,” which states that tree removal and structure
demolition “shall take place outside the migratory bird nesting season.” The Initial Study
5
concluded that the impacts on sensitive species would be reduced to less than significant
with mitigation.
In discussing whether the Project would conflict with any tree preservation
policies or ordinances, the Initial Study notes that the Project “would result in the
removal and pruning of an unknown number of trees. Some of these trees may qualify as
heritage trees under the City of San Mateo’s Heritage Tree Ordinance.”3 The Initial
Study further reported: “The District is not required to comply with this ordinance;
however, they would avoid removing or heavily pruning heritage trees when feasible.
Tree plantings that are already proposed as part of the project would mitigate tree
removals that are unavoidable. Consequently, this impact would be less than significant.
No mitigation is required.”
4. Public Hearing
On December 19, 2006, the District published a Notice of Intent (NOI) to adopt
the Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration for the Project. The NOI stated that
the public review period was from December 20, 2006 to January 9, 2007, with the public
hearing for this Project taking place on January 24, 2007. The NOI further advised that a
copy of the Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration, along with the referenced
documents, were available for review at the District and at CSM. During the public
review period, no one from Citizens commented on the Initial Study and Mitigated
Negative Declaration. At the January 24, 2007 public hearing, Trustee Mandelkern
expressed concern that the District was not required to comply with the Heritage Tree
Ordinance, but noted “the number of newly planted trees will be greater than that of
removed trees.” When the Board “opened the Public Hearing and asked if there were
questions or comments from the audience,” no one challenged the adequacy of the Initial
Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration. At the close of the hearing, the Board voted
3
The Initial Study defines heritage trees as follows: 1) “Any tree native to, or
adapted to, climatic conditions of the area (e.g. Oak, Bay, Redwood, Cedar, Buckeye),
having a trunk diameter of ten inches measured at four feet above the ground;” or 2)
“Any tree with a trunk diameter of sixteen inches or more measured at four feet above
ground level[.]”
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unanimously to adopt the Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration. Thereafter,
on February 15, 2007, the District filed a notice of determination (NOD) for the Project
and filed the Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration (hereafter IS/MND) with
the San Mateo County Clerk.
C. CSM’s North Gateway Project Chronology
The IS/MND disclosed that “individual projects that make up the [CSM] [P]roject
would occur . . . within the timeframe of January 1, 2007 to January 15, 2012.” The
numerous individual projects disclosed and studied in the IS/MND included various plans
for the northern part of the CSM campus, including demolition of Buildings 21 through
29, renovation and expansion of Parking Lots 9, 10, and 11, and associated lighting,
circulation improvements and landscaping changes including tree removal. These
improvements later became known as the “North Gateway Project.”
1. Initial Design
At a June 2008 project meeting regarding the proposed improvements in the North
Gateway, several attendees discussed the surrounding tree coverage; this meeting was not
open to the public. CSM President Mike Claire raised the issue of having a “[h]aunted
forest vs. enchanted forest.” And, he suggested that they “[t]rim/thin [t]rees to frame
views.” While District Chancellor Ron Galatolo, commented that the attendees should
“[t]hink about removing trees that are not ‘appropriate’ (digger pines, eucalyptus).”
District Executive Director of Construction Planning Linda da Silva noted that the “Fire
Department wants to see fire hazard reduced.” Whereas District Vice Chancellor Jose
Nunez opined the project should “[b]alance shade trees with views [and] [b]e cautious
with root structure.” Finally, another attendee, Kevin Sullivan, noted that they should
“[o]nly leave trees that are healthy and frame views.”
Later that same month, in a public board report dated June 25, 2008, the District
described and reported on the status of two related components of the CSM Project—the
CIP2 Design-Build Project and the North Gateway Project. The CIP2 Design Build
Project was described as a “multi-component project,” involving the demolition of
Buildings 5, 6, 10, 11, and 13, and subsequent replacement of Buildings 5 and 10. This
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project was also to include “major improvements to the exterior areas of the campus.” It
was further noted that “CSM’s campus exterior will be revamped to take advantage of its
idyllic hilltop location.” (Italics added.) Additionally, “[l]andscape improvements will
create hierarchies to define vehicular and accessible pedestrian circulation routes and
manage pedestrian/vehicular interface.” The North Gateway Project was to include
seismic and electrical hazard abatement activities, including the demolition of Buildings
21 to 29, as well as the repair and reconfiguration of the site with accessible pathways,
recreation of parking lots 9 and 10, along with “refreshed landscaping and a
performance/gathering venue in collaboration with the Design-Build Project.” (Italics
added.) Additionally, “load center #4” of the site’s main electrical distribution system
would be replaced and the “creation of new load center #8” would “allow the contractors
to safe off [sic] of the electrical system prior to the demolition of the buildings.” The
District anticipated a two-phase project with the creation of load center 8 planned for
spring 2009 and demolition beginning in spring 2010.
At a September 2, 2008 meeting regarding the North Gateway Project, the District
“directed changes” to the current design, seeking, among other things, to “[e]liminate all
trees in the field of parking–Lots, 9, 10, and 11[,]” and to “[e]liminate the perimeter trees
at Lot 10.” This meeting was not open to the public.
In March 2009, the public was notified about the changes to the North Gateway
portion of the CSM Project. Specifically, the agenda for the March 25, 2009 public
hearing included an item regarding the “Authorization to Augment the Design Build
Contract for [CSM] CIP2 Design Build Project.” The corresponding board report noted
that the District had approved various “contract change orders only after confirming that
each was fair, reasonable, within the project budget, and would bring value to the
project[.]” Among the approved changes were “[s]afety and security upgrades such as
additional parking lot, roadway and walkway lighting; and greatly increased amounts of
tree trimming as requested by the local fire authorities and required to ensure woodland
health in the coming decades.” (Italics added.)
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In a subsequent board report dated June 24, 2009, the District reported that once
construction funding became available, bidding and construction would begin.
Construction of load center 8 would start immediately after bid award.
2. Request for Bids and Project Manual
On September 9 and 16, 2010, the District published newspaper notices notifying
interested members of the public that the District was seeking to award a contract to
complete the “North Gateway Project Phase I: Load Center 8 & Site Wall” portion of the
CSM Project. The work was described as “construction of a new structure to house Load
Center 8, medium voltage electrical work related to Load Centers 4 and 8, and
construction of a hillside retaining site wall, tree removal and pruning.” (Italics added.)
The notice referenced that bid documents were available through the District’s Web site,
the link to which was posted in the notice. The notice also advised that the bid
documents were available at seven “Bay Area plan rooms,” the names and telephone
numbers for these sites were also provided.
Among the bid documents was the “Project Manual,” which had been prepared in
May 2010, and subsequently amended in July 2010, and October 2010. The Project
Manual is a comprehensive guide, containing lengthy contracts and bid specifications.
The Project Manual, at section 01 10 00, contains a summary of the work to be
performed, which is described as the “decommissioning and demolition of Load Center
#4 adjacent to CSM Building 36, and existing transformer and switch gear at the East
entrance to Building 18, installation of new Load Center #8, transformer, and switch gear
in a new enclosure north of Building 18, and installation of concrete site wall at the East
Perimeter Road, located at [CSM]. The [w]ork also comprises tree trimming and/or
removals.” (Italics added.) The Project Manual, at section 01 35 00, also sets forth
“Special Procedures,” which are designed to apprise potential bidders about the project’s
environmental impacts and the required mitigation measures. This section commences
with the following summary: “In compliance with CEQA requirements, the District
conducted an Initial Study to ascertain whether the project might have a significant effect
on the environment. The Initial Study identified potentially significant impacts on the
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environment. However, all potential impacts of the proposed project can be avoided or
reduced to a less-than-significant level with implementation of the following mitigation
measures. Contractor shall conform with the following mitigation measures.” Among
the enumerated mitigation measures was adherence to a “Tree Protection Plan.” Pursuant
to the Tree Protection Plan, “[w]here construction is to be performed in the vicinity of
trees and shrubbery, the [w]ork shall be carried on in a manner that will cause minimum
damage. District will designate trees that are to be removed.” (Italics added.)
In the July 2010 Addendum, the Project Manual, at section 31 1300-1, disclosed
the extent of the “Tree Protection & Trimming” related to the project. This section
“includes the protection and trimming, or removal of existing trees and shrubs that are
within limits of the work, interfere with, or are affected by, execution of the [w]ork,
whether temporary or permanent construction.” Specific tree pruning and removal
recommendations are further described in the “Tree Pruning and Removal Schedule.”
This schedule explains that “ [t]rees to be removed or pruned outside the ‘Loop Road’ are
tagged and numbered in the field to correspond to the tree numbers in the table below.”
(Italics added.) The tagged trees were identified in the accompanying table, by tag
number and species. The table also identified whether removal or pruning was required
and the number of trees affected.
The October 2010 Addendum to the Project Manual indicates that additional trees
were tagged on October 11, 2010, for pruning or removal.
3. Award of Contract
The District posted a Notice of Intent to Award a contract for North Gateway
Phase I on October 26, 2010, and scheduled a public meeting of the Board for
November 17, 2010. The agenda for the November 17, 2010 meeting listed the contract
award for North Gateway Phase I. The board report, which was distributed prior to the
November 17, 2010 meeting, explained that the North Gateway I contract included
various kinds of electrical work and “tree work at the North Perimeter Road [a.k.a. Loop
Road] as directed by the local Fire Marshall.” During the public hearing, no member of
the public offered any comments addressing the contract. The Board unanimously
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approved the contract award as recommended in the board report. On December 1, 2010,
the District released a Notice of Award of the contract to Robert A. Bothman, Inc., for the
first phase of the North Gateway work.
D. Commencement of Work on North Gateway (Phase I)
On December 27, 2010, subcontractor Atlas Tree Service, working under general
contractor Robert A. Bothman, Inc., unloaded two bobcats, a grinder, and a dump truck
on the CSM site in preparation for tree removal. On December 28, 2010, Atlas Tree
Service removed trees on the West Perimeter Road near Parking Lot 6A. Atlas Tree
Service continued to remove trees along Perimeter Road on December 29 and 30, 2010.
The tree removal and pruning work continued on January 3, 2011, and proceeded through
January 14, 2011.
On January 5, 2011, a Citizens’ member contacted the District expressing concern
over the ongoing tree removal and pruning activities in the North Gateway area.
E. Instant Litigation
On July 1, 2011, Citizens filed a petition for writ of mandate, challenging the
District’s pruning and removal of trees conducted as part of North Gateway Phase I. The
District demurred on the grounds that the petition was untimely; the trial court overruled
the District’s demurrer. Following briefing and a hearing on the merits, the trial court
granted the petition. Judgment was entered in January 2013.
Thereafter, the District filed a petition for supersedeas with this Court in January
2013. We denied the petition, directing the District to return to the trial court and request
a stay of the writ on appeal. The District filed a stay request in the trial court in March
2013, which was denied following briefing and a hearing.
In April 2013, the District filed a second supersedeas petition with this Court. We
granted the petition with the proviso that the writ did not moot the appeal and that full
project mitigation remained available.
II. DISCUSSION
A. CEQA Overview and Standard of Review
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CEQA is designed “to protect and maintain California’s environmental quality.”
(Communities for a Better Environment v. California Resources Agency (2002) 103
Cal.App.4th 98, 106 [fn. omitted].) That said, “ ‘ “[t]he purpose of CEQA is not to
generate paper, but to compel government at all levels to make decisions with
environmental consequences in mind. CEQA does not, indeed cannot, guarantee that
these decisions will always be those which favor environmental considerations.” ’
[Citations.] We may not, in sum, substitute our judgment for that of the people and their
local representatives. We can and must, however, scrupulously enforce all legislatively
mandated CEQA requirements.” ’ [Citation.]” (Rialto Citizens for Responsible Growth v.
City of Rialto (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 899, 924.)
“Generally under CEQA, if there is a possibility that a project may have a
significant environmental effect, the responsible agency must do an initial study.
[Citation.]” (El Dorado County Taxpayers for Quality Growth v. County of El Dorado
(2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1591, 1596 (El Dorado).) “If the initial study reveals that the
project ‘may’ have a significant environmental effect (i.e., a reasonable possibility of
such an effect), an [environmental impact report (EIR)] must be prepared; if there is no
substantial evidence of such an effect, a negative declaration is sufficient. [Citations.]”
(Id. at pp. 1596-1597; Guidelines, § 15063, subd. (b)(2).) “[I]f the project has potentially
significant environmental effects but these effects will be reduced to insignificance by
mitigation measures that the project’s proponent has agreed to undertake, CEQA requires
the . . . agency to prepare a mitigated negative declaration.” (Moss v. County of
Humboldt (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1048, citing § 21080, subd. (c)(2) and
Guidelines, § 15064, subd. (f)(2).) In the instant case, the District did an initial study and
prepared a mitigated negative declaration.
“ ‘In reviewing an agency’s compliance with CEQA in the course of its legislative
or quasi-legislative actions, the courts’ inquiry ‘shall extend only to whether there was a
prejudicial abuse of discretion.’ ([] § 21168.5.) Such an abuse is established ‘if the
agency has not proceeded in a manner required by law or if the determination or decision
is not supported by substantial evidence.’ ([]§ 21168.5; see Western States Petroleum
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Assn. v. Superior Court [(1995)] 9 Cal.4th [559,] 568; Laurel Heights Improvement Assn.
v. Regents of University of California (1988) 47 Cal.3d 376, 392-393 (Laurel
Heights I).)” (Clover Valley Foundation v. City of Rocklin (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 200,
210-211 (Clover Valley).) “ ‘Judicial review of these two types of error differs
significantly: While we determine de novo whether the agency has employed the correct
procedures, “scrupulously enforc[ing] all legislatively mandated CEQA
requirements” (Citizens of Goleta Valley v. Board of Supervisors (1990) 52 Cal.3d 553,
564), we accord greater deference to the agency’s substantive factual conclusions.’ ”
(Clover Valley, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 211.)
“ ‘An appellate court’s review of the administrative record for legal error and
substantial evidence in a CEQA case, as in other mandamus cases, is the same as the trial
court’s: The appellate court reviews the agency’s action, not the trial court’s decision.’
. . . (Vineyard Area Citizens for Responsible Growth, Inc. v. City of Rancho Cordova
(2007) 40 Cal.4th 412, 426-427, fn. omitted (Vineyard Area Citizens).)” (Clover Valley,
supra,197 Cal.App.4th at p. 211.)
B. Statute of Limitations
Statutes of limitations are designed “to prevent stale claims, give stability to
transactions, protect settled expectations, promote diligence, encourage the prompt
enforcement of substantive law, and reduce the volume of litigation. (E.g., Marin
Healthcare Dist. v. Sutter Health (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 861, 872; see Hebrew Academy
of San Francisco v. Goldman (2007) 42 Cal.4th 883, 894; Norgart v. Upjohn Co. (1999)
21 Cal.4th 383, 395; Wyatt v. Union Mortgage Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 773, 787.) A statute
of limitations ‘ “necessarily fix[es]” a “definite period[ ] of time” [citation], and hence
operates conclusively across-the-board. It does so with respect to all causes of action,
both those that do not have merit and also those that do. [Citation.] That it may bar
meritorious causes of action as well as unmeritorious ones is the “price of the orderly and
timely processing of litigation” [citation]—a price that may be high, but one that must
nevertheless be paid.’ (Norgart, supra, at p. 410, fn. omitted; see generally Chase
Securities Corp. v. Donaldson (1945) 325 U.S. 304, 314, [operation of statute of
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limitations ‘does not discriminate between the just and the unjust claim’].)” (Stockton
Citizens for Sensible Planning v. City of Stockton (2010) 48 Cal.4th 481, 499 (Stockton
Citizens.)
“For purposes of the CEQA statutes of limitation, the question is not the substance
of the agency’s decision, but whether the public was notified of that decision.”
(Committee for Green Foothills v. Santa Clara County Bd. of Supervisors (2010) 48
Cal.4th 32, 51 (Committee for Green Foothills.) “To ensure finality and predictability in
public land use planning decisions, statutes of limitations governing challenges to such
decisions are typically short. (Hensler v. City of Glendale (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1, 27; see
also, e.g., Travis v. County of Santa Cruz (2004) 33 Cal.4th 757, 774-775.) The
limitations periods set forth in CEQA adhere to this pattern; indeed, as the CEQA
Guidelines themselves assert, ‘CEQA provides unusually short statutes of limitations on
filing court challenges to the approval of projects under the act.’ ([]Guidelines, § 15112,
subd. (a), italics added.) As the CEQA Guidelines further explain, ‘[t]he statute of
limitations periods are not public review periods or waiting periods for the person whose
project has been approved. The project sponsor may proceed to carry out the project as
soon as the necessary permits have been granted. The statute of limitations cuts off the
right of another person to file a court action challenging approval of the project after the
specified time period has expired.’ ([] Guidelines, § 15112, subd. (b).)” (Stockton
Citizens, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 499.)
“CEQA’s purpose to ensure extremely prompt resolution of lawsuits claiming
noncompliance with the Act is evidenced throughout the statute’s procedural scheme.
Such suits have calendar preference; more populous counties must designate one or more
judges to develop CEQA expertise so as to permit prompt disposition of CEQA claims;
and expedited briefing and hearing schedules are required. (§§ 21167.1, 21167.4.)
“Courts have often noted the Legislature’s clear determination that “ ‘the public
interest is not served unless CEQA challenges are promptly filed and diligently
prosecuted.” ’ (Citizens for a Megaplex-Free Alameda v. City of Alameda (2007) 149
Cal.App.4th 91, 111; ([Citizens for a Megaplex-Free Alameda]); see Nacimiento
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Regional Water Management Advisory Com. v. Monterey County Water Resources
Agency (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 961, 965; accord, Board of Supervisors v. Superior Court
(1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 830, 836; Oceanside Marina Towers Assn. v. Oceanside
Community Development Com. (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 735, 741, (Oceanside Marina
Towers).) ‘Patently, there is legislative concern that CEQA challenges, with their
obvious potential for financial prejudice and disruption, must not be permitted to drag on
to the potential serious injury of the real party in interest.’ (Board of Supervisors, supra,
at p. 837.) ‘The Legislature has obviously structured the legal process for a CEQA
challenge to be speedy, so as to prevent it from degenerating into a guerilla war of
attrition by which project opponents wear out project proponents.’ (County of Orange v.
Superior Court (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1, 12, italics omitted.)” (Stockton Citizens,
supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 500.)
Section 211674 establishes statutes of limitation for all actions and proceedings
alleging violations of CEQA. (Committee for Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at
4
Section 21167 states, in relevant part: “An action or proceeding to attack, review,
set aside, void, or annul the following acts or decisions of a public agency on the grounds
of noncompliance with this division shall be commenced as follows:
“(a) An action or proceeding alleging that a public agency is carrying out or has approved
a project that may have a significant effect on the environment without having
determined whether the project may have a significant effect on the environment shall be
commenced within 180 days from the date of the public agency’s decision to carry out or
approve the project, or, if a project is undertaken without a formal decision by the public
agency, within 180 days from the date of commencement of the project.
“(b) An action or proceeding alleging that a public agency has improperly determined
whether a project may have a significant effect on the environment shall be commenced
within 30 days from the date of the filing of the notice required by subdivision (a) of
Section 21108 or subdivision (a) of Section 21152.
“(c) An action or proceeding alleging that an environmental impact report does not
comply with this division shall be commenced within 30 days from the date of the filing
of the notice required by subdivision (a) of Section 21108 or subdivision (a) of Section
21152 by the lead agency.
“(d) An action or proceeding alleging that a public agency has improperly determined
that a project is not subject to this division pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 21080
or Section 21172 shall be commenced within 35 days from the date of the filing by the
public agency, or person specified in subdivision (b) or (c) of Section 21065, of the
15
p. 43.) “CEQA reserves its very shortest limitations periods for cases where the agency
has given public notice, in a form required or permitted by the statute, of an agency act or
decision that is relevant to CEQA’s statutory scheme. Thus, where the agency approves a
project without determining whether it will have a significant effect on the environment
(and therefore presumably filing no CEQA notice), the limitations period is 180 days
from project approval or, if there was no formal approval, 180 days from the
commencement of construction. (§ 21167, subd. (a).) On the other hand, an action
asserting that the agency has improperly determined whether a project subject to CEQA
will have a significant environmental effect must be commenced within 30 days after the
agency files the required notice of project approval (which notice must indicate the
agency’s determination about the project’s effect on the environment). (§§ 21108,
subd. (a), 21152, subd. (a), 21167, subd. (b).) A suit claiming that an EIR prepared for
the project, or any other act or omission by the agency, does not comply with CEQA
must be filed within 30 days after the above described notice of project approval is filed.
(§ 21167, subds. (c), (e).)” (Stockton Citizens, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 500.)
Here, we must decide whether, as the District contends, Citizens’ petition is barred
under both the 30-day and 180-day limitations period. “Which subdivision of section
21167 applies depends upon the nature of the CEQA violation alleged. ‘In substance,
subdivision (a) pertains to an action charging the public agency with approving or
undertaking a project having a significant effect on the environment without any attempt
to comply with CEQA, subdivision (b) pertains to an action alleging that the public
notice authorized by subdivision (b) of Section 21108 or subdivision (b) of Section
21152. If the notice has not been filed, the action or proceeding shall be commenced
within 180 days from the date of the public agency’s decision to carry out or approve the
project, or, if a project is undertaken without a formal decision by the public agency,
within 180 days from the date of commencement of the project.
“(e) An action or proceeding alleging that another act or omission of a public agency
does not comply with this division shall be commenced within 30 days from the date of
the filing of the notice required by subdivision (a) of Section 21108 or subdivision (a) of
Section 21152.”
16
agency has improperly determined that the project does not have a significant effect on
the environment, subdivision (c) pertains to an action alleging that the EIR fails to
comply with the requirements of CEQA, subdivision (d) pertains to an action charging
that the public agency has improperly determined that the project is exempt from CEQA,
and subdivision (e) is a catchall provision governing an action based on any other failure
of the public agency to comply with CEQA.’ [Citation.] A section 21167, subdivision
(a) challenge alleges that an agency approved a project without determining its potential
environmental impact. Obviously, the time for filing a subdivision (a) claim is not
triggered by an NOD, because the allegation is that no determination was ever made. For
all other claims, however, subdivisions (b) through (e) link the start of the limitations
period to the filing of a notice of determination or exemption.” (Committee for Green
Foothills, supra,48 Cal.4th at p. 44, fn. omitted.)
This case does not challenge the initial approval of a project. The District
approved the CSM Project more than four years before Citizens filed suit. Citizens have
instead challenged the tree removal that was undertaken as part of the IS/MND for the
CSM Project. Because the instant case does not involve an EIR, subdivision (c) of
section 21167 does not apply. Nor are we concerned with subdivision (d), because this
case does not concern an activity claimed to be exempt from CEQA. Here, the District
alleges that the 30-day statute of either subdivision (b) or (e) applies because the District
filed an NOD. Citizens maintains that the tree removal was not contemplated by the
IS/MND and, as such, the NOD could not and did not trigger the 30-day statute. In the
trial court, Citizens claimed, and the trial court agreed, that the notice necessary to trigger
the statute of limitations was lacking here because the tree removal undertaken by the
District was “materially different” than the project approved by the Board in November
2010 and contemplated by the NOD and IS/MND filed in 2007. According to Citizens, it
was the actual observance of the tree removal in January 2011 that started the 180-day
statute. The District counters that even if the 180-day statute of limitations of subdivision
(a) applies, Citizens’ action is still untimely. For a number of reasons, we agree with the
District.
17
C. 30-Day Limitations Period
The “plain language of section 21167 makes the filing of a notice of determination
[NOD] of paramount importance for determining which statute of limitations applies to a
CEQA claim. If a valid NOD has been filed (§§ 21108, subd. (a), 21152, subd. (a)), any
challenge to that decision under CEQA must be brought within 30 days, regardless of the
nature of the alleged violation.” (Committee for Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at
pp. 47-48.)
Here because the District filed an NOD concerning its approval of the CSM
Project, any challenge to this approval had to be brought within 30 days. (See Committee
for Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 51.) Citizens, however, argue that the 180-
day statute of limitations should apply because the “ridgeline tree-cutting project” was
not described in the IS/MND and, as such, the NOD “is ineffective as to that project.”
(Italics omitted.) Below, Citizens claimed, and the trial court agreed, that the tree
removal undertaken by the District was “materially different” than the project discussed
in the IS/MND and NOD.
A “ ‘project’ ” under CEQA is defined as “an activity which may cause either a
direct physical change in the environment, or a reasonably foreseeable indirect physical
change in the environment, and which is any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (b) An activity
undertaken by a person which is supported, in whole or in part, through contracts, grants,
subsidies, loans, or other forms of assistance from one or more public agencies.
[¶] (c) An activity that involves the issuance to a person of a lease, permit, license,
certificate, or other entitlement for use by one or more public agencies.” (§ 21065.)
According to the Guidelines, a “ ‘project’ ” refers to the activity that is being approved,
which may include multiple discretionary approvals by governmental agencies.
(Guidelines, § 15378, subd. (c).) “The term ‘project’ does not mean each separate
governmental approval.” (Ibid.) “ ‘This definition ensures that the action reviewed
under CEQA is not the approval itself but the development or other activities that will
result from the approval.’ [Citation.]” (Megaplex–Free Alameda, supra, 149
Cal.App.4th at p. 106.)
18
Here, the IS specifically stated that the Project “would result in the removal and
pruning of an unknown number of trees.” (Italics added.) Citizens argued, and the trial
court agreed, that the references to tree removal were limited to those actions that “were
necessary to the building or parking lot actions, not to other areas of the campus or the
campus as a whole.” The record, however, belies such a narrow interpretation of the
contemplated tree removal. The 2006 Facilities Master Plan, upon which the Project’s
design elements were based, reflects the goal of visually enhancing exterior spaces
through a range of landscape elements, including trees. Consistent with this purpose, the
IS, in the aesthetics analysis, states that “[t]he design of the proposed project would take
advantage of the prominent views to enhance the visual quality of the campus.” As such,
the IS notes that the Project “would change the aesthetic” of CSM, but explains as
follows: “Changes to the visual character and to the local landform would be site-specific
and would not detract from the adjacent natural landscapes or panoramic views. The
proposed project could require the removal of mature trees and vegetation. Individual
tree removal would be compensated by planting of replacement trees and vegetation
around new and renovated buildings and parking lots, at campus entrances, and within the
overall enhanced landscape design for the campus.” (Italics added.)
Moreover, improvements to the campus Loop Road were contemplated in the
2006 Facilities Master Plan and in the IS itself. The Project description, in discussing the
internal traffic circulation, suggests that the main Loop Road “could be repaved” and
“modified with landscape treatment” to assist with vehicular crossings and pedestrian
safety.
Citizens, citing Concerned Citizens of Costa Mesa, Inc. v. 32nd Dist. Agricultural
Assn. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 929 (Concerned Citizens), insist that the “tree removal” project
was materially different from the project contemplated in the IS/MND and NOD. We
disagree. Contrary to Citizens’ contention, the tree removal was not an independent
project. Rather, the record demonstrates that tree removal constituted a subsequent
activity encompassed within the original CSM Project. (See, e.g., Committee for Green
Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 44 [finding trails agreement not separate agreement but
19
subsequent activity encompassed in original project].) Moreover, the instant case is
distinguishable from Concerned Citizens, supra, 42 Cal.3d 929. Concerned Citizens
involved a challenge to a fairground theater started seven years after the project was
approved. (42 Cal.3d at pp. 933-935, 939.) Our Supreme Court construed section 21167
as not barring the challenge, reasoning that there was no notice until the challengers knew
or had reason to know that the project as it was being constructed was materially different
than the one approved. (Id. at p. 939.) As approved the theater would have seated 5,000
on six acres, but as being constructed it would seat 7,000 on a site expanded to 10 acres.
(Id. at p. 934.) The situation here is different because the IS itself provided Citizens
notice that the Project would require tree removal. While it is true that the IS/MND and
the NOD do not specifically refer to tree removal along the Loop Road, the references to
the removal of an “unknown number” of trees, together with the goal of visually
enhancing the campus through a variety of “landscape hierarchies,” arguably put the
public on notice that trees could be removed anywhere on campus, including along the
Loop Road. Citizens’ argument that a longer limitations period should apply because the
District allegedly approved the tree-removal without conducting any environmental
review “turns the notice-based system of section 21167 on its head.” (Committee for
Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 51.)
“A similar argument was rejected decades ago in California Manufacturers Assn.
v. Industrial Welfare Com. (1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 95, 124-125. There, an association
argued that the 30-day statutes of limitation in section 21167, subdivisions (b) and (e)
apply only if the agency has undertaken an environmental investigation and filed a valid
notice of determination and negative declaration. (California Manufacturers, at pp. 124–
125.) The Court of Appeal disagreed, noting this assertion ‘flies in the face of the clear
language of the statutes which provide that they apply in (b), where it is alleged that the
agency has “improperly determined” whether there will be a significant impact and in (e),
where it is alleged that agency action or omission “does not comply” with statutory
requirements.’ (California Manufacturers, at p. 125.)” (Committee for Green Foothills,
supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 51.)
20
The California Supreme Court in Committee for Green Foothills, supra, 48
Cal.4th 32, agreeing with the analysis in California Manufacturers, noted that “[f]or
purposes of the CEQA statutes of limitation, the question is not the substance of the
agency’s decision, but whether the public was notified of that decision.” (Committee for
Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 51.) In Committee for Green Foothills, a group
argued that a subsequent development agreement constituted a new “project” and the
responsible agency approved this project without determining its environmental effects.
(Committee for Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 45.) According to the group,
these allegations brought the case within the ambit of the 180-day statute of limitations.
(Ibid.) Rejecting this argument, the Supreme Court held that the development agreement
was not a CEQA project being considered for initial approval. (Id. at p. 52.) Rather, the
court explained that the development agreement was a subsequent activity encompassed
within the original project. (Id. at pp. 43, 52.)
So, too, here, Citizens cannot avail itself of the 180-day statute of limitations in
section 21167, subdivision (a). “Subdivision (a) addresses claims that an agency has
ignored CEQA and made no attempt to satisfy its requirements. When a NOD has been
filed, the agency has at a minimum acknowledged CEQA and attempted compliance. In
these situations, the Legislature has limited the time for filing suit to 30 days.”
(Committee for Green Foothills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 51.) Because Citizens brought
this challenge more than 30 days after the District approved the IS/MND and issued the
NOD, the action is clearly time-barred under section 21667, subdivisions (b) and (e).
As we shall explain below, even if the 180-day statute of limitations period
applied, the action is also time-barred under section 21167, subdivision (a).
D. 180-Day Limitations Period
Assuming arguendo that the District failed to adequately notify the public of the
tree cutting activities, any action challenging such activities was required to “be
commenced within 180 days from the date of the [District’s] decision to carry out or
approve the project . . . .” (§ 21167, subd. (a).)
21
“The limitations period starts running on the date the project is approved by the
public agency and is not retriggered on each subsequent date that the public agency takes
some action toward implementing the project. (Citizens for a Megaplex-Free Alameda
[,supra,] 149 Cal.App.4th [at pp.] 105-106 . . .; see Guidelines, § 15378, subd. (c).)”
(Van De Kamps Coalition v. Board of Trustees of Los Angeles Community College Dist.
(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1036, 1045 (Van De Kamps).) “ ‘ “[A]pproval” means the
decision by a public agency which commits the agency to a definite course of action in
regard to a project intended to be carried out by any person. The exact date of approval
of any project is a matter determined by each public agency according to its rules,
regulations, and ordinances. Legislative action in regard to a project often constitutes
approval.’ (Guidelines, § 15352, subd. (a).) In Save Tara v. City of West Hollywood
(2008) 45 Cal.4th 116, 134, (Save Tara), the California Supreme Court confirmed that a
project may be approved for the purpose of CEQA ‘even though further discretionary
governmental decisions would be needed before any environmental change could occur.’
There, the court rejected the argument that approval of a private project for CEQA
purposes was limited to an unconditional agreement by the agency which irrevocably
vested development rights, reasoning that ‘[s]uch a rule would be inconsistent with the []
Guidelines’ definition of approval as the agency’s “earliest commitment” to the project.
[Citation.] Just as CEQA itself requires environmental review before a project’s
approval, not necessarily its final approval [citations], so the guideline defines “approval”
as occurring when the agency first exercises its discretion to execute a contract or grant
financial assistance, not when the last such discretionary decision is made.’ [Ibid.] The
Save Tara court emphasized that the policies behind CEQA are served by early
environmental review. ([Id.] at p. 136 [‘the agency’s reservation of CEQA review until a
later, final approval stage is unlikely to convince public observers that before committing
itself to the project the agency fully considered the project’s environmental
consequences’].)” (Van De Kamps Coalition, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1046-1047.)
Here, the District’s earliest commitment to the North Gateway Phase I project
occurred at the November 17, 2010 public meeting, where the contract for the North
22
Gateway improvements was approved. Prior to approval of the contract, the District
sought public bids by publishing a notice in the local newspaper on September 9 and 16,
2010, regarding the North Gateway Phase I work. The notice described the work as
including “construction of a new structure to house Load Center 8 . . . and construction of
a hillside retaining site wall, tree removal and pruning.” (Italics added.) The notice also
included a link to the project Web site, which identified the need for and benefits of the
proposed tree removal, and directed interested parties to a Web site where additional
project documents could be downloaded In addition to the Web site link, the notice listed
the name and telephone numbers of seven physical locations where the bid documents
could be obtained.
Among the bid documents was the Project Manual. The Project Manual detailed
the work to be performed and the requirements of the project up for contract bid. This
manual provided a summary of “work covered by contract documents,” which included
“tree trimming and/or removals.” The Project Manual also indicated the contract would
be subject to special procedures because “[i]n compliance with CEQA requirements, the
District conducted an Initial Study [the 2007 IS/MND] to ascertain whether the project
might have a significant effect on the environment.” This section of the Project Manual
required the chosen contractor to conform to mitigation measures and CSM Project
design features, which are reflected in the Project Manual’s “Tree Protection Plan.” The
Project Manual’s June 2010 Addendum also listed every tree that was to be removed.
Prior to the November 17, 2010 public meeting, the District, as required by the
Brown Act (Gov. Code, § 54950 et seq.), made the agenda packet available to the public.5
5
Pursuant to the Brown Act, “agendas of public meetings and any other writings, when
distributed to all, or a majority of all, of the members of a legislative body of a local
agency by any person in connection with a matter subject to discussion or consideration
at an open meeting of the body, are disclosable public records under the California Public
Records Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 6250) of Division 7 of Title 1), and
shall be made available upon request without delay.” (Gov. Code, § 54957.5, subd. (a).)
Further, “[i]f a writing that is a public record under subdivision (a), and that relates to an
agenda item for an open session of a regular meeting of the legislative body of a local
23
The board report, which was included in the agenda packet, specifically referenced the
contract up for bid included “tree work at the North Perimeter Road [a.k.a. Loop Road] as
directed by the local Fire Marshall.” During the public hearing, no member of the public
offered any comments addressing the contract. The Board unanimously approved the
contract award as recommended in the board report.
The District’s actions at the November 17, 2010 meeting constituted approval of
the North Gateway Phase I project triggering the 180-day limitations period in section
21167, subdivision (a), which means that Citizens’ July 1, 2011 petition was untimely.
See Megaplex–Free Alameda, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at pp. 105-106, [city’s resolution
authorizing approval of disposition and development agreement was project approval for
statute of limitations purposes, even though agreement was subject to various
discretionary approvals]; City of Chula Vista v. County of San Diego (1994) 23
Cal.App.4th 1713, 1720 [resolution authorizing county staff to negotiate and award an
agreement was a project approval for statute of limitations purposes].)
We are not persuaded by Citizens’ efforts to avoid this result. Below, Citizens
asserted that no notice was given of the potential for tree removal activities until a
neighbor/member observed the trees being cut down on January 5, 2011. Section 21167,
subdivision (a) does not establish any special notice requirements for the 180-day statute
of limitation to run; all that is required is that the public agency make a formal decision to
“carry out or approve the project.” (Ibid.; Cumming v. City of San Bernardino (2002)
101 Cal.App.4th 1229, 1235 [holding that the 180-day statute of limitations started to run
from hearing on sale of property because scope of project “was disclosed in the public
documents made available for review before the sale was approved”]; see also County of
Del Norte v. City of Crescent City (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 965, 980 [finding date city
council held public hearing and enacted policy by formal motion to be date limitation
period commenced].) Moreover, the administrative record clearly indicates adequate
agency, is distributed less than 72 hours prior to that meeting, the writing shall be made
available for public inspection.” (Gov. Code, § 54957.5, subd. (b)(1).)
24
public notice was given regarding the North Gateway Phase I project and its associated
tree removal activities.
Nevertheless, Citizens argue that the limitation period should not be deemed to
have run until they became aware of the tree removal activities, which they claim they
first noticed on January 5, 2011. Citizens rely on Concerned Citizens, supra, 42 Cal.3d
929, to support their contention that the statute of limitations should be tolled in the
instant case. Citizens’ reliance on Concerned Citizens, supra, 42 Cal.3d 929 is
misplaced. First, the test under Concerned Citizens is not confined to actual awareness of
the challenged activities. Rather, the relevant inquiry is when the plaintiffs “knew or
reasonably should have known that the project under way differs substantially” from the
one described in the environmental review documents. (Id. at p. 939.) As discussed ante,
the plaintiff group in Concerned Citizens challenged a fairgrounds arts theater seven
years after the project had been approved. (Id. at pp. 933-934, 939.) There, the group
asserted that their action was timely because it was filed a few days before the expiration
of 180 days after the first concert was held, alleging that they “lacked actual or
constructive notice of the changes before that time.” (Id. at p. 939.) Our Supreme Court
rejected this contention as being contrary to the Legislature’s intent. (Ibid.) The court
explained: “By providing in section 21167, subdivision (a) that the 180-day limitation
period begins to run from the time a project is commenced, the Legislature determined
that the initiation of the project provides constructive notice of a possible failure to
comply with CEQA.” (Ibid.)
The Concerned Citizens court further explained that it could “give effect to the
statute, while simultaneously vindicating the Legislature’s goal of promoting public
comment on projects that may have environmental significance, by holding that the
phrase ‘commencement of the project’ in subdivision (a) of section 21167 refers to the
project described in the EIR and approved by the agency. However, if the agency makes
substantial changes in a project after the filing of the EIR and fails to file a later EIR in
violation of section 21166, subdivision (a), an action challenging the agency’s
noncompliance with CEQA may be filed within 180 days of the time the plaintiff knew
25
or reasonably should have known that the project under way differs substantially from the
one described in the EIR.” (Concerned Citizens, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 939.)
Here, as discussed, the Gateway Phase I project and related tree removal activities
were within the scope of the Project described in the IS/MND. Moreover, even assuming
for the sake of argument that the challenged activities did differ substantially from the
Project described in the IS/MND, tree removal at CSM began on December 28, 2010,
when trees along the West Perimeter Road were removed. Inasmuch as Citizens’
petition, filed on July 1, 2011, was more than 180 days after December 28, 2010, their
action is still time-barred even under a most generous interpretation of the statute of
limitations.
In light of the foregoing, there is no need to examine the District’s related claims
that Citizens failed to properly exhaust their administrative remedies, as well as the issues
relating to supplemental review. Similarly, we do not reach the District’s claim of
mootness, which is based on the fact that the challenged tree removal activities have long
since been complete, and the trees have been or will be replaced in accordance with the
mitigation measures set forth in the IS/MND.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. The District is entitled to recover its costs on appeal.
_________________________
REARDON, ACTING P. J.
We concur:
_________________________
RIVERA, J.
_________________________
HUMES, J.
26
Trial Court: San Mateo County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Hon. Clifford Cretan
Counsel for Appellant: Eugene Whitlock
Deputy County Counsel
San Mateo County Counsel
James G. Moose
Sabrina V. Teller
John T. Wheat
Remy Moose Manley LLP
Counsel for Respondents: Susan Brandt-Hawley
1