Castaneda v. Ensign Group, Inc. , 177 Cal. Rptr. 3d 581 ( 2014 )

Filed 9/15/14 Opinion Following Rehearing (prior opn. was not published)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
JOHN CASTANEDA, 2d Civil No. B249119
(Super. Ct. No. C110466)
Plaintiff and Appellant, (San Luis Obispo County)
v. OPINION FOLLOWING REHEARING
THE ENSIGN GROUP, INC. et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
A corporation with no employees owns a corporation with employees. If
the corporation with no employees exercises some control over the corporation with
employees, it also may be the employer of the employees of the corporation it owns.
Plaintiff John Castaneda appeals a summary judgment in favor of defendant
The Ensign Group, Inc. (Ensign) in his class action lawsuit. He seeks damages for
nonpayment of minimum and overtime wages.1 We conclude there are triable issues of
fact whether Ensign was Castaneda's employer. We reverse.
FACTS
Castaneda filed a class action complaint on behalf of himself and other
certified nursing assistants against Ensign for "unpaid minimum and overtime wages."
He alleges Ensign is the alter ego of the Cabrillo Rehabilitation and Care Center
(Cabrillo), a nursing facility, where he worked, and its "corporate veil should be pierced."
He claims Ensign was his employer.
1
The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor of defendant Ensign Facility
Services, Inc. (EFS). Castaneda does not appeal that judgment.
In its summary judgment motion, Ensign stated, "Rather than sue Cabrillo,
the company that hired him, paid him, set his daily schedule . . . , [Castaneda] has sued
Ensign and [EFS] . . . , neither of which was his employer as a matter of law. [¶] . . .
Ensign is a holding company that has no employees and is not engaged in the direction,
management or control of Cabrillo or its employees." (Fn. omitted.) It said Cabrillo was
an independent company with "a traditional management structure."
In discovery, Ensign admitted that it owned Cabrillo. It purchased it in
2009 and owns all of its stock.
In opposition to summary judgment, Castaneda submitted declarations and
discovery responses. He claims they show Ensign was properly classified as an employer
because: 1) it owns and controls Cabrillo, and 2) it controls the training, supervision,
work requirements, working conditions, and employee benefits for the employees who
work there. Castaneda testified that when he began work at Cabrillo he was advised that
he was hired by "Cabrillo Care and Ensign . . . ."
DISCUSSION
A Triable Issue of Fact
"'We review a summary judgment motion de novo to determine whether
there is a triable issue as to any material fact . . . .'" (Suarez v. Pacific Northstar
Mechanical, Inc. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 430, 436.) "'We are not bound by the trial
court's stated reasons or rationales.'" (Ibid.) "'"In practical effect, we assume the role of
a trial court . . . ."'" (Ibid.) "'Summary judgment is a drastic remedy to be used sparingly,
and any doubts about the propriety of summary judgment must be resolved in favor of the
opposing party.'" (Ibid.)
California law specifies the elements necessary to define an employer. "To
employ" has "three alternative definitions." (Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal.4th 35,
64.) "It means: (a) to exercise control over the wages, hours or working conditions, or
(b) to suffer or permit to work, or (c) to engage, thereby creating a common law
employment relationship." (Ibid.)
2.
The broad definition of an employer includes "'"any person . . . who
directly or indirectly, or through an agent or any other person, employs or exercises
control over the wages, hours, or working conditions of [an employee]."'" (Guerrero v.
Superior Court (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 912, 947, italics added.) Our Supreme Court said
it also includes "[a] proprietor who knows that persons are working in his or her business
without having been formally hired, or while being paid less than the minimum wage,
clearly suffers or permits that work by failing to prevent it, while having the power to do
so." (Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 69, italics added.)
An entity that controls the business enterprise may be an employer even if
it did not "directly hire, fire or supervise" the employees. (Guerrero v. Superior Court,
supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 950.) Multiple entities may be employers where they
"control different aspects of the employment relationship." (Martinez v. Combs, supra,49 Cal.4th at p. 76.) "This occurs, for example, when one entity (such as a temporary
employment agency) hires and pays a worker, and another entity supervises the work."
(Ibid.) "Supervision of the work, in the specific sense of exercising control over how
services are performed, is properly viewed as one of the 'working conditions' . . . ."
(Ibid.) "[C]ontrol over how services are performed is an important, perhaps even the
principal, test for the existence of an employment relationship." (Ibid.)
Ensign contends Martinez required the trial court to find Cabrillo is the
only employer. We disagree. In Martinez, agricultural employees sued two agricultural
purchasing companies that had contracts with their employer--a supplier of agricultural
crops. The contracts involved marketing the crops the employees picked. The
employees claimed the purchasing companies were their employers because they
benefited from the contracts and exerted financial influence on the supplier. Our
Supreme Court said the defendants "benefited in the sense that any purchaser of
commodities benefits, however indirectly, from the labor of the supplier's employees."
(Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at pp. 69-70.) But they were not employers
because: 1) the "undisputed facts . . . show that [the supplier] alone controlled plaintiffs'
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wages, hours and working conditions" (id. at p. 71, italics added); 2) there was no
evidence the purchasing companies offered employment to the workers (id. at p. 74);
3) the workers did not view the defendants to be supervisors (id. at p. 76); 4) the
defendants lacked the power to "direct" the "work" of the supplier's employees (id. at
p. 77); and 5) defendants lacked the authority to prevent the supplier from paying
inadequate wages.
Here Ensign has more than a contractual relationship with Cabrillo. Ensign
owns Cabrillo. It purchased it in 2009 and it owns all of its stock. A trier of fact could
infer this evidence refutes Ensign's claims of lack of control and responsibility. In
Martinez, the defendants did not own the supplier's business. Had they owned it, a
different basis of liability for unpaid wages would exist. "'The basis of liability is the
owner's failure to perform the duty of seeing to it that the prohibited condition does not
exist.'" (Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 70, italics added.)
Ensign claims Cabrillo is an independent operation with its own employees.
But Castaneda introduced evidence showing, in addition to ownership, Ensign had
exercised control over Cabrillo's operations and the employees. Such evidence is
relevant in deciding who is an employer. (Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 71;
S.G. Borello & Sons Inc. v. Department of Industrial Relations (1989) 48 Cal.3d 341,
356; Guerreo v. Superior Court, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at pp. 947, 950.)
Castaneda's evidence showed Ensign's structural and management control
over Cabrillo. Ensign owns Cabrillo and other "cluster" or "portfolio" companies that are
involved in Cabrillo's operations. Ensign is the sole shareholder of "cluster" companies
EFS and Touchstone Care, Inc. (Touchstone). Ensign, Touchstone, EFS and Cabrillo
share the same corporate address in the same suite in Mission Viejo, California. EFS
"issues the paychecks" for employees at Cabrillo. A staff person at Ensign's "corporate
office" recruits employees that Robert Hambly, the Cabrillo rehabilitation services
director, needs to hire. The Cabrillo administrator is supervised by the Touchstone
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president. Hambly reports to the Touchstone rehabilitation services director. Touchstone
is owned by Ensign. Hambly received his employment orientation training at Ensign.
Castaneda presented evidence showing that Ensign acknowledged its
centralized control over its cluster companies. On its Securities and Exchange
Commission 10-k form, Ensign said it uses a "service center approach" with its local
service providers. "Our Service Center . . . acts as a resource and provides centralized
information technology, human resources, accounting, payroll, legal, risk management,
educational and other key services, so that local facility leaders can focus on delivering
top-quality care . . . ." (Italics added.)
Castaneda also presented evidence showing a seamless flow of corporate
officers between Ensign and its clusters. Beverly Wittekind, the Cabrillo secretary, was
also the Ensign general counsel and vice president, the EFS attorney and treasurer, and
the Touchstone secretary. Gregory Stapley was the EFS president, a Touchstone director,
and was formerly the Ensign general counsel and secretary. Soon Burnam, the Cabrillo
treasurer, was an EFS employee. Matt Huefner, the Touchstone president, is also the
Cabrillo president. By contrast, the supplier in Martinez was not subject to such
interwoven structural control and management.
There is a written agreement between Cabrillo and EFS that indicates
members of the facility staff are Cabrillo's "own" employees. Castaneda contends the
agreement is a sham to avoid Ensign's employer obligations. He presented evidence that
it was signed by an EFS representative and an EFS employee. He states EFS "was thus
present on both sides of the transaction. [T]here is no evidence . . . that any of the
provisions of Cabrillo's contract were specifically negotiated between the parties to
account for Cabrillo's particular needs and desires." "The parties' use of a label to
describe their relationship does not control and will be ignored where the evidence of
their actual conduct establishes a different relationship exists." (Futrell v. Payday
California, Inc. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1419, 1434; S.G. Borello & Sons. Inc. v.
Department of Industrial Relations, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 356 [corporation could not rely
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on a contract designating it as a nonemployer where it owned the land and exercised
"pervasive control over" the business operations].) There are triable issues of fact
concerning Ensign's role in the employment relationship.
Castaneda cites evidence showing Ensign supervised and controlled the
employees' job functions. Control "over how services are performed" is a "principal" test
showing an employment relationship. (Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 76.)
Employees at Cabrillo had to "follow" Ensign's "core values" and use "Ensign forms and
templates in the course of doing their jobs." (Italics added.) (Estrada v. Fedex Ground
Package System, Inc. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 1, 12 [evidence that a company required
workers to use its forms is one factor supporting a finding that it is an employer].)
Ensign instructed the employees that "they were expected to increase their patient census
and to generate greater revenues." (Italics added.) It replaced the "existing computer
modems at Cabrillo" and the time clocks. It installed a new "E-time" clock system that it
required all employees to use. Ensign required employees to use a "fingerprint or
thumbprint" to "clock in and clock out." (Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 74
[exercising control over the workers' hours is evidence showing an employer
relationship].)
A Cabrillo "department head" said, "The Ensign Group provides policy and
training videos at Cabrillo that I must show to newly-hired employees." (Italics added.)
He said that Ensign instituted a new "computer software system used for clinical
documentation, billing the government, and improving operational deficiencies," and that
the Ensign CEO came to Cabrillo to "evaluate our information technology, management,
and delivery of care systems . . . ." Another declarant said, "Ensign also sent dietary,
housekeeping and medical records consultants to Cabrillo to advise departments on how
to perform their duties." (Italics added.)
In its summary judgment motion, Ensign said it had "no employees." But
in a brochure Ensign distributed, it said one of its "core values" was to "reward and
support our employees who treat this facility as if they owned it" (italics added); and that
6.
if they "maximized profits," the Cabrillo facility would receive "cash bonuses to be used
for building renovation," new equipment, and the facility would have "Ensign flags" to
display. Ensign's employee handbook gave notice to employees at Cabrillo that there
was an "employee emergency fund" for employees who experienced "economic
hardship." In Ensign's Securities and Exchange Commission 10-k form, it said it
provided training to the employees on "Medicaid and Medicare billing requirements,
updates on new regulations or legislation, emerging healthcare service alternatives and
other relevant clinical, business and industry specific coursework."
In Martinez, the court noted that the employees' declarations showed that
they believed the supplier was their employer, not the purchasing entities. By contrast, at
his deposition, Castaneda testified that when he began his employment he was advised he
was hired by "Cabrillo Care and [Ensign] . . . ." He said, "I've got check stubs from
Cabrillo and Ensign." He testified the person who processed the payroll worked for
"Cabrillo . . . and Ensign." Ensign challenges this evidence, but we do not decide
credibility on a summary judgment review. We only determine whether there is a triable
issue of fact. Evidence that an employee believes there is "an employer-employee
relationship" is a relevant factor. (Estrada v. Fedex Ground Package System, Inc., supra,
154 Cal.App.4th at p. 10.)
Marilyn Leveque, the nursing supervisor at Cabrillo, declared when Ensign
took over in 2009, she was required "to be re-hired by Ensign." (Italics added.) She said,
"Ensign policies [were] explained to me, including procedures for clocking in and out
each work day. I was provided and instructed to sign an Ensign handbook." She was
informed she "was now an employee of Ensign." (Italics added.) In his deposition,
Hambly, the Cabrillo rehabilitation services director, testified that when he was hired he
believed Ensign was his employer.
There is additional evidence from which a trier of fact could reasonably
infer that Castaneda and others who worked at Cabrillo were Ensign employees.
Employees do not receive paychecks from Cabrillo. Ensign admitted the checks are
7.
"from 'Ensign Facility Services, Inc.'" Signs posted at the facility state "Ensign Group."
One is located where labor codes and laws are posted, the other is at the employee time
clock area. Employees were given an "e-mail address of . . . @ensigngroup.net." A
Cabrillo "department head" said that when he "logged onto [his] computer at Cabrillo,
the Ensign logo appeared on the screen." (Estrada v. Fedex Ground Package System,
Inc., supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at p. 12 [evidence that a company required workers to use
its logo is one factor supporting a finding that it is an employer].)
Another declarant said, "Ensign made sweeping changes in the way the
facility was run." Mary Spaeder, the Ensign vice president of rehabilitation, "recruited
and interviewed employees who worked at Cabrillo." She also "set the rate of pay for
employees." (Martinez v. Combs, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 74 [exercising control over
wages is a factor showing an entity is an employer].)
Castaneda presented evidence showing that traditional employee benefits,
including medical, dental, vision and 401(k) savings plans were not the responsibility of
Cabrillo. Instead, employees had to use the "Ensign Benefits Call Center" and the
"Ensign H R e-Center." (Tieberg v. Unemployment Ins. App. Bd. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 943,
952 [fact that a company takes responsibility for the workers' pension plans is one factor
in support of a finding that it is an employer].) Ensign admitted that "[t]he Cabrillo
facility does not contribute towards the 401(k) retirement plan for employees who work
at Cabrillo." Ensign also admitted that: 1) Castaneda's worker's compensation claims
case documents designated "The Ensign Group, Inc. as his employer," and 2) Ensign paid
his workplace injury expenses. The Cabrillo "Human Resources & Accounts Payable
Director . . . [did] not know whether Cabrillo has a payroll account."
Castaneda presented evidence that Ensign handled issues of employee
discipline at Cabrillo. In her declaration, Cynthia Deibert, the Cabrillo social services
director, said when she made a complaint about another employee it was not submitted to
Cabrillo. Instead, she was required to fill out an "Ensign complaint form" and send it to
8.
the Ensign "HR Department." A trier of fact could reasonably infer the assumption of
responsibility for employee discipline is the type of authority used by an employer.
The parties raise the issue whether the integrated enterprise test developed
by the federal courts applies to California employment cases. But because we rely
exclusively on California case law, we need not decide this issue.
The judgment is reversed. Costs on appeal are awarded in favor of
appellant.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.
GILBERT, P. J.
We concur:
YEGAN, J.
PERREN, J.
9.
Dodie A. Harman, Judge
Superior Court County of San Luis Obispo
______________________________
Ehlert Appeals, Allison L. Ehlert; Baltodano & Baltodano LLP, Hernaldo J.
Baltodano, Erica Flores Baltodano for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Horvitz & Levy LLP, Lisa Perrochet, John F. Querio; Ogletree, Deakins,
Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Dawn T. Collins for Defendants and Respondents.
10.