Larson v. UHS of Rancho Springs CA4/3 , 179 Cal. Rptr. 3d 161 ( 2014 )

Filed 9/3/14 Larson v. UHS of Rancho Springs CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
WAYNE EARL LARSON,
Plaintiff and Appellant, G050081
v. (Super. Ct. No. RIC1216315)
UHS OF RANCHO SPRINGS, INC., et al., OPINION
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from judgments of the Superior Court of Riverside County,
Matthew C. Perantoni and Gloria Trask, Judges. Affirmed.
Law Office of Zulu Ali, Zulu Ali and Maleha Khan-Avila for Plaintiff and
Appellant.
Walker & Mann, Jeffrey A. Walker, Douglas K. Mann and Jean K. Bak for
Defendant and Respondent Richard Shuman.
Dummit, Buchholz & Trapp, Scott D. Buchholz, William R. Moore and
Amanda N. McCarty for Defendant and Respondent UHS of Rancho Springs, Inc.
* * *
In this appeal, we must decide whether a plaintiff’s claims for battery and
intentional infliction of emotional distress are based on a health care provider’s
professional negligence and therefore subject to the one-year limitations period set forth
in Code of Civil Procedure section 340.5.1 Plaintiff and appellant Wayne Earl Larson
alleges defendant and respondent Richard Shuman, M.D., served as the anesthesiologist
on Larson’s kidney stone surgery performed at defendant and respondent UHS of Rancho
Springs, Inc.’s (UHS) hospital. In performing a preoperative checkup and administering
the anesthesia, Larson alleges Shuman committed a battery and intentionally inflicted
severe emotional distress by grabbing and twisting Larson’s arm, prying open his mouth,
and lifting, pulling, and pushing on his face and head. The trial court sustained Shuman’s
and UHS’s demurrers without leave to amend on the ground section 340.5’s one-year
limitation period applied and barred Larson’s claims.
Larson appeals, arguing the two-year limitations period generally
applicable to personal injury claims governs because he alleged intentional tort claims,
not claims for professional negligence. As explained below, we disagree with Larson’s
contention and affirm the trial court’s judgment because we must look past the labels
Larson uses and examine the specific conduct Larson alleged to determine which
limitations period applies. Larson bases his lawsuit on Shuman’s conduct in providing
professional health care by performing a preoperative checkup and administering
anesthesia. Larson does not allege any other purpose for the challenged conduct.
Because his claims constitute a challenge to how Shuman performed his professional
services, Larson’s claims are based on professional negligence and barred by
section 340.5’s one-year limitations period.
1 All statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
stated.
2
I
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY2
In September 2011, Larson filed an earlier action (Earlier Action) to
recover for injuries he allegedly sustained while he was a patient at UHS’s hospital.
Larson’s complaint in the Earlier Action asserted claims for medical negligence,
professional negligence, battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress against
UHS and Shuman. The complaint alleged Larson admitted himself to UHS’s hospital to
undergo surgery for kidney stones and Shuman was the anesthesiologist who “assist[ed]”
with the surgery. Larson alleged Shuman “forcefully grabb[ed]” and “unnecessarily
twisted” his arm during “his pre-operative check up,” “forcefully pried open [Larson’s]
mouth without first asking him to open [it],” “abruptly lifted [Larson’s] chin,” “violently
pushed [Larson’s] head back on the bed in an effort to put on [Larson’s] mask to
administer the anesthesia,” and Shuman “again pressed strongly once more before
[Larson] became unconscious.” Larson alleged when he awoke from kidney stone
surgery, “his face was badly bruised, swollen, and sore.” Finally, Larson alleged he filed
a complaint with UHS and also a police report based on the treatment he received from
Shuman.
In November 2011, Larson filed a first amended complaint in the Earlier
Action. The amended pleading dropped the claims for medical negligence and
professional negligence, but alleged claims for assault, battery, and intentional infliction
of emotional distress. The pleading continued to allege Shuman served as the
anesthesiologist for Larson’s surgery. Larson also continued to allege that, “[p]rior to the
2 Because this appeal follows the sustaining of a demurrer, we summarize the
underlying facts as alleged in the complaint and include additional facts subject to
judicial notice. (Rosen v. St. Joseph Hospital of Orange County (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th
453, 456 (Rosen).)
3
surgical procedure,” Shuman “twisted [Larson’s] arm to check up on him and pried open
his mouth”; Shuman “lifted [Larson’s] chin in an abrupt manner, hurting [Larson’s] neck
and chin”; Shuman “pushed [Larson’s] head against the bed to the point where his neck
started hurting”; “Shuman’s hand continually pressed hard on [Larson’s] upper chin and
lip area”; and Shuman “pushed [Larson’s] face again before [Larson] became
unconscious.” As a consequence, Larson “woke up with bruises on his face, and a
swollen upper lip.” Finally, Larson alleged he filed a complaint with UHS and a police
report in November 2010.
Shuman and UHS separately demurred to the first amended complaint in
the Earlier Action. The trial court sustained both demurrers with leave to amend on the
ground Larson failed to allege sufficient facts to show he did not consent to Shuman’s
conduct because the alleged injuries occurred as Shuman provided medical care. Rather
than amend his pleading, however, Larson voluntarily dismissed the Earlier Action
without prejudice in March 2012.
Eight months later Larson filed this action. The complaint alleges claims
for battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress against Shuman and UHS, but
omits many of the specific facts Larson alleged in the Earlier Action. The claims against
Shuman simply allege he “forcefully grabbed [Larson’s] arm, pried open [his] mouth,
violently punched, lifted and grabbed [Larson’s] chin, face and mouth,” and Larson
“suffered pain, bruising, swelling, soreness and emotional trauma and distress.” The
claims against UHS include the same allegations. Larson also alleged Shuman “was
acting as an agent and/or employee of [UHS] and within the scope of his agency and/or
employment in that the harmful conduct occurred during preparation for [Larson’s]
medical procedure.”
Shuman and UHS demurred and moved to strike portions of Larson’s
complaint on the grounds the claims were time-barred, Larson failed to allege sufficient
facts to state a cause of action, and Larson failed to obtain a court order authorizing him
4
to seek punitive damages against a health care provider. In support, Shuman and UHS
asked the court to judicially notice Larson’s two complaints, the demurrers, a notice of
ruling, and the request for dismissal filed in the Earlier Action.
The trial court granted the requests for judicial notice, sustained the
demurrers without leave to amend on the ground the statute of limitations barred Larson’s
claims, and granted the motions to strike without leave to amend. After the trial court
entered two judgments dismissing his claims against Shuman and UHS, Larson timely
appealed.
II
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
“A demurrer based on a statute of limitations will not lie where the action
may be, but is not necessarily, barred. [Citation.] In order for the bar of the statute of
limitations to be raised by demurrer, the defect must clearly and affirmatively appear on
the face of the complaint; it is not enough that the complaint shows that the action may be
barred. [Citation.]” (Marshall v. Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 1397,
1403.)
“We review [Larson’s] complaint de novo to determine whether it alleged
facts sufficient to state a cause of action under any legal theory. [Citation.] In doing so,
we look past the form of the pleading to its substance and ignore any erroneous or
confusing labels [Larson] attached. [Citation.] ‘“‘We treat the demurrer as admitting all
material facts properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or
law. [Citation.]’ . . . Further, we give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading
it as a whole and its parts in their context. [Citation.]”’ [Citation.]” (Rosen, supra,
193 Cal.App.4th at p. 458.)
5
“‘When a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend, the reviewing
court must determine whether there is a reasonable probability that the complaint could
have been amended to cure the defect. . . .’ [Citation.] The abuse of discretion standard
governs our review of that question. [Citation.] ‘The plaintiff bears the burden of
proving there is a reasonable possibility of amendment.’ [Citation.] To satisfy that
burden, the plaintiff ‘“must show in what manner he can amend his complaint and how
that amendment will change the legal effect of his pleading.” [Citation.] The assertion of
an abstract right to amend does not satisfy this burden. [Citation.] The plaintiff must
clearly and specifically set forth the “applicable substantive law” [citation] and the legal
basis for amendment, i.e., the elements of the cause of action and authority for it.
Further, the plaintiff must set forth factual allegations that sufficiently state all required
elements of that cause of action. [Citations.] . . . [¶] The burden of showing that a
reasonable possibility exists that amendment can cure the defects remains with the
plaintiff; neither the trial court nor this court will rewrite a complaint. [Citation.] Where
the appellant offers no allegations to support the possibility of amendment and no legal
authority showing the viability of new causes of action, there is no basis for finding the
trial court abused its discretion when it sustained the demurrer without leave to amend.
[Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Rosen, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 458.)
B. The Trial Court Properly Considered Larson’s Complaints From the Earlier
Action
Larson contends the trial court erred by considering the complaints he filed
in the Earlier Action when it ruled on Shuman’s and UHS’s demurrers. According to
Larson, the operative complaint in this action superseded the complaints he filed in the
Earlier Action, and therefore the trial court could consider only the allegations in the
operative complaint. We are not persuaded because Larson ignores well-established
precedent authorizing courts to consider omitted and inconsistent allegations from earlier
pleadings when ruling on a demurrer.
6
“‘Generally, after an amended pleading has been filed, courts will disregard
the original pleading. [Citation.] [¶] However, an exception to this rule is found . . .
where an amended complaint attempts to avoid defects set forth in a prior complaint by
ignoring them. The court may examine the prior complaint to ascertain whether the
amended complaint is merely a sham.’ [Citation.] . . . Moreover, any inconsistencies
with prior pleadings must be explained; if the pleader fails to do so, the court may
disregard the inconsistent allegations. [Citation.] Accordingly, a court is ‘not bound to
accept as true allegations contrary to factual allegations in former pleading in the same
case.’ [Citation.]” (Vallejo Development Co. v. Beck Development Co. (1994)
24 Cal.App.4th 929, 946 (Vallejo Development); State of California ex rel. Metz v.
CCC Information Services, Inc. (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 402, 412 (CCC Information
Services) [“‘[u]nder the sham pleading doctrine, plaintiffs are precluded from amending
complaints to omit harmful allegations, without explanation, from previous complaints to
avoid attacks raised in demurrers or motions for summary judgment’”].)
This exception applies not only to an amended pleading filed in the same
action, but also to the first pleading filed in a separate action: “Both trial and appellate
courts may properly take judicial notice of a party’s earlier pleadings and positions as
well as established facts from both the same case and other cases. [Citations.] The
complaint should be read as containing the judicially noticeable facts, ‘even when the
pleading contains an express allegation to the contrary.’ [Citation.] A plaintiff may not
avoid a demurrer by pleading facts or positions in an amended complaint that contradict
the facts pleaded in the original complaint or by suppressing facts which prove the
pleaded facts false. [Citation.] Likewise, the plaintiff may not plead facts that contradict
the facts or positions that the plaintiff pleaded in earlier actions or suppress facts that
prove the pleaded facts false. [Citation.]” (Cantu v. Resolution Trust Corp. (1992)
4 Cal.App.4th 857, 877, original italics (Cantu).)
7
“‘“The principle is that of truthful pleading.”’ [Citation.] When the
plaintiff pleads inconsistently in separate actions, the plaintiff’s complaint is nothing
more than a sham that seeks to avoid the effect of a demurrer. [Citations.] Under such
circumstances, the court will disregard the falsely pleaded facts and affirm the demurrer.”
(Cantu, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 877-878, original italics; see CCC Information
Services, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 412 [affirming trial court ruling sustaining
demurrer because plaintiff bound by inconsistent factual allegations in complaint from
earlier action]; Henry v. Clifford (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 315, 322-323 (Henry) [same].)
“The sham pleading doctrine is not ‘“intended to prevent honest
complainants from correcting erroneous allegations . . . or to prevent correction of
ambiguous facts.”’ [Citation.] Instead, it is intended to enable courts ‘“to prevent an
abuse of process.”’ [Citation.]” (Deveny v. Entropin, Inc. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 408,
426; Amid v. Hawthorne Community Medical Group, Inc. (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 1383,
1391 [“‘A court has inherent power by summary means to prevent an abuse of its process
and peremptorily to dispose of sham causes of action’”].) Plaintiffs therefore may avoid
the effect of the sham pleading doctrine by alleging an explanation for the conflicts
between the pleadings. (CCC Information Services, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 412;
Vallejo Development, supra, 24 Cal.App.4th at p. 946.)
The operative complaint in this action simply alleges Shuman grabbed
Larson’s arm, pried open his mouth, and punched, lifted, and grabbed his chin, face, and
mouth. The two causes of action against Shuman include no allegations regarding the
context in which this attack allegedly occurred, and the two causes of action against UHS
simply allege Shuman was acting as an agent for UHS “in that the harmful contact
occurred during preparation for [Larson’s] medical procedure.” The causes of action
against Shuman fail to incorporate the allegations that the harmful contact occurred
during preparation for Larson’s surgery.
8
The operative complaint therefore omits the previous allegations that
Shuman was the anesthesiologist on Larson’s kidney stone surgery, and that Larson
alleged injuries occurred as Shuman administered anesthesia for the surgery. In the
Earlier Action, Shuman and UHS successfully demurred to Larson’s assault, battery, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress claims on the ground Larson failed to allege
sufficient facts to show he did not consent to Shuman’s conduct because the alleged
injuries occurred as Shuman provided medical care. The trial court sustained those
demurrers with leave to amend, but rather than amend his pleading, Larson dismissed the
Earlier Action and filed this action eight months later without the factual allegations
showing his injuries occurred as Shuman administered anesthesia to Larson before
Larson’s surgery.
Larson is bound by the allegations of his complaints in the Earlier Action
because he omitted facts the trial court relied on in sustaining Shuman’s and UHS’s
earlier demurrers without providing an explanation for the omissions. The trial court
therefore properly considered the allegations from Larson’s earlier complaints when
ruling on the demurrers in this action.3 (Cantu, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 877-888;
see CCC Information Services, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 412; Henry, supra,
32 Cal.App.4th at pp. 322-323.)
C. Larson’s Claims Are Time Barred Under Section 340.5
The trial court sustained Shuman’s and UHS’s demurrers on the ground
Larson’s claims were barred by the one-year limitations period in section 340.5 for
claims based on a health care provider’s professional negligence. Larson contends the
3 The trial court judicially noticed the two complaints, the demurrers, the
ruling on the demurrers, and the dismissal in the Earlier Action. Those documents were
properly subject to judicial notice as court records under Evidence Code section 452,
subdivision (d), and Larson does not contend the trial court erred in judicially noticing
those documents. Evidence Code section 459, subdivision (a), requires us to judicially
notice “each matter properly noticed by the trial court.”
9
trial court erred because he did not allege a claim for professional negligence, but rather
claims for battery and the intentional infliction of emotional distress. According to
Larson, section 335.1’s two-year limitations period generally applicable to personal
injury claims governs. We are not persuaded because Larson fails to recognize
section 340.5’s proper scope and the true nature of his claims.
1. Types of Claims Subject to Section 340.5’s Limitations Period
Section 340.5 establishes a one-year limitations period for any “action for
injury or death against a health care provider based upon such person’s alleged
professional negligence.” (§ 340.5.) The one-year period runs from the date “the
plaintiff discovers, or through the use of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the
injury.” (Ibid.) The statute also establishes a three-year outer limitations period that runs
from the date of injury regardless when the plaintiff discovers the injury. Larson does not
contend the three-year period applies, and the allegations of his complaints show he
discovered his injuries immediately after he awoke from his kidney stone surgery.
Section 340.5 is part of the Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act
(MICRA), which the Legislature enacted in 1975 as its response to a perceived “medical
malpractice crisis.” (Perry v. Shaw (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 658, 667 (Perry).) MICRA
made several substantial changes to the law governing medical malpractice actions with
the intent to reduce insurance rates by reducing the size and number of malpractice
judgments, and “thereby ensuring available and affordable health care.” (Ibid.)
MICRA includes not only section 340.5, which shortened the limitations
period for malpractice actions, but also several other statutes that abolished the collateral
source rule (Civ. Code, § 3333.1), limited noneconomic damages to $250,000 (Civ.
Code, § 3333.2), authorized periodic payments of future damages without the plaintiff’s
consent (§ 667.7), limited the contingency fees attorneys could charge (Bus. & Prof.
Code, § 6146), authorized arbitration agreements in medical services contracts (§ 1295),
10
and required prior notice to health care providers before a malpractice action may be
commenced (§ 364). (Perry, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 667; see Smith v. Ben Bennett,
Inc. (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1514, 1524 (Smith).)
Like section 340.5, each MICRA statute limits its applicability to actions
“based upon” the “professional negligence” of a “health care provider.” (Unruh-Haxton
v. Regents of University of California (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 343, 354 (Unruh-Haxton);
Smith, supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 1514.) Each statute includes the same definition of
the phrase “professional negligence”: “[A] negligent act or omission to act by a health
care provider in the rendering of professional services, which act or omission is the
proximate cause of a personal injury or wrongful death . . . .”4 (See, e.g., § 340.5;
Unruh-Haxton, at p. 352; Smith, at p. 1514.)
Despite the apparent clarity of this definition, applying it may pose
difficulties because additional claims often arise out of the same facts as a professional
negligence claim, including claims for battery, products liability, premise liability, fraud,
breach of contract, and intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. (Smith,
supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 1514; see Unruh-Haxton, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 352-353.) Indeed, “[b]ecause acts supporting a negligence cause of action might also
support a cause of action for an intentional tort, [the Supreme Court has] not limited
application of MICRA provisions to causes of action that are based solely on a ‘negligent
act or omission’ as provided in [MICRA’s definition of professional negligence].”
(Central Pathology Services Medical Clinic, Inc. v. Superior Court (1992) 3 Cal.4th 181,
192 (Central Pathology).) Instead, the Supreme Court “‘has cautioned repeatedly that
“the scope and meaning of the phrase[] . . . ‘based on professional negligence’ [may] vary
depending upon the legislative history and ‘the purpose underlying each of [MICRA’s]
4 Each statute also includes the same definition of the term “health care
provider” (see, e.g., § 340.5), but that definition is not relevant to this appeal because
Larson does not dispute Shuman and UHS are health care providers.
11
individual statutes.’ [Citation.]” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Unruh-Haxton, supra,
162 Cal.App.4th at p. 353; Smith, supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 1515.)
Accordingly, when a plaintiff asserts a claim against a health care provider
on a legal theory other than professional negligence, courts must determine whether the
claim is nonetheless based on the health care provider’s professional negligence, which
would require application of MICRA. (Smith, supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at p. 1514;
Unruh-Haxton, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at p. 353.) To make that determination, courts
must examine not only the legal theory alleged, but also the nature of the health care
provider’s alleged conduct and the legislative history of the MICRA provision at issue.
(Ibid.; Barris v. County of Los Angeles (1999) 20 Cal.4th 101, 116 (Barris).) When, as
here, the question presented concerns which limitations period applies, courts also must
focus on the nature or gravamen of the claim, not the label or form of action the plaintiff
selects. (Hensler v. City of Glendale (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1, 22-23; Iverson, Yoakum,
Papiano & Hatch v. Berwald (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 990, 995.)
Because a claim based on a health care provider’s professional negligence
varies from case to case, we rely on several other decisions for guidance. In
Unruh-Haxton, this court considered whether section 340.5’s limitations period barred
the plaintiffs’ fraud, conversion, and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims
against a fertility clinic and its doctors for selling, conducting medical research on, and
implanting the plaintiffs’ fertilized eggs in other women without the plaintiffs’
knowledge or consent. (Unruh-Haxton, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at pp. 349, 350.) The
trial court sustained the defendants’ demurrer based on section 340.5’s limitations period
because it found the plaintiffs’ intentional tort claims were merely alternative theories
based on the same set of facts as a professional negligence claim. (Id. at p. 355.)
We reversed because our review of the complaint revealed the plaintiffs
based their intentional tort claims on intentional misconduct, not professional negligence,
and therefore applying section 340.5 would not further MICRA’s goal of reducing the
12
number of medical malpractice actions filed: “The allegations of stealing and then
selling a person’s genetic material for financial gain [are] intentional act[s] of egregious
abuse against a particularly vulnerable and trusting victim. None of the patients assert
the egg harvesting medical procedures fell below the standard of care. Rather, it is the
intentional and malicious quest to steal genetic material that is the focus of the lawsuit.
[¶] . . . It would be inconsistent with the letter and spirit of the statutory scheme to hold
allegations of intentional fraud, emotional distress, and stealing are really just other forms
of professional negligence.” (Unruh-Haxton, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at pp. 355-356;
see Benun v. Superior Court (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 113, 124, 125-126 (Benun)
[section 340.5 does not apply to statutory cause of action for custodial elder abuse
(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15657) because the claim is not based on professional negligence,
but rather reckless or intentional neglect by elder’s custodian].)
In Perry, the plaintiff alleged the physician defendant had committed a
battery by performing a breast enhancement procedure as part of another surgical
procedure despite the plaintiff’s specific instructions not to do so. (Perry, supra,
88 Cal.App.4th at pp. 661-662.) The Court of Appeal concluded MICRA’s $250,000
limitation on noneconomic damages did not apply to the battery claim because it was not
based on professional negligence and nothing in MICRA’s legislative history suggested
the Legislature intended to extend the monetary limitation to intentional torts. (Id. at
p. 668.)
In concluding the noneconomic damage limitation did not apply, the Perry
court discussed at length the decision in Cobbs v. Grant (1972) 8 Cal.3d 229, where the
Supreme Court distinguished between two qualitatively different types of battery. The
first occurs when a physician obtains the patient’s consent to perform one type of
treatment, but performs a substantially different treatment for which no consent was
obtained. In that circumstance, the intentional tort of battery has occurred because the
physician deliberately deviated from the consent that was given. The second type of
13
battery is a technical battery, which occurs when a physician performs the treatment for
which consent was obtained and an infrequent complication occurs that the physician
failed to disclose when obtaining the patient’s consent. In that circumstance, the claim is
based on professional negligence, not intentional misconduct, because the physician did
not deliberately deviate from the consent, but merely failed to disclose all known
potential complications. (Perry, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at pp. 663-664.) The Perry court
emphasized it found MICRA’s limitation on noneconomic damages did not apply
because the plaintiff alleged a true battery based on a deliberate decision to ignore the
scope of the plaintiff’s consent, not a negligent battery based on the failure to disclose a
potential complication. (Id. at pp. 664, 668, fn. 4.)
In Preferred Risk Mutual Ins. Co. v. Reiswig (1999) 21 Cal.4th 208(Preferred Risk), the Supreme Court emphasized the importance of examining the
underlying basis for the claim and determined MICRA’s prefiling notice requirement and
its related tolling provision (§ 364) applied to an equitable indemnity claim. (Preferred
Risk, at pp. 211-212.) Although equitable indemnity claims are based on the common
law duty to reimburse a person who pays money because of another’s wrongdoing, the
Supreme Court explained equitable indemnity actions are nonetheless based on a health
care provider’s professional negligence when the actions “flow from professional
negligence actions (as opposed to unrelated tort actions).” (Id. at pp. 215, 218; see
Western Steamship Lines, Inc. v. San Pedro Peninsula Hospital (1994) 8 Cal.4th 100, 114
[MICRA’s limit on noneconomic damages applied to equitable indemnity action based
on earlier professional negligence lawsuit because indemnity cannot occur without
liability].)
Finally, in Barris, the Supreme Court concluded MICRA’s limit on
noneconomic damages applied to a federal law claim under the Emergency Medical
Treatment and Active Labor Act (42 U.S.C. § 1395dd), which prohibits hospitals from
transferring or discharging a patient suffering from a known emergency medical
14
condition until the patient’s condition has been stabilized. (Barris, supra, 20 Cal.4th at
pp. 108-109.) Although the federal law claim required a greater showing than a state law
claim for professional negligence, including a showing the hospital had actual knowledge
of the patient’s emergency medical condition, the Supreme Court nonetheless concluded
the federal law claim was based on professional negligence within the meaning of
MICRA’s noneconomic damages limitation because the law addressed a negligent
omission to act by a health care provider in the rendering of professional services. (Id. at
pp. 110-111.)
Despite the case-by-case approach of the foregoing cases, Shuman urges a
bright-line rule that section 340.5 broadly applies to any claim directly related to the
professional services rendered by a health care provider, as opposed to only claims based
upon a health care provider’s professional negligence. Shuman cites Central Pathology
to support this contention, but Central Pathology did not construe section 340.5 or any
other MICRA provision, and later cases have refused to apply Central Pathology’s
standard to any MICRA provision.
Central Pathology construed section 425.13, which requires a plaintiff to
establish a substantial probability of recovering punitive damages before alleging a
punitive damages claim “[i]n any action for damages arising out of the professional
negligence of a health care provider.” (§ 425.13, italics added; Central Pathology, supra,3 Cal.4th at p. 184.) Although section 425.13 regulates punitive damage claims against
health care providers and its requirement the claim must arise out of “professional
negligence” is similar to MICRA’s “based on professional negligence” requirement,
section 425.13 does not include MICRA’s definition of professional negligence and it is
not part of MICRA. (§ 425.13; Central Pathology, at pp. 187-188.) Section 425.13 was
enacted more than a decade after MICRA as part of the Brown-Lockyer Civil Liability
Reform Act (Stats. 1987, ch. 1498 §§ 1-7, pp. 5777-5782), which revised statutory
provisions addressing punitive damages as part of a larger tort reform effort. (Central
15
Pathology, at p. 188.) Based on section 425.13’s language and legislative history, the
Central Pathology court “h[e]ld that whenever an injured party seeks punitive damages
for an injury that is directly related to the professional services provided by a health care
provider acting in its capacity as such, then the action is one ‘arising out of the
professional negligence of a health care provider,’ and the party must comply with
section 425.13(a).” (Central Pathology, at pp. 191-192.)
Because section 425.13 is not part of MICRA and employs different
language than MICRA’s statutes, the Supreme Court repeatedly has rejected attempts to
apply the standard it announced in Central Pathology to MICRA or other statutory
provisions. (Delaney v. Baker (1999) 20 Cal.4th 23, 39-40 (Delaney); Barris, supra,20 Cal.4th at pp. 115-116 [refusing to use Central Pathology standard to determine
whether claim was based on professional negligence and therefore subject to MICRA’s
limit on noneconomic damages].) As the Supreme Court explained in Delaney, “The
Central Pathology court made clear that it was not deciding the meaning of the term
‘professional negligence’ used in MICRA or in statutes other than section 425.13(a). . . .
[¶] . . . [T]he Central Pathology court [also] did not purport to universally define the
phrase ‘arising out of professional negligence’ much less the phrase ‘based on
professional negligence.’ . . . To claim that the Central Pathology definition extended
beyond section 425.13(a) is to ignore the limitations that this court put on its own
opinion.” (Delaney, at pp. 39-40.)
We reject Shuman’s efforts to apply the Central Pathology standard to
section 340.5 for the same reasons and now consider whether the conduct Larson
describes in his pleadings, the legal theories he alleges, and the purpose behind
section 340.5 compel the conclusion his claims are based on professional negligence.
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2. Section 340.5’s One-Year Limitations Period Applies Because Larson’s
Claims Are Based On Professional Negligence
Although Larson labels his claims as intentional torts for battery and
intentional infliction of emotional distress, the operative complaint’s factual allegations,
when read in conjunction with Larson’s complaints in the Earlier Action, reveal Larson’s
claims are based on professional negligence within the meaning of section 340.5. Indeed,
Larson alleges Shuman was the anesthesiologist for his surgery and injured Larson by
forcefully grabbing and twisting his arm while conducting a preoperative checkup, and
prying open Larson’s mouth and violently punching, lifting, and pushing Larson’s face as
he put on the mask to administer the anesthesia. These allegations challenge the manner
in which Shuman rendered the professional health care services he was hired to perform;
they do not allege intentional torts committed for an ulterior purpose.
Admittedly, punching a patient is not part of the professional services an
anesthesiologist customarily provides, but none of the complaints in the Earlier Action
alleged Shuman punched Larson in any manner. Instead, the complaints in the Earlier
Action, and the allegations of the operative complaint, show Larson’s claims are based on
how Shuman performed his preoperative checkup and how he administered the
anesthesia. Larson alleges Shuman performed some of the tasks “forcefully” and
“violently,” but those self-serving characterizations are merely attempts to avoid MICRA
and the restrictions it imposes on all medical malpractice claims. Despite Larson’s
characterizations, the nature of the acts on which he bases his claims form part of the
professional health care services Shuman rendered as an anesthesiologist. Larson simply
claims Shuman performed his professional services in an unnecessarily harsh and
forceful manner, which amounts to a claim Shuman failed to meet the applicable standard
of care in rendering his services.
Unlike the claims in Unruh-Haxton, the focus of Larson’s claims concern
the manner in which Shuman rendered his professional services as an anesthesiologist,
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not some collateral course of conduct pursued for Shuman’s own gain or gratification.
Larson does not allege Shuman acted with an intent to do anything other than administer
the anesthesia for the surgery or that Shuman had any reason to intentionally injure
Larson. Larson’s allegations also are vastly different than the facts in Perry. Larson
does not allege Shuman provided any medical treatment to which Larson did not consent
or that Shuman deliberately deviated from the consent Larson provided for his surgery.
Larson’s claims are analogous to the claims the Supreme Court found to be based on
professional negligence in Preferred Risk and Barris because they are necessarily based
on Shuman’s professional health care services.
Moreover, applying section 340.5’s one-year limitations period to Larson’s
claims is consistent with MICRA’s goal of reducing the number of medical malpractice
actions by shortening the limitations period. (Perry, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 667;
Benun, supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at pp. 125-126, fn. 6; Noble v. Superior Court (1987)
191 Cal.App.3d 1189, 1193.) By looking past Larson’s labels and characterizations to
the conduct itself, we advance MICRA’s purpose because we prevent Larson from
avoiding MICRA’s shorter limitations period through artful pleading. (See Smith, supra,
133 Cal.App.4th at p. 1514.) We therefore conclude Larson’s claims are based on
professional negligence and barred by section 340.5’s one-year limitations period.5
Larson relies on So v. Shin (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 652 (So), to support his
argument Shuman’s conduct fell outside the purview of professional services. We are not
persuaded. Larson mischaracterizes and ignores his own allegations and nonetheless
forfeited any argument based on So by failing to raise the argument and cite So until the
5 Larson does not dispute his allegations reveal he had his surgery in
November 2010, discovered his injury immediately after he awoke from the surgery,
complained to UHS and the police about Shuman’s conduct that same month, and did not
file this action under November 2012.
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reply brief, thereby depriving Shuman and UHS of the opportunity to respond in writing.6
(See, e.g., Habitat & Watershed Caretakers v. City of Santa Cruz (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th
1277, 1292, fn. 6 [“[a]rguments presented for the first time in an appellant’s reply brief
are considered waived”]; Holmes v. Petrovich Development Co., LLC (2011)
191 Cal.App.4th 1047, 1064, fn. 2 [“argument is forfeited” where “it is raised for the first
time in [appellant’s] reply brief without a showing of good cause”].)
In So, the plaintiff underwent a dilation and curettage procedure following a
miscarriage. The plaintiff alleged the defendant administered insufficient anesthesia
causing her to awake during the procedure and experience pain and discomfort. Upon the
plaintiff summoning the defendant to the recovery room and complaining about awaking
during the procedure, the defendant became angry and verbally abusive toward the
plaintiff, shoved a container filled with the plaintiff’s blood and tissue at the plaintiff, and
told the plaintiff she could not have felt anything. As the plaintiff became more and more
distraught, the defendant attempted to comfort the plaintiff, and begged the plaintiff not
to report the incident or that she awoke during the procedure. Based on this
confrontation, the plaintiff sued the defendant and others for negligence, intentional
infliction of emotional distress, assault, and battery. (So, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 657-658.) The trial court granted the defendant’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings on the negligence cause of action based on section 340.5’s one-year limitations
period. The defendants, however, did not challenge any of the intentional tort claims
based on section 340.5’s limitation period. (So, at pp. 660-661.)
The Court of Appeal reversed because the plaintiff’s factual allegations
showed the negligence claim could be based on general negligence rather than
6 The So opinion was issued seven months before Larson filed his opening
brief, and therefore he had ample opportunity to discover the opinion and include a
discussion of it in his opening brief. Larson offers no explanation why he did not include
So in his opening brief.
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professional negligence, and therefore subject to section 335.1’s two-year limitations
period rather than section 340.5’s one-year period. The So court explained, “professional
negligence is only that negligent conduct engaged in for the purpose of (or the purported
purpose of) delivering health care to a patient—or, in the words of our Supreme Court in
Central Pathology, conduct ‘directly related to the professional services provided by a
health care provider acting in its capacity as such’ and that ‘is an ordinary and usual part
of medical professional services.’ [Citation.] Stated simply, negligent actions
undertaken by a health care provider for the purpose of delivering medical care to a
patient constitute professional negligence; tortious actions undertaken for a different
purpose—in Atienza [v. Taub (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 388], for the physician’s sexual
gratification—are not.” (So, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at pp. 666-667, original italics.)
Because the plaintiff alleged the defendant engaged in conduct for her own benefit—for
the purpose of persuading the plaintiff not to report that she awoke during the
procedure—the So court concluded “the alleged negligence was not undertaken ‘in the
rendering of professional services,’ and thus it does not constitute professional negligence
within the meaning of section 340.5.” (So, at p. 667.)
So does not change the result in this case because Larson’s allegations show
Shuman necessarily undertook the alleged conduct in providing professional services—a
preoperative checkup and administration of anesthesia. Unlike the allegations in So,
Larson does not allege Shuman acted for any reason other than rendering professional
services. Moreover, by relying on the standard Central Pathology announced in
interpreting section 425.13, So is inconsistent with the Supreme Court decisions we
discussed above that refused to apply Central Pathology to any MICRA provisions.
(Delaney, supra, 20 Cal.4th at pp. 39-40; Barris, supra, 20 Cal.4th at pp. 115-116.)
Finally, because we affirm the trial court’s decision sustaining Shuman’s
and UHS’s demurrers based on section 340.5’s one-year limitations period, we do not
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address whether Larson alleged sufficient facts to support his claims. We also do not
address whether the trial court properly granted Shuman’s and UHS’s motions to strike.
D. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Denying Larson Leave to Amend
As explained above, a trial court’s decision to deny a plaintiff leave to
amend after sustaining a demurrer is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. To establish an
abuse of discretion, a plaintiff must show there is a reasonable possibility of amendment
by specifically showing the additional facts that he or she intends to allege and how those
facts would state a cause of action; “‘[t]he assertion of an abstract right to amend does not
satisfy this burden.’” (Rosen, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 458.) Here, Larson does not
seek leave to amend, let alone explain how he could allege sufficient facts to overcome
the bar of section 340.5’s one-year limitations period. Accordingly, Larson failed to
show the trial court abused its discretion in denying him leave to amend.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgments are affirmed. Shuman and UHS shall recover their costs on
appeal.
ARONSON, ACTING P. J.
WE CONCUR:
FYBEL, J.
IKOLA, J.
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