People v. Robinson , 180 Cal. Rptr. 3d 796 ( 2014 )

Filed 12/8/14
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E056791
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1104807)
RENEE ROBINSON, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Thomas E. Kelly, Judge.
(Retired judge of the Santa Cruz Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part; reversed in part with directions.
*
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion
is certified for publication with the exception of part 2 of the discussion.
1
Lise M. Breakey, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton, Teresa
Torreblanca, Brendon W. Marshall, Charles C. Ragland and Robin Urbanski, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant Renee Robinson was charged with both aggravated mayhem, in
violation of Penal Code section 205, and mayhem, in violation of Penal Code section 203
(sometimes hereafter called “simple mayhem”). Both charges were based on a single
incident in which defendant poured scalding water over her husband’s head, resulting in
serious burns to his face and various parts of his body, with residual scarring. She
contends that she could not be convicted of both offenses based on the same act because
simple mayhem is a lesser included offense of aggravated mayhem.
The argument defendant originally made has been nullified by People v. Santana
(2013) 56 Cal. 4th 999, which was decided after the conclusion of the initial briefing in
this case. However, after supplemental briefing requested by the court and further oral
argument, we conclude that section 203 is a necessarily included lesser offense of section
205. Accordingly, we will reverse defendant’s conviction for violation of section 203.
We will also direct the trial court to correct defendant’s sentence as discussed below.
2
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant was charged with aggravated mayhem (count 1; Pen. Code, § 205);1
torture (count 2; § 206); mayhem (count 3; § 203); assault with a deadly weapon, to wit,
boiling water, and by force likely to cause great bodily injury (count 4; § 245,
subd. (a)(1) [sic]);2 and domestic battery with corporal injury (count 5; § 273.5,
subd. (a)). The information also alleged that in the commission of counts 4 and 5,
defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury under circumstances involving
domestic violence within the meaning of sections 12022.7, subdivision (e) and 1192.7,
subdivision (c)(8).
A jury convicted defendant on all counts and found the great bodily injury
allegations true. The court sentenced defendant to “seven years to life” on counts 1 and
2,3 and to a determinate term of four years on count 4, plus five years for the great bodily
1 All further statutory citations refer to the Penal Code unless another code is
specified.
2 Assault with a deadly weapon other than a firearm is codified in section 245,
subdivision (a)(1); assault by means of force likely to cause great bodily injury is codified
in section 245, subdivision (a)(4).
3 Section 205 carries a term of life in prison with the possibility of parole; section
206 carries a term of life in prison. (§ 206.1.) A term of life with the possibility of
parole does not have a minimum determinate term of seven years; rather, a person
sentenced to such a term first becomes eligible for parole in seven years. (§ 3046,
subd. (a)(1).)
3
injury enhancement. The court imposed and stayed sentences on counts 3 and 5, pursuant
to section 654. The sentences on counts 1, 2 and 4 were all made concurrent.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
FACTS
Because of the nature of the issues raised on appeal, a brief summary of the facts
suffices.
Defendant and the victim, Sam Wright, were married in 1999. During the
marriage, Wright had an affair which resulted in the birth of a child in 2009.
On September 15, 2011, defendant had been drinking rum and possibly smoking crack
cocaine and haranguing Wright for about an hour about the child, saying that he took
better care of the child than he did of her. She put two pots of water on the stove and
heated them. She walked up behind Wright, who was seated in the living room, and
poured the contents of a three- to four-quart pot of scalding water onto his head,
shoulders, stomach and back. Wright said the pain was “the worst pain [he’d] ever felt,”
about nine and a half out of 10.
Wright went outside and rolled on the wet grass. A neighbor called the
paramedics. Deputy Sheriff Butcher, who was among the responders, observed that
Wright’s skin was starting to bubble and looked like it was melting off.
4
Wright suffered second degree burns of varying depth on his face, shoulders, back,
stomach, thigh and neck.4 He was hospitalized for about two weeks in the burn unit at
Arrowhead Regional Hospital. By the time of the trial, Wright still had some scarring on
his left thigh and on his shoulders, back and abdomen. The director of the burn unit
testified that he could not say whether Wright would be permanently disfigured.
DISCUSSION
1.
SIMPLE MAYHEM IS A NECESSARILY INCLUDED LESSER OFFENSE
OF AGGRAVATED MAYHEM
Defendant was convicted of both aggravated mayhem and simple mayhem.
(§§ 203, 205.) She contends that because simple mayhem is a necessarily included lesser
crime with respect to aggravated mayhem, her conviction on the lesser offense must be
reversed.
A defendant may be convicted of more than one offense based on the same act or a
single course of conduct. (§ 954; People v. Reed (2006) 38 Cal. 4th 1224, 1227.)
However, a defendant may not be convicted of two such offenses if one is a necessarily
included lesser offense of the other. (People v. Reed, at p. 1227.) For purposes of
determining whether a defendant may be convicted of multiple charged offenses, courts
4 Second degree burns can range from superficial, albeit worse than first degree
burns, to “deep dermal,” i.e., penetrating deep into the dermis.
5
use the statutory elements test to determine whether one offense is necessarily included in
the other. (Id. at p. 1230.) Under that test, if the statutory elements of the greater offense
include all of the statutory elements of the lesser offense, such that the greater offense
cannot be committed without also committing the lesser offense, the latter is necessarily
included in the former. (Ibid; People v. Smith (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 232, 240.) Accordingly,
we apply the statutory elements test to determine whether section 203 is necessarily
included in section 205.5
Section 203 provides: “Every person who unlawfully and maliciously deprives a
human being of a member of his body, or disables, disfigures, or renders it useless, or
cuts or disables the tongue, or puts out an eye, or slits the nose, ear, or lip, is guilty of
mayhem.”
Section 205 provides, in pertinent part: “A person is guilty of aggravated mayhem
when he or she unlawfully, under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the
physical or psychological well-being of another person, intentionally causes permanent
5 There are two tests for determining whether an offense is a necessarily included
lesser offense. Under the accusatory pleading test, if the facts actually alleged in the
accusatory pleading include all of the elements of the lesser offense, the latter is
necessarily included in the former. (People v. Reed, supra, 38 Cal.4th at pp. 1227-1228.)
The accusatory pleading test applies in determining whether a trial court must instruct the
jury on an uncharged lesser offense. (Ibid.) It does not apply in determining whether a
charged offense is necessarily included in another charged offense, as in this case. (Id. at
pp. 1228-1231.)
6
disability or disfigurement of another human being or deprives a human being of a limb,
organ, or member of his or her body.”
In her opening brief, defendant contends that section 203 is a lesser included
offense of section 205 because serious bodily injury is an element of both offenses, even
though it is not explicitly an element of section 205. She contends that permanent
disfigurement or disability or the deprivation of a limb, organ or bodily member is
necessarily a serious bodily injury, and because case law has held that serious bodily
injury is an element of section 203, a violation of section 205 necessarily also constitutes
a violation of section 203. Defendant’s argument has been nullified, however, by People
v. Santana, supra, 56 Cal. 4th 999 (Santana). In that case, which was decided after the
conclusion of initial briefing in this case, the California Supreme Court held that serious
bodily injury is not an element of section 203 and that CALCRIM No. 801, which
included a requirement that the prosecution must prove that the defendant caused serious
bodily injury, is erroneous. (Santana, at pp. 1004-1011.) The court specifically noted
that section 203 can be violated by cutting the tongue or slitting the nose, ear or lip, none
of which are necessarily serious bodily injuries. (Santana, at p. 1010.)
In response to an argument made by the Attorney General in her respondent’s
brief, defendant also asserts that courts have held that section 203 is a lesser included
offense of section 205 because the sole difference between the two offenses is that
aggravated mayhem is a specific intent crime, while simple mayhem is a general intent
crime. The only case she cites in support of that assertion is People v. Hill (1994) 23
7
Cal. App. 4th 1566. In that case, the court observed that section 203 is a lesser included
offense of section 205, and that section 205 requires specific intent while section 203
does not. (People v. Hill, at p. 1569 & fn. 2.) However, the case did not present an issue
as to the section 203’s status as a lesser included offense. Consequently, the court did not
engage in any analysis of that question, and its observation is dictum. As the Attorney
General points out, although several opinions refer to section 203 as a lesser included
offense of section 205, no court has actually addressed and resolved that issue. (See, e.g.,
People v. Gonzalez (2012) 210 Cal. App. 4th 875, 888; People v. Pre (2004) 117
Cal. App. 4th 413, 418; People v. Park (2003) 112 Cal. App. 4th 61, 65-66; People v.
Quintero (2006) 135 Cal. App. 4th 1152, 1167.)
Following oral argument, we asked the parties for further briefing on whether
simple mayhem is a lesser included offense of aggravated mayhem. We asked them to
address the legislative history of section 205 and whether it sheds any light on that
question.6 Having considered the parties’ supplemental briefing and further oral
6 We provided the parties with a packet of legislative history materials which
were previously compiled by the California Judicial Center Library. We take judicial
notice of those documents contained in the packet which we cite in this opinion. (Evid.
Code, § 452, subd. (c); see Arce v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (2010) 181
Cal. App. 4th 471, 484 [reports of legislative committees and commissions are part of a
statute’s legislative history and may properly be subject to judicial notice as official acts
of the Legislature].)
8
argument, and having further examined the issue, we now conclude that simple mayhem
is a necessarily included lesser offense of aggravated mayhem.
There is an ambiguity in section 203 which allows that statute to be read either as
identical with section 205, except for the elements of intent and mental state,7 or as
covering a more limited scope of injury than does section 205. In addition to the three
specific types of injury it penalizes (“cuts or disables the tongue, or puts out an eye, or
slits the nose, ear, or lip”), section 203 addresses the disabling, disfiguring, deprivation of
or rendering useless a “member” of a person’s body. The word “member” is inherently
ambiguous. In People v. Page (1980) 104 Cal. App. 3d 569, the court noted that
“member” is defined in varying ways: “‘A part or organ of the animal body, especially a
limb’ (Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dict. (1974)); as a ‘general term applied to
any integral part or vital organ of an organized animal body, or, more widely, to any
integral or distinguishable constituent part of a whole which is considered as organic . . .’
(The Random House Dict. of the English Language (1966)); and as ‘a bodily part or
organ . . . specif: a part (as a limb) that projects from the main mass of the body’
(Webster’s Third New Internat. Dict. (1965)).” (Id. at p. 577.) Because a bodily
“member” can be limited to the head and the limbs but can also include any integral part
or distinguishable constituent of the body, the language of section 203 (disfiguring,
7 Section 205 requires that the perpetrator act both in a manner “manifesting
extreme indifference to the physical or psychological well-being of another person” and
with the intent of causing permanent disability or disfigurement.
9
disabling or depriving of a “member” of the body) can be read as coextensive with the
language of section 205 (causing permanent disability or disfigurement of another human
being or depriving another person of a limb, organ or member). However, it is equally
arguable that section 205 more broadly penalizes any disfigurement, disability or
deprivation of any portion of the body, if the act is committed with the requisite intent
and mental state, while section 203 focuses on disfigurement, disability or deprivation of
a “member” of the victim’s body, defined narrowly. This is how the court perceived the
difference between the two statutes in People v. Ferrell (1990) 218 Cal. App. 3d 828:
section 205 “broadly prohibits intentionally causing ‘permanent disability or
disfigurement . . . or depriv[ing] a human being of a limb, organ, or member of his or her
body,’ while the injuries which are the subject of section 203 are more narrowly and
precisely defined.” (Id. at p. 835.)8 Under the latter reading, scarring to the torso would
not qualify as disfigurement of a member of the body. Under that reading, a violation of
section 205 could be committed without also committing a violation of section 203.
Therefore, in order to determine whether section 203 is a necessarily included lesser
offense of section 205, we must resolve the ambiguity in section 203.
8 The issue in People v. Ferrell, supra, 218 Cal. App. 3d 828, is not whether
section 203 is a lesser included offense of section 205 but whether a defendant can
simultaneously entertain both the intent to cause permanent disability or disfigurement
and the intent to kill. (People v. Ferrell, at pp. 833-836.)
10
Our role in interpreting a statute is to determine and effectuate the intent of the
Legislature. If the statutory language is unambiguous, its plain meaning controls.
“Where, however, the statutory language is ambiguous on its face or is shown to have a
latent ambiguity such that it does not provide a definitive answer, we may resort to
extrinsic sources to determine legislative intent. [Citations.] Under this circumstance,
‘the court may examine the context in which the language appears, adopting the
construction that best harmonizes the statute internally and with related statutes.’
[Citation.] ‘In such cases, a court may consider both the legislative history of the statute
and the wider historical circumstances of its enactment to ascertain the legislative
intent.’” (Lewis v. County of Sacramento (2001) 93 Cal. App. 4th 107, 119-120.) Because
of the ambiguity in section 203, we may look to extrinsic aids to attempt to harmonize it
with section 205.
When the Legislature enacted section 205,9 it apparently understood section 203 to
apply narrowly, under what it understood to be the common law definition of “member of
the body,” which did not include “body organs, or the face itself.” It understood section
203 to cover only “dismemberment, and injuries to the eye, nose, tongue, ear, and lip.”
(See Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 589 (1987-1988 Reg.
Sess.).) This perceived limitation is not, however, consistent with the actual wording of
section 203, which also penalizes disfigurement or disabling of a bodily member.
9 Section 205 was introduced as Senate Bill No. 589 (1987-1988 Reg. Sess.).
11
Moreover, although the Legislature was apparently unaware of it, by 1987 the
scope of disfiguring injuries punishable under section 203 had already begun to be
expanded through judicial decisions. In People v. Keenan (1991) 227 Cal. App. 3d 26
(Keenan), the court affirmed a conviction for simple mayhem based on the infliction of
cigarette burns on the victim’s breasts. In response to the defendant’s argument that the
resulting scarring was too minor to amount to mayhem, the court stated:
“Mayhem, an older form of the word ‘maim,’ was at common law restricted to
injuries that ‘substantially reduced the victim’s formidability in combat’ [citation]; the
rationale being to preserve the king’s right to the military services of his subjects.
Gradually, the crime evolved to include injuries that did not affect the victim’s fighting
ability. Our current mayhem statute is based upon the Coventry Act of 1670, which first
broadened mayhem to include mere disfigurement. That statute imposed a sentence of
death on any person who, with malice aforethought, ‘cut out or disable[d] the tongue, put
out an eye, slit the nose, cut off a nose or lip, or cut off or disable[d] any limb or member
of any other person.’ [Citation.] [¶] While many contemporary mayhem cases involve
conduct that squarely fits the traditional understanding of the offense [citations], courts
recently have expanded mayhem to include acts not within the original definition of the
crime. Thus, in People v. Newble (1981) 120 Cal. App. 3d 444 [174 Cal. Rptr. 637] the
court upheld a conviction for mayhem based upon the infliction of a three-inch long
facial wound and observed, ‘“the modern rationale of the crime [of mayhem] may be said
to be the preservation of the natural completeness and normal appearance of the human
12
face and body.”’ (120 Cal.App.3d at p. 451, italics added.) Similarly, in People v. Page
(1980) 104 Cal. App. 3d 569, 578 [163 Cal. Rptr. 839] the court reasoned that ‘[t]he law of
mayhem as it has developed protects the integrity of the victim’s person,’ and affirmed a
mayhem conviction based on the application of permanent tattoos to the victim’s breast
and abdomen.” (Keenan, supra, 227 Cal.App.3d at pp. 33-34, fn. omitted.) Keenan
recognized these cases as “practical and proper applications of an old statute to modern-
day reality.” (Ibid.; accord, Santana, supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 1003-1004.)
In any event, regardless of the whether the Legislature correctly understood the
scope of section 203 when it enacted section 205, the legislative history of section 205
shows that the Legislature was not concerned with whether the types of injuries which
could constitute aggravated mayhem would also constitute simple mayhem, but rather
with the intent and mental state underlying the infliction of the injuries. The various
committees which examined the bill recognized that the proposed legislation was in
response to recent cases involving severe injuries apparently inflicted with the sadistic
intent of causing pain, disfigurement or disability rather with the intent to kill the victim.
The bill’s author thought that the penalties for such acts, which would not qualify as
attempted murder, were insufficient if prosecuted either under section 203 or as
13
aggravated assault, and that section 205 was needed to provide adequate punishment.10
(Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 589 (1987-1988 Reg. Sess.), pp. 2-5;
Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 589 (1987-1988 Reg. Sess.),
pp. 2-3; Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, 3rd reading analysis of Sen. Bill
No. 589 (Reg. Sess. 1987-1988), as amended Apr. 9, 1987; Assem. Public Safety Com.
Republican Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 589 (Reg. Sess. 1987-1988), as amended June 23,
1987.) The Assembly’s Public Safety Committee opined that the new legislation would
penalize injuries not encompassed by section 203 and that “[a]s currently defined,
mayhem would probably not be a lesser included offense of aggravated mayhem” (see
Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 589 (1987-1988 Reg. Sess.),
pp. 2-3; Assem. Public Safety Com. Republican Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 589 (Reg. Sess.
1987-1988), as amended June 23, 1987), but there is nothing in its analysis or elsewhere
that indicates an intention to criminalize types of injuries which would not be penalized
by section 203. From this, we conclude that the Legislature was concerned only with
adequate punishment for mayhem committed with the particular intent and mental state
the Legislature considered worthy of harsher punishment. Accordingly, we must look
elsewhere to determine whether section 203 is a necessarily lesser included offense of
section 205.
10 One of the notorious cases the Legislature relied upon, People v. Singleton
(1980) 112 Cal. App. 3d 418, is actually inapposite because Singleton was convicted of
and sentenced for attempted murder. (Id. at pp. 420-422.)
14
In Santana, supra, 56 Cal. 4th 999, the California Supreme Court adopted the
rationale stated in Keenan, supra, 227 Cal. App. 3d 26 and in People v. Page, supra, 104
Cal. App. 3d 569, for the modern understanding of simple mayhem. (Santana, at
pp. 1003-1004.) The court stated: “Though section 203 contains ‘verbal vestiges’ of the
common law and the Coventry Act of 1670, ‘“the modern rationale of the crime [of
simple mayhem] may be said to be the preservation of the natural completeness and
normal appearance of the human face and body, and not, as originally, the preservation of
the sovereign’s right to the effective military assistance of his subjects.”’ [Citations.] In
other words, section 203 ‘protects the integrity of the victim’s person.’ [Citations.]”
(Santana, at p. 1004.) Under that rationale, scarring of the torso, which damages the
natural appearance of the body, constitutes simple mayhem even though the torso is
arguably not a bodily member. Further, under the rationale espoused by the court in
Santana, an act which “deprives a human being of a member of his body, or disables,
disfigures, or renders it useless” (§ 203) cannot be distinguished from “causes permanent
disability or disfigurement of another human being or deprives a human being of a limb,
organ, or member of his or her body” (§ 205), except by the intent and mental state with
which the act is committed. Consequently, we conclude that under the statutory elements
test, simple mayhem in violation of section 203 is a necessarily included lesser offense of
aggravated mayhem in violation of section 205. Accordingly, defendant’s conviction on
count 3 must be reversed.
15
2.
SECTION 654 BARS IMPOSITION OF AN UNSTAYED SENTENCE ON ALL
COUNTS EXCEPT COUNT 1
Section 654 provides, in pertinent part: “(a) An act or omission that is punishable
in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that
provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or
omission be punished under more than one provision.” Where separate punishment is
barred by section 654, the court should impose a sentence and stay it. Imposing a
concurrent term does not satisfy section 654. (People v. Deloza (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 585,
591-592.)
Here, all five counts in the information were based on the single act of pouring
scalding water over the victim’s head. The trial court imposed and stayed the sentence on
counts 3 and 5 (mayhem and domestic violence resulting in corporal injury, respectively),
but imposed unstayed concurrent sentences on counts 2 and 4 (torture and assault with a
deadly weapon or by force likely to cause great bodily injury, respectively). The parties
agree that the sentences on counts 2 and 4 must also be stayed, and we concur.
16
DISPOSITION
Defendant’s conviction on count 3 is reversed. The judgment is otherwise
affirmed. The matter is remanded for correction of the sentence. The superior court
clerk shall issue an amended abstract of judgment and amended sentencing minutes
reflecting the reversal of count 3 and reflecting that the sentences on counts 2, 4, and 5,
including any enhancements, are stayed pursuant to Penal Code section 654. The
amended abstract of judgment and the amended sentencing minutes shall also state that
the sentence on counts 1 and 2 is life in prison with the possibility of parole, not seven
years to life. The superior court clerk shall provide a copy of the amended abstract and
sentencing minutes to the parties and to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
We concur:
RICHLI
J.
MILLER
J.
17