People v. Garrison CA6 ( 2021 )


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  • Filed 7/15/21 P. v. Garrison CA6
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
    publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
    or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
    THE PEOPLE,                                                         H046358, H047344
    (Santa Clara County
    Plaintiff and Respondent,                               Super. Ct. No. 1777768)
    v.
    STEVE YOSHUN GARRISON,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    Pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, appellant Steve Yoshun Garrison pleaded
    no contest to assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 245,
    subd. (a)(4)).1 In accord with the plea agreement, the trial court suspended imposition of
    sentence and ordered Garrison to serve a three-year term of probation. The court also
    ordered Garrison to pay a restitution fine and various fees and assessments. Garrison did
    not appeal the trial court’s order. Later, the trial court found that Garrison had violated
    his probation and sentenced him to two years in state prison. Garrison then filed his first
    notice of appeal. The following year, Garrison sought relief under section 1237.2 in the
    1
    Unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.
    trial court from the restitution fine, fees, and assessments. The trial court denied
    Garrison’s request for relief in part, and Garrison filed a second notice of appeal.2
    In this court and pursuant to both notices of appeal, Garrison contends that he is
    indigent and the trial court erred by refusing to stay or strike the restitution fine, fees, and
    assessments it imposed on him when it originally granted him probation.
    For the reasons explained below, we decide that we do not have the authority to
    grant Garrison the remedy he seeks—namely, an order that all fees and assessments
    previously imposed be stricken and the restitution fine stayed. Garrison failed to timely
    appeal the trial court order initially imposing the challenged restitution fine, fees, and
    assessments and therefore we lack jurisdiction to review it. As to Garrison’s first appeal
    (No. H046358), we affirm the judgment because he has not asserted any claim of error
    regarding his violation of probation or sentence. In his second appeal (No. H047344),
    Garrison has not raised any cognizable claim challenging the trial court’s order on his
    request for relief under section 1237.2. Therefore, we also affirm that order.
    I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    In February 2018, the Santa Clara County District Attorney filed an information
    charging Garrison with one count of assault with a deadly weapon (a metal pipe). (§ 245,
    subd. (a)(1); count 1). The information also alleged Garrison personally used a
    dangerous and deadly weapon within the meaning of sections 667 and 1192.7.
    On April 16, 2018, pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, the district attorney
    amended the information to add a count of assault with force likely to produce great
    bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(4); count 2). Garrison then pleaded no contest to count 2
    in exchange for nine months in county jail and three years of formal probation. In the
    written plea agreement, Garrison initialed a provision that advised him of various fines
    2
    We assigned case No. H046358 to Garrison’s first appeal and case No. H047344
    to his second appeal. Thereafter we granted Garrison’s motion to consider his two
    appeals together for the purposes of briefing, oral argument, and disposition.
    2
    and fees that could be ordered by the trial court. The provision included the statement “I
    do not contest my ability to pay these fines and fees.”
    Later, on May 4, 2018, Garrison failed to appear for his sentencing hearing. On
    June 1, 2018, Garrison appeared in propria persona for sentencing. The trial court
    suspended imposition of sentence and placed Garrison on three years’ probation with
    nine months in county jail, which was deemed served. The trial court imposed a $300
    restitution fine plus a 10 percent administrative fee (for a total of $330) (§ 1202.4); a
    $300 probation revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.44), which was stayed; a $40 court
    operations assessment (§ 1465.8); a $30 criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code,
    § 70373); and a $129.75 criminal justice administration fee (Gov. Code, § 29550 et seq.).
    Garrison did not object and did not request a hearing on his ability to pay the fines, fees,
    and assessments. On the district attorney’s motion, the trial court dismissed count 1 of
    the information. Garrison did not appeal any aspect of the trial court’s June 1, 2018
    order, including its imposition of fines, fees, and assessments.
    In July 2018, the Santa Clara County Probation Department alleged that Garrison
    had violated his probation, and the trial court revoked his probation.
    On August 13, 2018, the trial court heard evidence at a contested hearing on the
    alleged probation violations and found Garrison had violated his probation. The trial
    court sentenced Garrison to two years in state prison. The court imposed the previously
    stayed $300 probation revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.44) and imposed and suspended
    a $300 parole revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.45). In addition, the court ordered that
    the abstract of judgment “reflect all the fines and fees and assessments that were imposed
    when probation was originally granted” on June 1, 2018. Garrison again failed to object
    to or request a hearing on his ability to pay any of the fines, fees, and assessments.
    On September 14, 2018, Garrison, acting in propria persona, filed a notice of
    appeal (first appeal). In his notice of appeal, Garrison checked two boxes beside
    preprinted statements describing the nature of his appeal. The first checked statement
    3
    (section 2.a.(3)) reads: “This appeal challenges the validity of the plea or admission.”
    The other checked statement (section 2.b.(2)) reads: “This appeal is after a contested
    violation of probation.” Garrison did not include in his notice of appeal the “date of the
    order or judgment” (capitalization omitted) that he was appealing. However, he did
    request a certificate of probable cause. The trial court denied the certificate of probable
    cause noting that it was “untimely” for challenging the validity of the plea and “[n]ot
    required” for challenging the violation of probation.3
    On May 15, 2019, pursuant to section 1237.2, and relying on People v. Dueñas
    (2019) 
    30 Cal.App.5th 1157
     (Dueñas) (decided in January 2019), Garrison requested that
    the trial court stay the $330 restitution fine and administrative fee (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)(1),
    (l)) and the $300 probation revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.44). He also asked the
    court to strike the $199.75 in total fees and assessments that had been imposed under
    section 1465.8 and Government Code sections 29550 et seq. and 70373.
    On May 28, 2019, the trial court filed a letter/order in response to Garrison’s
    motion under section 1237.2. The court said it would hold a hearing on Garrison’s
    request for a stay of the probation revocation restitution fine based on his inability to pay,
    unless the parties were to stipulate that Garrison could not afford to pay that fine. The
    trial court otherwise denied Garrison’s request for relief from the previously imposed
    restitution fine, fees, and assessments. The court stated, “As for those fines which were
    imposed by the original sentencing court in 2018, I am guided by the unpublished
    3
    A contested violation of probation is appealable pursuant to section 1237,
    subdivision (b), without the need for a certificate of probable cause. (See People v.
    Coleman (1975) 
    13 Cal.3d 867
    , 871, fn. 1; cf. Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.304(b)(1).)
    Likewise, “issues regarding proceedings held subsequent to the plea for the purpose of
    determining the degree of the crime and the penalty to be imposed” are appealable
    without a certificate for probable cause. (See People v. Panizzon (1996) 
    13 Cal.4th 68
    ,
    74; see also Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.304(b)(4)(B) [no certificate of probable cause
    required for an appeal based on “[g]rounds that arose after entry of the plea and do not
    affect the plea’s validity”].)
    4
    decision of the Sixth District Court of Appeal in People v. Osuna 
    2019 WL 1923685
    ,
    finding that this court does not have jurisdiction to modify those orders since no timely
    appeal was made.”
    On June 17, 2019, the parties provided the trial court a stipulation based on
    evidence presented at the earlier probation violation hearing. The stipulation stated that
    Garrison “had been homeless for many years,” “was not employed,” and “suffers from a
    mental illness that appears to substantially impair his major life activities.” In response,
    on June 25, 2019, the trial court filed an order staying the $300 probation revocation
    restitution fine (§ 1202.44) it had imposed when it sentenced Garrison in August 2018.
    On July 26, 2019, Garrison filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s
    May 28, 2019 letter/order on his section 1237.2 motion that denied his request to stay the
    restitution fine and strike the fees and assessments (second appeal). In his notice of
    appeal, Garrison said he was “[a]ppeal[ing] from [an] [o]rder [a]fter judgment affecting
    [his] rights” under section 1237, subdivision (b).
    In his opening brief to this court Garrison states regarding appealability: “This
    appeal follows a guilty plea and is limited to matters arising after the entry of the plea,
    within the meaning of California Rules of Court, rule 8.304(b)(4)(B). It is thus
    authorized by Penal Code section 1237.”
    II. DISCUSSION
    Garrison contends that, because there is no dispute regarding his inability to pay
    the fines, fees, and assessments imposed on him, the trial court erred by refusing to stay
    or strike the restitution fine, fees, and assessments.4 Garrison grounds his claim of error
    on Dueñas, supra, 
    30 Cal.App.5th 1157
    , his constitutional right to due process, and the
    4
    In his appellate briefing Garrison uses the term “fees” to include both the fees
    and assessments imposed by the trial court. Hereafter we will refer to the imposed fees
    and assessments collectively as “fees.”
    5
    constitutional prohibition on excessive fines. Garrison urges us to remedy the alleged
    error by ordering “that all fees imposed be stricken and the restitution fine stayed.”
    The Attorney General counters that this case should be dismissed because
    Garrison failed to timely file an appeal under section 1237, subdivision (a), after the
    restitution fine and fees were originally imposed on June 1, 2018. Alternatively, the
    Attorney General concedes that, if Garrison’s appeal is timely, “then the challenged fines
    and fees should be stricken and the restitution fine should be stayed.”
    We begin our analysis of Garrison’s claim of error by examining the contested
    threshold issue of our jurisdiction to consider his challenge to the restitution fine and fees
    originally imposed in June 2018.
    “A criminal appeal must generally be filed within 60 days of the making of the
    order being appealed. [Citation.] ‘A timely notice of appeal, as a general matter, is
    “essential to appellate jurisdiction.” ’ ” (People v. Ramirez (2008) 
    159 Cal.App.4th 1412
    ,
    1420–1421 (Ramirez), quoting People v. Mendez (1999) 
    19 Cal.4th 1084
    , 1094
    (Mendez); see also People v. Slobodion (1947) 
    30 Cal.2d 362
    , 365–366.) “Unless the
    notice is actually or constructively filed within the appropriate filing period, an appellate
    court is without jurisdiction to determine the merits of the appeal and must dismiss the
    appeal.” (In re Jordan (1992) 
    4 Cal.4th 116
    , 121.)
    Crucially, Garrison raises his claim of error in appeals taken from his August 2018
    sentencing (after having violated probation) and the May 2019 trial court order denying
    his motion pursuant to section 1237.2.5 For reasons we will explain, we decide that we
    5
    Section 1237.2 provides: “An appeal may not be taken by the defendant from a
    judgment of conviction on the ground of an error in the imposition or calculation of fines,
    penalty assessments, surcharges, fees, or costs unless the defendant first presents the
    claim in the trial court at the time of sentencing, or if the error is not discovered until
    after sentencing, the defendant first makes a motion for correction in the trial court,
    which may be made informally in writing. The trial court retains jurisdiction after a
    notice of appeal has been filed to correct any error in the imposition or calculation of
    6
    lack jurisdiction to consider the sole substantive legal issue raised by Garrison in this
    court, which is in fact a challenge to the fines and fees the trial court imposed on June 1,
    2018. Because Garrison does not raise any cognizable claim of error with respect to
    either the judgment arising from the August 2018 sentencing and the trial court’s May
    2019 order, we affirm.
    Our analysis of the timeliness of Garrison’s appellate claim is informed by the
    Court of Appeal decision in Ramirez, supra, 
    159 Cal.App.4th 1412
    . In that case, the trial
    court initially sentenced the defendant in 2003 to four years in prison, suspended
    execution of that sentence, and granted probation. (Id. at p. 1418.) In 2004, pursuant to a
    negotiated disposition, the defendant admitted a probation violation and probation was
    reinstated, but the court increased the defendant’s unexecuted sentence from four years to
    five years. (Id. at pp. 1418–1419.) In 2006, the trial court found the defendant had
    violated his probation, terminated that probation, and executed the five-year sentence.
    (Id. at pp. 1419–1420.) The defendant appealed the executed sentence, raising three
    claims that challenged earlier actions taken by the trial court in 2004; the defendant did
    not directly challenge the 2006 order from which he had appealed. (Id. at p. 1420.) The
    Court of Appeal agreed with the defendant that the trial court acted improperly in 2004
    when it increased the defendant’s unexecuted sentence. (Id. at p. 1425.) Nevertheless,
    the Court of Appeal concluded the defendant’s appellate claims were untimely—and
    affirmed the judgment—because the defendant should have raised his claims in a timely
    appeal from the 2004 order.6 (Id. at p. 1421.)
    fines, penalty assessments, surcharges, fees, or costs upon the defendant’s request for
    correction. This section only applies in cases where the erroneous imposition or
    calculation of fines, penalty assessments, surcharges, fees, or costs are the sole issue on
    appeal.”
    6
    The Court of Appeal also concluded that the defendant was estopped from
    contending that the trial court exceeded its jurisdiction when issuing its 2004 order,
    because the defendant agreed to the five-year sentence as part of a plea bargain.
    (Ramirez, supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1427–1428.)
    7
    In reaching its conclusion, the Court of Appeal explained: “In general, an
    appealable order that is not appealed becomes final and binding and may not
    subsequently be attacked on an appeal from a later appealable order or judgment.
    [Citations.] Thus, a defendant who elects not to appeal an order granting or modifying
    probation cannot raise claims of error with respect to the grant or modification of
    probation in a later appeal from a judgment following revocation of probation.”
    (Ramirez, supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 1421.)
    Here, in contrast to Ramirez, the trial court originally suspended imposition of
    sentence and placed Garrison on probation (as compared to imposing sentence and
    suspending its execution pending a term of probation). We recognize that this difference
    could, in certain circumstances, matter for purposes of jurisdiction. (See People v.
    McKenzie (2020) 
    9 Cal.5th 40
    , 46–48.) Nevertheless, for the purpose of our analysis of
    the timeliness of Garrison’s appellate claim, the relevant triggering event for imposition
    of the restitution fine and fees is the conviction itself—not any subsequent entry of
    judgment. (See People v. Chambers (1998) 
    65 Cal.App.4th 819
    , 822; §§ 1202.4, subd.
    (m), 1465.8, subd. (a)(1); Gov. Code, §§ 29550, subd. (d), 70373, subd. (a)(1).) Further,
    and importantly, an order suspending imposition of sentence and granting probation is
    “deemed to be a final judgment within the meaning of” section 1237 and thus is an
    appealable order.7 (§ 1237, subd. (a); People v. Wilcox (2013) 
    217 Cal.App.4th 618
    , 625;
    People v. Silva (1966) 
    241 Cal.App.2d 80
    , 82–83; see also People v. Superior Court
    7
    Section 1237 provides: “An appeal may be taken by the defendant from both of
    the following: [¶] (a) Except as provided in Sections 1237.1, 1237.2, and 1237.5, from a
    final judgment of conviction. A sentence, an order granting probation, or the
    commitment of a defendant for insanity, the indeterminate commitment of a defendant as
    a mentally disordered sex offender, or the commitment of a defendant for controlled
    substance addiction shall be deemed to be a final judgment within the meaning of this
    section. Upon appeal from a final judgment the court may review any order denying a
    motion for a new trial. [¶] (b) From any order made after judgment, affecting the
    substantial rights of the party.”
    8
    (Giron) (1974) 
    11 Cal.3d 793
    , 796.) “By providing that an order granting probation is
    ‘deemed to be a final judgment within the meaning of [section 1237, subdivision (a)],’ ”
    that section “ ‘mak[es] the scope of review the same as though the appeal were taken
    from a final judgment of conviction.’ ” (McKenzie, at p. 47, italics omitted.)
    Like the defendant in Ramirez, Garrison could have appealed the initial June 2018
    order imposing the restitution fine and various fees that are currently the subject of his
    appellate claim, but he did not. In this circumstance, we apply the reasoning of the Court
    of Appeal in Ramirez and conclude that, to challenge the fine and fees imposed, Garrison
    was required to timely appeal from the trial court’s grant of probation and imposition of
    the restitution fine and fees on June 1, 2018. He failed to do so.
    That Garrison timely filed a notice of appeal from his subsequent sentencing
    proceeding and the order denying his motion under section 1237.2 does not absolve his
    failure to timely appeal the June 1, 2018 order. (Ramirez, supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at
    p. 1421.) Because Garrison did not file a notice of appeal within 60 days of the order
    imposing the restitution fine and fees that he now challenges (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
    8.308(a)), that order became “final and binding.” (Ramirez, at p. 1421.) We therefore
    lack jurisdiction to consider any error made by the trial court in that order.
    Garrison argues that, given the circumstances here, “strict adherence to formal
    rules should not be used to deny what is indisputably the just outcome in this case.” We
    acknowledge the significant challenges that confront Garrison in his daily life and
    understand how they affect his ability to pay the restitution fine and fees imposed on him.
    Nonetheless, we cannot adopt Garrison’s arguments urging us to rely on the unauthorized
    sentence doctrine and the futility exception to the forfeiture rule to reach the merits of his
    untimely claim of error.
    The unauthorized sentence doctrine “applies when the trial court has imposed a
    sentence that ‘could not lawfully be imposed under any circumstance in the particular
    case.’ ” (People v. Anderson (2020) 
    9 Cal.5th 946
    , 962.) Garrison’s current claim
    9
    regarding the allegedly erroneous imposition of a restitution fine and various fees “is
    based on factual arguments concerning his ability to pay, and does not fall within the
    exception carved out for unauthorized sentences.” (People v. Jinkins (2020) 
    58 Cal.App.5th 707
    , 713; see also In re G.C. (2020) 
    8 Cal.5th 1119
    , 1130; People v. Avila
    (2009) 
    46 Cal.4th 680
    , 729.) Further, “[t]he unauthorized sentence doctrine will not
    serve to remedy [the] defect” that exists as a result of Garrison’s failure to timely appeal
    the original order imposing the restitution fine and fees. (See In re G.C., at p. 1130.)
    Similarly, assuming arguendo that, before Dueñas had been decided, it would have
    been futile for Garrison to object to the imposition of the restitution fine and fees and file
    an appeal, we are not persuaded that the futility exception to the forfeiture rule can
    excuse a failure to file an appeal or create appellate jurisdiction where it does not
    otherwise exist. “An untimely notice of appeal is ‘wholly ineffectual: The delay cannot
    be waived, it cannot be cured by nunc pro tunc order, and the appellate court has no
    power to give relief, but must dismiss the appeal on motion or on its own motion.’ ”
    (Mendez, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 1094.)
    In sum, we conclude that, as a matter of appellate jurisdiction, we cannot grant
    Garrison the sole relief he requests because he did not timely appeal the trial court’s June
    1, 2018 order imposing the challenged restitution fine and fees. Moreover, other than his
    untimely challenge to the trial court’s original imposition of the fine and fees, Garrison
    has not raised any claim of error regarding either the trial court’s August 13, 2018
    determination that he had violated his probation and should serve a two-year prison
    sentence or the trial court’s May 2019 denial of his motion filed under section 1237.2.
    Therefore, we will affirm both the judgment of conviction and the May 2019 order.
    III. DISPOSITION
    In case No. H046358, the judgment is affirmed. In case No. H047344, the trial
    court order dated May 28, 2019, is affirmed.
    10
    ______________________________________
    Danner, J.
    WE CONCUR:
    ____________________________________
    Greenwood, P.J.
    ____________________________________
    Grover, J.
    H046358, H047344
    People v. Garrison
    

Document Info

Docket Number: H046358

Filed Date: 7/15/2021

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 7/15/2021