People v. J.S. , 187 Cal. Rptr. 3d 713 ( 2015 )

Filed 6/4/15
CERITIFED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
In re J.S., a Person Coming Under the              H040779
Juvenile Court Law.                               (Santa Clara County
Super. Ct. No. 307-JV33744 E.F.G.)
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
J.S.,
Defendant and Appellant.
Appellant J.S., formerly a minor with a long history of dependency and
delinquency issues, successfully completed his program at the California Department of
Corrections and Rehablitation Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ). Prior to his release,
the Legislature enacted Assembly Bill 1628 (Stats. 2010, ch. 729, § 10, eff. Oct. 19,
2010, [Juvenile Parole Realignment bill]) (Realignment), eliminating DJJ administered
parole, and releasing minors to community based supervision. When J.S. was released,
he was placed on locally supervised probation instead of DJJ administered parole. As a
consequence, the Board of Parole Hearings (Board) did not, as they had been required to
in the past, make a finding upon release as to whether his discharge from parole was
honorable or otherwise. Because honorable discharge from parole entitles youths to an
automatic release from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the offense or crime
for which they are committed, J.S. petitioned the trial court to make the finding in the
place of DJJ. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 1772, subd. (a).)1 The trial court denied the petition,
and J.S. appeals that order. Although we conclude that the Legislature should amend the
statutory scheme to be consistent with Realignment, the trial court did not err in denying
the order, so we will affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
J.S. was born in 1992 in prison. His mother subsequently abandoned him to a
stranger she had met at a Denny’s restaurant. J.S.’s father had been convicted of murder
prior to J.S.’s birth. The stranger became his guardian, but social services received
numerous complaints about the living condition and abuse suffered by J.S. in her home.
J.S. recounts a history of severe emotional cruelty at the hands of his mother and his
guardian. J.S. became a dependent child under section 300 at the age of six, and suffered
abuse at the hands of a staff member of Millhouse Children’s Services in 2007 at the age
of 15. By 2009, he had lived in 14 different placements. He has been diagnosed with
Reactive Attachment Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional
Defiant Disorder and alcohol/cannabis abuse. While an adolescent, J.S. was associated
with the Crips criminal street gang, and reported losing 19 of his friends due to gang
violence.
Beginning in 2007 and continuing through 2010, multiple petitions were filed
against J.S under section 602. The petitions included allegations of robbery (Pen. Code,
§§ 211, 212.5, subd. (c)), carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (former Pen. Code,
§ 12020, subd. (a)(4)), use of a deadly weapon other than a firearm (Pen. Code, § 417,
subd. (a)(1)) and disturbing the peace. (Pen. Code, § 415.) The trial court declared J.S. a
dual status youth, and sustained the various petitions. On April 27, 2010, the court
sustained another petition alleging robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 212.5, subd. (c)),
1
All further statutory references will be to the Welfare and Institutions Code,
unless otherwise specified.
2
possession of marijuana for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11359), and oral copulation by
force. (Pen. Code, § 288a, subd. (c)(2).) During the May 11, 2010 dispositional hearing,
the court ordered J.S. committed to the DJJ with the maximum time of confinement of 9
years, 8 months. On November 7, 2013, DJJ recommended that appellant be discharged.
He had graduated from high school and had performed well in programs while confined.
On November 25, 2013, the juvenile court held a reentry dispositional hearing, adopted
the probation officer’s recommendations for probation, and ordered J.S. released from
custody. One of the conditions of probation was that appellant register as a sex offender
upon his release. (Pen. Code, § 290.008)
By January 2014, J.S.’s living situation had fallen apart and he became homeless.
As a result, he moved to Monterey County, but failed to timely advise probation of his
whereabouts, and to properly update his sex offender registration. Although he attempted
to inform probation on January 6, 2014 of his circumstances, and tried to register on
February 3, 2014 in Marina, California, he was arrested on February 4, 2014 when he
returned to the Marina Police Department to update his registration. On
February 5, 2014, the probation department noticed a probation violation hearing for
February 6, 2014. The notice listed four violations: (1) appellant failed to participate in
substance abuse counseling; (2) appellant failed to provide proof of participation in
sexual offender counseling; (3) appellant failed to keep probation advised of his
whereabouts and instead moved to another county; and (4) appellant failed to update his
sex offender registration.
While this probation violation was pending in the criminal court, trial counsel filed
a motion for honorable discharge and section 1772, subdivision (a) relief in juvenile
court, arguing that because DJJ no longer makes discharge status recommendations after
Realignment, the juvenile court should make a finding of honorable discharge in its
place, and relieve appellant from the requirement to register as a sex-offender. The court
3
denied the motion, finding that section 1772, subdivision (a) did not authorize the trial
court to make the honorable discharge determination.2 This timely appeal ensued.
On appeal, we appointed counsel to represent J.S. in this court. Appointed counsel
filed an opening brief pursuant to People v. Serrano (2012) 

211 Cal. App. 4th 496

(Serrano)), which states the case and the facts but raised no specific issues. Pursuant to
Serrano, on June 2, 2014, we notified appellant of his right to submit written argument in
his own behalf within 30 days. On July 1, 2014, we received a supplemental brief from
J.S. In his brief, J.S. contends that the trial court is vested with the authority to declare a
minor honorably discharged and so the court erred in refusing to do so. Based on this
well drafted brief, and our further review of the record, we asked counsel on appeal to file
supplemental briefs addressing the following questions:
“Since the passage of AB 1628, does the juvenile court have the authority to
declare a juvenile’s discharge to be honorable, general or dishonorable, and if so, did the
trial court err in denying appellant’s motion to have his discharge declared honorable?”
Both appellant and respondent have filed supplemental briefs, and we now address
the merits of these issues.
2
In denying the petition, the trial court stated, “Well, I will deny your motion. I
will not address the issue of whether or not registration is a penalty or not. I would like
to be creative, but I think I am required to do so within the bounds of what the law says.
I am wholly [underwhelmed] by the fact that the Department of Juvenile Justice says
other judges are doing it. [¶] The language of the statute simply does not give the court
the power to do an honorable discharge, and further, I don’t think that you can couple the
request for the party to petition the court to have the petition set aside and dismissed with
a language that says thereafter be relieved from penalties. [¶] I think one follows the
other. If I’m wrong, I’m happy to have the Sixth District weigh in on this. I think that
legislative fix [sic] I think that [appellant] is in kind of a black hole of the law here, but
you know, there are some things that the juvenile court can do if it is sort of mandated to
do something but isn’t given the tools, but in this case the language here doesn’t give the
court at the get-go the authority to make that decision, and I am not prepared to embrace
it, so I respect your motion, but it is denied.”
4
DISCUSSION
In his supplemental briefs (both the brief filed by appellant himself and the one
filed by his appellate counsel), J.S. argues that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his
motion for honorable discharge and to relieve him of the requirement to register as a sex-
offender. He contends that the existing statutes regarding honorable discharge cannot be
harmonized or even reconciled with the mandates of Realignment, leaving youths in
limbo. He urges this court to recognize and correct the inconsistencies created by
Legislature in enacting Realignment with respect to the honorable discharge
determination. For the reasons discussed below, we decline to do so.
I. This Court Cannot Remedy the Legislature’s Failure to Provide a Mechanism for
the Honorable Discharge Finding in the Realignment Legislation
A. Procedure prior to Realignment
Prior to Realignment, once a youth completed his commitment at the DJJ and parole
period, the Board determined his eligibility for discharge. As part of this determination,
the Board was required to give the youth an honorable discharge where the Board found
that the “person so paroled has proved his or her ability for honorable self-support.”
(§ 1177.) Otherwise, the Board could award a general or dishonorable discharge. If
honorably discharged, a youth was automatically entitled to release from all penalties and
disabilities resulting from the offense or crime for which he was committed. (§ 1772,
subd. (a).)3 Under section 1772, subdivision (a), whether honorably discharged,
generally discharged or dishonorably discharged, any youth can also petition the juvenile
court to set aside the verdict of guilty and dismiss the accusation or information against
3
“[E]very person honorably discharged from control by the Youth Authority
Board . . . shall thereafter be released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the
offense or crime for which he or she was committed, and every person discharged may
petition the court which committed him or her, and the court may upon that petition set
aside the verdict of guilty and dismiss the accusation or information against the petitioner
who shall thereafter be released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the
offense or crime for which he or she was committed . . . .” (§ 1772, subd. (a).)
5
the youth, and thereafter the youth would be eligible for release from all penalties and
disabilities. (Ibid.)
B. Realignment Makes no Provision for the Honorable Discharge Finding
Under the Local Supervision Model
In October 2010, the California Legislature passed Realignment which addressed
numerous issues, including the transfer of jurisdiction and supervision of juveniles from
DJJ to local juvenile courts. (§§ 607.1, 1766 & 1766.01.) After passage of Realignment,
once a youth completes his commitment at DJJ, he is released to the juvenile court for
supervision while on probation. The goal of Realignment was to eliminate DJJ parole by
July 2014 and shift this population to county supervision. Counties now receive youth
from DJJ custody directly onto their probation caseloads as a result of the passage of this
legislation. (Senate Rules Committee, Office of Senate Floor Analyses, Assembly
Budget Committee, Assembly Bill 1628 (Oct. 6, 2010.)) Because DJJ administered
parole no longer exists, the Board cannot make an honorable discharge determination
prior to release, as mandated by section 1177.
The Legislature did not repeal or amend section 1177 to make it consistent with
the new local procedures. Under the law as currently written, there is no other entity
authorized to make the honorable discharge finding. The Legislature, in enacting
Realignment, neither set up another mechanism for determining eligibility for honorable
discharge, nor did it amend 1772, subdivision (a) to remove the automatic relief provision
in the statute based on such a finding. Currently, therefore, the automatic provision of
1772, subdivision (a) which is triggered by an honorable discharge finding under
section 1177, is de facto inoperable. Appellant is correct that this appears to be an
oversight by the Legislature.
C. The Remedy for this Conflict is not Court Intervention
Appellant contends that by leaving section 1772, subdivision (a) unchanged, but
failing to create a mechanism for making the honorable discharge determination under
6
Realignment’s new local supervision model, the Legislature created an unintended
conflict which cannot be harmonized. He argues that legislative intent supports the
conclusion that the conflict created by realignment was unintentional. He urges us to act
in the Legislatures place to remedy this oversight by finding that the legislature impliedly
repealed section 1177 and impliedly amended section 1772, subdivision (a) to allow the
juvenile court to make the honorable discharge finding. While we agree that the new
local supervision system under Realignment has created some confusion regarding the
availability of the honorable discharge designation, sorting out the conflict is a task for
the Legislature, not the courts.
Appellant wants us to find that the Legislature impliedly repealed section 1177,
and amended section 1772, subdivision (a). Under certain circumstances, courts can act
to harmonize statutes by finding implied repeal or amendment where the statutes at issue
are so “ ‘ “irreconcilable, clearly repugnant, and so inconsistent that the two cannot have
concurrent operation. . . .” ’ [Citation.]” (McLaughlin v. State Board of Education
(1999) 

75 Cal. App. 4th 196

, 222-223) This is not the case here. These statutes do need to
be harmonized by the Legislature, but they are not so irreconcilable or repugnant as to
warrant court intervention. Section 1177 and the mandatory provision of section 1772,
subdivision (a) may be de facto inoperable under Realignment, but the discretionary
portion of section 1772, subdivision (a) still offers relief.
Appellant claims this court must act to provide youth with an immediate remedy
because until the Legislature acts, youth will be deprived of the benefits conferred by
section 1772, subdivision (a). Contrary to appellant’s argument, a youth is not entirely
deprived of the benefit of section 1772, subdivision (a) under the current state of the law.
Appellant misreads the statute. A youth is not currently able to be released from all
penalties and disabilities as a matter of right based on an honorable discharge finding.
(People v. Navarro (1972) 

7 Cal. 3d 248

, 277-278.) However, pursuant to section 1772,
subdivision (a), any youth discharged can still petition the juvenile court to “set aside the
7
verdict of guilty and dismiss the accusation or information against the petitioner who
shall thereafter be released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the offense
or crime for which he was committed.” (Ibid., emphasis added.) In addition to the
mandatory requirement to release a youth from penalties and disabilities upon honorable
discharge, this section also “confers discretionary power upon the court to grant this
relief on such showing as to the court seems satisfactory, after application by the person
who did not receive an ‘honorable’ discharge.” (People v. 

Navarro, supra

, & Cal.3d. at
p. 278, emphasis added.) Section 1177 may no longer be in use, but that does not render
section 1772, subdivision (a) inoperable. Any youth can still, upon petition to the
juvenile court, request relief under the statute. While this relief is no longer mandatory,
as when there had been a finding of honorable discharge, the statute still provides the
court with authority to grant discretionary relief. Since a youth still has a remedy under
the statute, this court’s immediate intervention is not necessary.
Even if we were inclined to intervene, we cannot presume to know how the
Legislature would harmonize these statutes. In correcting this inconsistency, the
Legislature could do a number of things. It could transfer the authority to make the
honorable discharge finding to the trial court as the appellant suggests, or it could choose
to eliminate the entire concept of honorable discharge, eliminating along with it the
automatic relief portion of section 1772, subdivision (a).
Appellant contends that the legislative intent behind Realignment was to transfer
all aspects of youth supervision to the county, including the honorable discharge
determination. Therefore, he argues, the Legislature intended this decision be shifted to
the trial court, but neglected to specify this change. We are not persuaded by appellants
reasoning. Previously, the Board’s honorable discharge finding acted to divest the court
of discretion in granting relief under section 1772, subdivision (a). Where such a
determination was made, relief was automatic. Because the Board oversaw the parole, it
was best situated to evaluate a youth’s performance and determine whether he qualified
8
for automatic relief. Where the Board did not make that finding, the juvenile court still
had the discretion to provide relief to any youth. This two tiered system made sense
under the old supervision model.
After realignment, and transfer to local supervision, the juvenile court now
oversees the probationary process and is charged with evaluating the youth’s
performance on probation. Under this model, the court is now best situated to evaluate
the youth’s performance. A statutory scheme where the juvenile court would be required
to make the honorable discharge finding, would only serve to eliminate its own discretion
to provide relief under section 1772, subdivision (a). Under the current scheme, a two
pronged approach does not make sense. Therefore, it is not more likely that the
Legislature intended to transfer this function to the trial court rather than to eliminate the
mandatory element of relief under the statutory scheme. As this court cannot know the
Legislature’s preferred course of action based on general legislative intent, we are not
prepared to construe the current conflict as either an implied repeal of section 1177 or as
an amendment of section 1772, subdivision (a).
III. Appellant’s Application for Relief Under Section 1772, Subdivision (a) was
Premature
Even though the court was not authorized to grant appellant’s motion for
honorable discharge, pursuant to section 1772, subdivision (a), his petition also sought to
be relieved of the “penalty” and “disability” of having to register as a sex offender. (See
§ 1772, subd. (a).) The trial court denied this request as well, stating, “I’m addressing—I
think you can come back at the appropriate time and ask me to dismiss. Whether or not
it’s a penalty that would be erased, I’m not addressing today because I don’t need to.”
Since any youth can petition to have his verdict set aside and thereafter be released from
penalties and disabilities associated with his offense, appellant could have sought relief
under the statute, even without the honorable discharge finding. As the juvenile court
noted, however, appellant did not file a motion to dismiss. In fact, he did not want the
9
case dismissed because he wanted to remain on probation in order to continue receiving
services. Without an honorable discharge, appellant must first request that his verdict be
set aside if he wishes to be released from penalties and disabilities. Because appellant did
not wish his case to be dismissed, he was not yet eligible to be released from any
penalties or disabilities.4 This is what the juvenile court correctly concluded.
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is affirmed.
4
Because we conclude that appellant could not petition the court for honorable
discharge, we need not decide whether he met the standard for honorable discharge.
Additionally, because appellant was not seeking dismissal, and could therefore not
request to be released from the penalties associated with his offense, we need not decide
whether the requirement to register as a sex offender is the type of “penalty” or
“disability” from which the court can release him after dismissal. (See § 1772, subd. (a).)
10
______________________________________
RUSHING, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
PREMO, J.
____________________________________
ELIA, J.
People v. J.S.
H040779
11
Trial Court:                                  Santa Clara County
Superior Court No.: 307-JV33744 E.F.G.
Trial Judge:                                  The Honorable Patrick E. Tondreau
Attorney for Defendant and Appellant          Sidney S. Hollar
J.S.:                                         under appointment by the Court
of Appeal for Appellant
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Respondent        Kamala D. Harris
The People:                                   Attorney General
Gerald A. Engler,
Chief Assistant Attorney General
Eric D. Share,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Joan Killeen,
Deputy Attorney General
People v. J.S.
H040779
12