Marriage of Blum and Herbstman CA6 ( 2023 )

Filed 4/24/23 Marriage of Blum and Herbstman CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
In re Marriage of ADAM BLUM and H049081
LAUREN HERBSTMAN. (Santa Clara County
Super. Ct. No. 2005-1-FL129664)
ORDER MODIFYING OPINION,
DENYING PETITION FOR
REHEARING
NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT
ADAM BLUM,
Appellant,
v.
LAUREN HERBSTMAN,
Respondent.
BY THE COURT:
It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on April 17, 2023, be modified as
follows:
On page 12, delete the fourth sentence in the first full paragraph, which begins
with the words “Despite this, . . .” and replace it with the following sentence: “Despite
this, the record does not show that he requested a hearing, or provided the court with the
income and expenditures form which would support his position that the court order that
Herbstman pay all the fees requested by minor’s counsel.”
There is no change in the judgment. Appellant’s petition for rehearing is denied.
___________________________________
Wilson, J.
______________________________________
Grover, Acting P.J.
______________________________________
Danner, J.
Blum v. Herbstman
H049081
Filed 4/17/23 Marriage of Blum and Herbstman CA6 (unmodified opinion)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
In re Marriage of ADAM BLUM and H049081
LAUREN HERBSTMAN. (Santa Clara County
Super. Ct. No. 2005-1-FL129664)
ADAM BLUM,
Appellant,
v.
LAUREN HERBSTMAN,
Respondent.
In this family law proceeding, Adam Blum appeals from an order directing that he
pay $19,634.50 in attorney fees and costs to minor’s counsel. Blum raises multiple
claims of error in which he argues: (1) the fees and costs at issue are accrued child
support owed by Lauren Herbstman and cannot legally be assigned to him; (2) the court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction to retroactively modify the existing child support order;
(3) the court lacked jurisdiction to make an order regarding the attorney fees and costs
because the August 14, 2018 modification of child support order and the August 29, 2019
order directing allocation of his child support arrears were both pending on appeal; and
(4) the trial court violated his due process rights because (a) no request for order had been
filed as required by the Family Code and (b) the trial court awarded fees and costs in
excess of those requested by minor’s counsel without providing him notice or an
opportunity to be heard.
We asked the parties to provide supplemental briefing whether our prior opinion in
Blum v. Herbstman (June 13, 2022, H045460, H046286, H047513 (Blum) [nonpub.
opn.])1 precludes Blum from raising certain arguments in this appeal pursuant to the law
of the case doctrine.
As we explain below, we conclude the law of the case doctrine negates Blum’s
jurisdictional arguments and the doctrine of invited error bars his argument that the trial
court order violated the automatic stay under Code of Civil Procedure section 916.
However, we agree that the order awarding minor’s counsel’s fees, in an amount greater
than she requested, violated Blum’s due process rights. We will therefore modify the
order, reducing it to the amount originally requested. As so modified, we will affirm the
order, without prejudice to minor’s counsel seeking recovery of any additional fees owed
to her in this matter for services rendered between October 22, 2019 and December 31,
2020.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Events leading to the appeal in Blum
Herbstman and Blum married in April 2004 and their only child was born in July
of that year. They separated in December 2004, and Blum filed for divorce in October
2005. “Since that time, the parties have been engaged in high conflict litigation
concerning child custody and support.” (Blum, supra, at p. 2.)
1Herbstman requests that this court take judicial notice of this opinion on the
ground that it is relevant to the issues raised in the instant appeal. Blum opposes the
request, arguing that the trial court was not asked to take judicial notice of the opinion
and that Herbstman has failed to show that the opinion is of “substantial consequence.”
We disagree with Blum and will take judicial notice of our prior opinion. (Evid. Code,
§§ 452, subd. (d)(1), 459, subd. (a).) As Blum acknowledges, the prior opinion, issued
on June 13, 2022, did not exist at the time of the March 19, 2021 order that Blum has
appealed. Herbstman cannot be faulted for failing to ask the trial court to take judicial
notice of something that did not exist. Furthermore, as we explain in more detail below,
our prior opinion expressly undercuts several of the arguments Blum has raised herein
and is therefore both relevant and of substantial consequence to this proceeding.
2
In October 2017, the court appointed minor’s counsel. The court ordered “$7500
in attorney’s fees payable to . . . minor’s counsel . . . . These fees shall be equally shared
between the parties.”
In a statement of decision dated August 14, 2018, the trial court modified Blum’s
child support, reducing his monthly payment from $1,447 to $905, retroactive to January
2015. Pursuant to that statement of decision, Blum’s “income will be treated with a base
salary of $200,000 each year, with a Smith-Ostler adjustment as stated for any income
over the amount as set forth in the order be calculated on an annual basis.”2 The
statement of decision also directed that “[Smith-Ostler] shall be paid first to minor’s
counsel’s trust account, and minor’s counsel is directed to pay all billed but unpaid
balances due to Court ordered professionals falling within the child support provisions.
After making all accounts current, any remaining amounts will be paid to [Herbstman].”
Herbstman appealed the August 14, 2018 statement of decision. (Blum, supra, at p. 7
[appeal H046286].)
After Herbstman filed for bankruptcy, she filed a request for an order reallocating
the fees owed to court-appointed professionals. After a hearing on August 27, 2018, the
trial court found that Herbstman’s bankruptcy filing was not relevant to reallocation of
these fees and repeated the finding from the August 14, 2018 statement of decision that
the sums owed to professionals supporting the minor, such as therapists, counseling, the
2 A Smith-Ostler (In re Marriage of Ostler & Smith (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 33),
sometimes also Ostler-Smith, “provision is ‘an additional award, over and above
guideline support, expressed as a fraction or percentage of any discretionary bonus
actually received.’ [Citations.] Its purpose is to capture fluctuations in the supporting
spouse’s income that are not included in a flat rate amount of support.” (In re Marriage
of Minkin (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 939, 949.)
3
parenting coordinator, and minor’s counsel “are matters of child support . . . [¶] . . .
because their services directly benefit the welfare of the child.” 3
In August 2019, after Blum requested an order on child support arrearages, the
court determined that Blum overpaid child support by $24,753 from 2015 to 2018, and
owed Smith-Ostler arrears in varying amounts for each of those years. 4 The court
directed Blum to deposit a portion of the Smith-Ostler arrears ($16,840) into a trust
account held by minor’s counsel and used to pay mother’s half of the minor’s
professionals’ fees. Herbstman appealed from this order as well. (Blum, supra, at p. 7
[appeal H047513].)
B. The application for payment of minor’s counsel’s fees
On January 27, 2021, minor’s counsel filed an application for payment of attorney
fees and costs, seeking a total payment of $15,660.74 for her services from October 22,
2019 to December 31, 2020. In her application, minor’s counsel asked that the entirety of
this amount be allocated to Herbstman, stating that Blum “has paid 100% of his portion”
of her fees and costs. Blum filed a declaration supporting minor’s counsel’s application
in full, noting Herbstman’s multiple attempts to reallocate payment of the
court-appointed professionals’ fees, including minor’s counsel.
3 The findings and order after hearing (FOAH) was signed and filed by the trial
court on October 18, 2018. In that document, the trial court made the following findings:
“The court finds, pursuant to Family Code Section 3192 and 4062(a), that a bankruptcy
filing does not pose an automatic stay on issues involving therapy and counseling. Those
are matters of child support and are child support related, and for that reason, have no
role in the bankruptcy proceeding at all. The costs related to therapy and counseling
remain as previously ordered. [¶] With respect to minor’s counsel and the parenting
coordinator the court finds that the payments to those professionals are similar to child
support because their services directly benefit the welfare of the child. The court views
the roles of the parenting coordinator as essential to the parties and the child moving
forward. The court also finds that it was at [Herbstman]’s repeated request that minor’s
counsel was appointed.”
4Specifically, the court found Blum owed Smith-Ostler arrears as follows: $0 for
2015, $7,322 for 2016, $6,893 for 2017, and $9,947 for 2018.
4
In her response to the application for attorney fees, Herbstman asked that the fees
be allocated entirely to Blum and/or the court, as she was unable to afford those
payments. She attached an income and expense declaration to her response.
On March 19, 2021, the trial court, finding that Herbstman was unable to pay the
fees in question, ordered Blum to pay minor’s counsel $19,634.50 in fees and costs for
her services from October 22, 2019 to December 31, 2020. The trial court’s order does
not indicate that a hearing was held on minor’s counsel’s application nor does it explain
the basis for the upward deviation from minor’s counsel’s initial request for $15,660.74.
Blum timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion to dismiss appeal5
Herbstman moves to dismiss the appeal on two grounds: (1) Blum’s failure to
comply with the order he is appealing disentitles him to pursue the appeal; and (2) Blum
has violated the California Rules of Court in that his designation of the record was
untimely (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.121) and his appendix failed to include the notice of
appeal and register of actions (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.122(b)(1)). We postponed a
determination on the motion pending briefing on the merits.
We dispose of Herbstman’s procedural objections first. To the extent that Blum
failed to comply with the California Rules of Court, we find that those defects have been
corrected, such that any prejudice to Herbstman has been cured. Due to “the policy
5 Herbstman also asks that this court, on its own motion, sanction Blum pursuant
to rule 8.276 of the California Rules of Court. As we discuss below, we conclude Blum
is entitled to some relief and therefore we cannot say the appeal “is so totally and
completely without any arguable merit as to justify an award of sanctions.” (McCluskey
v. Henry (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 1197, 1208 [citing demanding requirements for imposing
sanctions on appeal laid out in In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637, 650-651
(Flaherty)].)
5
preference for resolving controversies on their merits,” we decline to dismiss the appeal
on those grounds. (Leavitt v. County of Madera (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1502, 1524.)
We now turn to whether the appeal must be dismissed pursuant to the
“disentitlement doctrine,” under which a party who fails to comply with trial court orders
may be precluded from pursuing an appeal. (Gwartz v. Weilert (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th
750, 757.) “An appellate court has the inherent power to dismiss an appeal by a party
that refuses to comply with a lower court order. [Citation.] This doctrine of
disentitlement is not jurisdictional, but is a discretionary tool that may be used to dismiss
an appeal when the balance of the equitable concerns makes dismissal an appropriate
sanction. [Citation.] The rationale underlying the doctrine is that a party to an action
cannot seek the aid and assistance of an appellate court while standing in an attitude of
contempt to the legal orders and processes of the courts of this state. [Citation.] . . . An
appellate court may dismiss an appeal where the appellant has willfully disobeyed the
lower court’s orders or engaged in obstructive tactics.” (Id. at pp. 757-758, fn. omitted.)
“The disentitlement doctrine ‘is particularly likely to be invoked where the appeal arises
out of the very order (or orders) the party has disobeyed.’ [Citation.] Moreover, the
merits of the appeal are irrelevant to the application of the doctrine.” (Ironridge Global
IV, Ltd. v. ScripsAmerica, Inc. (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 259, 265 (Ironridge).)
In Ironridge, the defendant corporation appealed an ex parte order requiring it to
issue stock to the plaintiff and prohibiting it from transferring stock to any third parties
until it had completed the required transfer to plaintiff. (Ironridge, supra, 238
Cal.App.4th at p. 261.) During the pendency of the appeal, however, the defendant
corporation “transferred millions of shares of stock to third parties” and none to the
plaintiff. (Id. at p. 262.) The court found dismissal of the appeal an appropriate remedy
for the “flagrant disregard” of the trial court’s order. (Ibid.) In opposing the motion to
dismiss, defendant corporation argued the trial court’s orders were invalid. (Id. at
6
p. 266.) The Ironridge court acknowledged that “ ‘[a] person may refuse to comply with
a court order and raise as a defense to the imposition of sanctions that the order was
beyond the jurisdiction of the court and therefore invalid . . . .’ ” (Id. at p. 267, quoting In
re Marriage of Niklas (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 28, 35.) Because the ex parte order was
neither void nor voidable, the defendant “had no cause to disobey the court’s order, but
did so, repeatedly.” (Ironridge, supra, at p. 267.)
Blum’s appeal from the March 19, 2021 order is based on his argument that the
trial court lacked jurisdiction to make the order and also that his due process rights were
violated when the court, without notice to him or a hearing, ordered him to pay minor’s
counsel’s fees. As noted above, Ironridge indicates that the disentitlement doctrine
would not apply if the order violated by an appellant were void, as a person may refuse to
comply with a court order and raise voidness of the order as a defense. (Ironridge, supra,
238 Cal.App.4th at p. 267.)
Accordingly, as Blum’s appeal is based at least in part on his contention that the
March 19, 2021 order is void, we conclude that the disentitlement doctrine is not
applicable here. We therefore deny Herbstman’s motion to dismiss.
B. Blum’s jurisdictional arguments are precluded by the law of the case doctrine
1. The prior opinion
In Blum, this court reversed the August 14, 2018 statement of decision modifying
child support (H046286) and the August 29, 2019 enforcement order (H047513) 6 because
we concluded that the trial court improperly redirected child support payments from
Herbstman to the court-appointed professionals, including minor’s counsel. (Blum,
supra, at pp. 32-33, 38.) We specifically found that fees owed to these professionals
could not be considered add-on child support under Family Code section 4062. (Blum,
6The August 29, 2019 order was reversed because its validity depended entirely
on the validity of the August 14, 2018 order.
7
supra, at p. 32.) Further, to the extent that the trial court had inherent authority to
earmark child support funds for these purposes, it could only do so “ ‘where there is a
strong showing of necessity, buttressed by specific, detailed factual findings compelling
the need to limit access to support funds.’ (In re Marriage of Chandler [(1997) 60
Cal.App.4th 124,] 128.)” (Blum, supra, at p. 33.) The trial court’s August 14, 2018 order
had no such factual findings.7
2. Law of the case doctrine
Assuming review is not granted, an appellate court decision is final for all
purposes when the time for review by the California Supreme Court has expired and the
remittitur has issued. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.272; see Siry Investments, L.P. v.
Farkhondehpour (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 725, 730 [“appeal is not final until the court has
issued its decision and issued the remittitur”].) Once an appellate decision has become
final, “[i]t is law of the case and is binding upon the parties and the trial court.” (Ducoing
Management, Inc. v. Superior Court (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 306, 315 (Ducoing
Management).)
“ ‘The doctrine of “law of the case” deals with the effect of the first appellate
decision on the subsequent retrial or appeal: The decision of an appellate court, stating a
rule of law necessary to the decision of the case, conclusively establishes that rule and
makes it determinative of the rights of the same parties in any subsequent retrial or appeal
in the same case.’ ” (Morohoshi v. Pacific Home (2004) 34 Cal.4th 482, 491, italics
omitted.) “The law of the case must be adhered to both in the lower court and upon
subsequent appeal.” (Santa Clarita Organization for Planning the Environment v.
7Blum acknowledges that the August 14, 2018 statement of decision has been
reversed but notes that the trial court could, on remand, issue a new order with the
necessary factual findings. To our knowledge, no such order has been entered below, and
Blum does not claim otherwise. The fact remains that the August 14, 2018 statement of
decision has been vacated and is without any legal effect. (See People v. Eroshevich
(2014) 60 Cal.4th 583, 594 [order reversed on appeal no longer has any vitality or force].)
8
County of Los Angeles (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 149, 156.) The “doctrine promotes
finality by preventing relitigation of issues previously decided.” (Sargon Enterprises,
Inc. v. University of Southern California (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1505.)
3. Analysis
Blum’s jurisdictional arguments are based on the trial court’s determination that
fees owed to professionals, including minor’s counsel, were considered add -on child
support under Family Code section 4062. For example, Blum states that the trial court
lacked the authority to order him to pay minor’s counsel’s fees because: (1) those fees
are Herbstman’s “accrued child support arrearages[;]” (2) “retroactive modification of
child support is forbidden[;]” and (3) the pending appeals in H046286 and H047513
deprived the court of jurisdiction to modify the parties’ child support obligations.
However, our disposition in Blum, “is law of the case and is binding upon the parties and
the trial court. [Citation.] We will not revisit the ruling here.” (Ducoing Management,
supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 315.)
Blum’s first jurisdictional argument is that minor’s counsel’s fees were “accrued
child support owed by Herbstman” and as such the trial court could not legally modify
those fees or allocate them to a different party. The validity of this argument depends on
the characterization of minor’s counsel’s fees as child support, however. In Blum, we
reversed the statement of decision which deemed fees owed to court-appointed
professionals as add-on child support under Family Code section 4062. As that statement
of decision no longer has legal effect, the fees and expenses owed to minor’s counsel
were not “accrued child support” and the trial court had the authority to allocate those
sums as it saw fit under Family Code section 3153, subdivision (a).
Blum next argues that Herbstman failed to appeal from the trial court’s orders
from the August 27, 2018 hearing which deemed the fees owed to court-appointed
professionals as add-on child support. Those orders are, in Blum’s view, final and could
9
not be “retroactively modified” by the March 19, 2021 order reallocating the obligation to
pay those fees from Herbstman to himself. We disagree.
Again, the validity of the trial court’s characterization of fees as set forth in the
August 14, 2018 statement of decision was before us in Blum. The October 18, 2018
FOAH is based on the August 14, 2018 statement of decision’s finding that
court-appointed professionals’ fees were add-on child support. As we reversed the
statement of decision on which the October 18, 2018 FOAH was based, that FOAH has
as much legal validity, at least insofar as it relates to characterizing court-appointed
professionals’ fees as child support, as the August 14, 2018 statement of decision, i.e.,
none. Therefore, the allocation of minor’s counsel’s fees in the March 19, 2021 order
was not a retroactive modification of child support, but rather a new order based on a
different statute, i.e., Family Code section 3153.
Lastly, Blum argues that the court had no jurisdiction to act on minor’s counsel’s
application because the matters were subject to an automatic stay, per Code of Civil
Procedure section 916, by virtue of Herbstman’s appeal in Blum. We disagree.
As set forth in the Code of Civil Procedure, and subject to enumerated exceptions,
“the perfecting of an appeal stays proceedings in the trial court upon the judgment or
order appealed from or upon the matters embraced therein or affected thereby . . . .”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 916, subd. (a).) This automatic stay “protect[s] the appellate court’s
jurisdiction by preserving the status quo until the appeal is decided.” (Elsea v. Saberi
(1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 625, 629; accord, Varian Medical Systems, Inc. v. Delfino (2005)
35 Cal.4th 180, 189 (Varian).) It “prevents the trial court from rendering an appeal futile
by altering the appealed judgment or order by conducting other proceedings that may
affect it.” (Elsea, supra, at p. 629; Varian, supra, at p. 189.) “To accomplish this
purpose, [Code of Civil Procedure] section 916, subdivision (a) stays all further trial
court proceedings ‘upon the matters embraced’ in or ‘affected’ by the appeal. In
10
determining whether a proceeding is embraced in or affected by the appeal, we must
consider the appeal and its possible outcomes in relation to the proceeding and its
possible results.” (Varian, supra, at p. 189.)
Here, the trial court acted on minor’s counsel’s application for fees during the
pendency of the appeal in Blum. That appeal addressed, among other issues,
Herbstman’s “challenges [to] an order modifying child support and . . . a posttrial order
enforcing the order modifying child support.” (Blum, supra, at p. 1.)
Family Code section 3153, subdivision (a), sets forth a “clear legislative directive
that counsel’s fees are to be paid, either by the parties or by the county, imposes a
mandatory duty upon the court to award attorney fees to such counsel and vests in the
attorney the right to receive a ‘reasonable sum for compensation and expenses’ at the
time the order is made.” (In re Marriage of Lisi (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 1573, 1576.)
Merely because the trial court had, in its August 14, 2018 statement of decision, deemed
court-appointed professionals’ fees as add-on child support, did not mean that any
application for payment of those fees is a matter “embraced in or affected by the appeal”
of that statement of decision. (Varian, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 189.) We see no reason
why minor’s counsel, or other court-appointed professionals, must wait for the
conclusion of an appeal before seeking payment for their services.
Furthermore, Blum is estopped from raising this claim on appeal by the doctrine of
invited error. “ ‘Under the doctrine of invited error, where a party, by his conduct,
induces the commission of an error, he is estopped from asserting it as grounds for
reversal. [Citations.] Similarly, an appellant may waive his right to attack error by
expressly or impliedly agreeing at trial to the ruling or procedure objected to on appeal.’ ”
(Mesecher v. County of San Diego (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 1677, 1685.) When minor’s
counsel’s filed her application for payment of fees, Blum did not just fail to object that
the trial court was barred by Code of Civil Procedure section 916 from acting thereon; he
11
affirmatively supported her application. Having invited the trial court’s error, he cannot
now complain that it acted in excess of its jurisdiction.
C. Blum’s due process argument
We next address Blum’s claim that the March 19, 2021 order violated his due
process rights. “Due process requires that certain basic procedural protections be
afforded before the state deprives an individual of property.” (Flaherty, supra, 31 Cal.3d
at p. 651.) “The key elements of procedural due process are notice and an opportunity to
be heard.” (Garamendi v. Golden Eagle Ins. Co. (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 694, 706.) On
appeal, we independently review a claim that the lower court failed to provide appellant
with adequate notice or due process. (Clark v. City of Hermosa Beach (1996) 48
Cal.App.4th 1152, 1169-1170.)
We conclude that the March 19, 2021 order did not meet these elements, at least as
to the amount of fees awarded. Blum was aware, and thus had notice, that minor’s
counsel had applied for payment of her outstanding fees. Once Herbstman filed her
response to minor’s counsel’s application, Blum was also on notice that there was at least
a possibility, however remote, that some or all of the requested fees, i.e., $15,660.74,
could be allocated to him. Despite this, the record does not show that he requested a
hearing, or provided the court with the income and expenditures form which would
support his request that the court order that Herbstman pay all the fees requested by
minor’s counsel. Accordingly, as to the court’s determination that Blum should pay the
$15,660.74 in fees and expenses set forth in minor’s counsel’s application, we conclude
that there was no due process violation.
However, there is nothing in the record indicating that Blum had notice that the
amount of fees requested by minor’s counsel ($15,660.74) would be increased by the trial
court to $19,634.50, nor is there any information in the record specifying how the trial
12
court reached that figure. Without notice and an opportunity to be heard on this increase,
we agree that Blum’s due process rights were violated as to the amount of the difference.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the appropriate remedy is to modify the
order awarding minor’s counsel’s fees to the amount requested therein, i.e., $15,660.74.
“ ‘Whenever an appellate court may make a final determination of the rights of the
parties from the record on appeal, it may, in order to avoid subjecting the parties to any
further delay or expense, modify the judgment and affirm it, rather than remand for a new
determination.’ ” (Orthopedic Systems, Inc. v. Schlein (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 529, 547.)
III. DISPOSITION
The trial court’s March 19, 2021 order is modified to reflect the amount of fees
awarded to minor’s counsel, payable by Blum, is $15,660.74. The order as modified is
affirmed, without prejudice to minor’s counsel seeking recovery of any additional fees
owed to her for services rendered between October 22, 2019 and December 31, 2020. In
the interests of justice, the parties shall bear their own costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)
13
___________________________________
Wilson, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________________
Grover, Acting P.J.
______________________________________
Danner, J.
Blum v. Herbstman
H049081