Tran v. Forge CA6 ( 2021 )

Filed 8/18/21 Tran v. Forge CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ANTHONY TRAN, H044738, H044925
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and Super. Ct. No. 1-12-CV-236232)
Appellant,
v.
ANDRE LA FORGE,
Defendant, Cross-complainant and
Respondent,
APACHE TECH INC. et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
Plaintiff Anthony Tran appeals from a civil judgment in favor of a former business
partner following a bench trial. He argues that the trial court adopted an erroneous
forensic accounting which concluded that the parties’ business venture operated at a
substantial loss. Tran establishes that one aspect of the accounting (the cost of
assembling an LED light) is not supported by the evidence, but he fails to show prejudice
from the discrepancy between the cost used in the accounting and that established by the
evidence at trial. Substantial evidence supports the remainder of the accounting, and the
adjustment to the assembly cost to conform to the evidence does not change the
conclusion that the business venture was not profitable. We are also unpersuaded by
Tran’s separate appeal from post-judgment orders addressing costs and sanctions. We
will therefore affirm both the judgment and post-judgment orders.
I. BACKGROUND
Anthony Tran and Andre La Forge started a business to design, manufacture, and
sell LED horticulture lights. The business venture was identified as Apache Technology,
LLC (Apache) in member and operating agreements effective January 4, 2010. Under
the agreements, Tran and La Forge were designated as the sole members and managers of
Apache. La Forge was to have sole authority concerning Apache’s business activities,
and Tran was to have sole authority regarding technology and product development. The
venture was to be funded initially with $4,000—$2,400 from La Forge and $1,600 from
Tran. Net annual profits and losses were to be shared in proportion to the initial
capitalization—60 percent to La Forge and 40 percent to Tran. The members agreed that
each would loan equal capital as needed to continue the venture. If either member lacked
the necessary capital, he was to sign a promissory note for the amount contributed by the
other at the prevailing interest rate. La Forge made several loans to the company; no
corresponding promissory notes were executed by Tran.
Tran did not provide a $1,600 capital contribution as contemplated by the
operating agreement. The parties ultimately agreed that Tran would develop the
schematics for the LED light and transfer the ownership of the schematics to Apache in
lieu of a capital contribution. Tran reverse-engineered an LED streetlight purchased in
China. He made algebraic calculations to improve the heating and light angles, modified
the light lenses, and directed the drawing of schematics so that the LED lights could be
manufactured.
Apache hired Suba Technology Inc. to make the first version of the LED light—
the AT120. Suba produced 534 lights that did not comply with Underwriters Laboratory
(UL) standards. Among those lights, Apache sold approximately 30 to NASA and 128 to
Stanford University. The parties agreed to work together to make their lights UL
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compliant, but Tran became upset and argumentative when a UL representative pointed
out deficiencies in his design. Tran said he was upset because he had not been paid
profits despite the Stanford and NASA sales; as a result, he refused to remedy the
deficiencies.
La Forge hired Greg Schlick, a plant physiologist and researcher with an interest
in LED horticulture lights, to help develop a UL compliant light, and the personal and
business relationships between Tran and La Forge deteriorated. Tran sent La Forge an
email in March 2012 noting that Apache had failed to provide him with partnership tax
forms for 2010 and 2011. He told La Forge that he would not accept liability for Apache
and asked that all production be stopped. La Forge replied that Apache was shut down
because the lights were too small, and La Forge had started a new company with new
lights and technology.
La Forge’s company, Apache Tech Inc. (ATI), hired Vander-Bend Manufacturing
to make a modified version of the AT120 light. Vander-Bend manufactured a UL
compliant AT120 light, and assembled two other UL compliant lights that evolved from
the AT120 prototype—the AT200 and the AT600.
In late 2012 Tran sued La Forge to recover his share of business profits. The
operative second amended complaint against La Forge, Apache, ATI, and a second
company owned by La Forge (Advanced Technologies Innovations, Inc.)1 alleged breach
of contract (first cause of action); fraud (second cause of action); unjust enrichment (third
cause of action); accounting (fourth cause of action); breach of the implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing (fifth cause of action); breach of fiduciary duty (sixth cause of
action); unfair business practices (seventh cause of action); and conversion (eighth cause
of action). The complaint alleged that La Forge misappropriated Tran’s technology and
Apache’s profits in bad faith and in breach of his fiduciary duty to Tran; never intended
1
Advanced Technology Innovations, Inc. was dismissed from the lawsuit on
demurrer.
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to share profits; raided and converted to his own use Apache’s assets; continued to sell
Tran’s technology through ATI; and refused to provide an accounting.
La Forge cross-complained against Tran. The operative cross-complaint alleged
that Tran breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by failing to make
capital contributions and provide promissory notes as required by the member agreement.
La Forge sought an accounting, damages, and declaratory relief.
The accounting causes of action were bifurcated, and the parties mutually selected
a forensic accountant to determine the profits and losses for the business venture. The
parties agreed to share equally the cost of the accounting, with the court retaining
jurisdiction over the ultimate allocation. The court ordered the forensic accountant to
provide a report and accounting “on the following subjects for the business operations of
Apache Technology, LLC or the LED light business venture between the parties for the
development, manufacture, and sale of the AT120, AT200, and AT600 lights (the ‘LED
light business venture’) from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2015.” The forensic
accounting was to address all contributions made by the parties and all payments received
by the parties in connection with the LED light business venture; all loans and repayment
of loans made to the venture; all balance sheets for the venture; all profit and loss from
the venture; and the current status of the venture. The court set deadlines for the parties
to provide the accountant with requested documents, for the accountant to prepare an
initial report, and for the parties to comment on that report. The accountant was to
provide a final report by June 3, 2016. The accountant notified the parties that he was
unable to comply with the court’s order because he had received incomplete information
regarding the venture. In a revised schedule, the court ordered the accountant to
complete a report by June 30, and to note in that report any deficiencies attributable to
insufficient information.
The accountant prepared the June 30 report, which included a balance sheet and
profit and loss statement generated solely from defendants’ QuickBooks data file. He
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explained that neither document was reliable due to lack of supporting documentation.
Regarding contributions to the venture, the report showed a $311,464 net balance due La
Forge as of July 2015 ($423,604 contributed less $112,140 received), plus additional
undocumented contributions ($181,389) in the form of business expenses paid. The
report showed Tran contributed $23,845 to the venture and received $40,503 from the
venture. The QuickBooks balance sheet (current through July 2015) showed accrued
liabilities totaling $71,360; $356,381 in accrued equity; and a cumulative net loss of
$193,116 as of December 2014.
After receiving the June 30 report and without the court’s knowledge, the parties
agreed to supply additional information to the accountant. The accountant’s associate
visited ATI’s office, where he met with La Forge, Schlick, and ATI’s accountant, and
counted the heatsinks on the premises. (A heatsink is a component of the LED light. The
AT120 and AT200 lights use one heatsink; the AT600 uses four.) La Forge provided a
QuickBooks file updated through the end of 2015, all purchase invoices from the heatsink
supplier, and documentation to support the $181,389 in paid business expenses. Schlick
provided a more complete set of sales invoices, and a spreadsheet identifying and listing
the cost of component parts and assembly for each version of the LED light. With that
additional information, the accountant prepared a second report with updated findings
shortly before trial.
The second report explained that based on the number of purchased heatsinks, the
number of lights sold, and the physical heatsink inventory, the accountant was able to
confirm that defendants’ QuickBooks file had substantially captured all of the lights that
had been sold. According to the sales invoices, the venture sold 445 AT120 lights, 97
AT200 lights, and 238 AT600 lights, which accounted for 1,494 heatsinks. Those
heatsinks, plus 516 heatsinks in inventory and 150 heatsinks accounted for as lost,
broken, or destroyed, totaled 2,160 heatsinks, which corroborated closely with the
heatsink supplier’s records showing 2,204 heatsinks sold to Apache. The second report
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relied on the cost of component parts and assembly for the LED lights supplied by
Schlick, which was greater than the estimate defendants’ accountant had used (and
entered in QuickBooks). Using Schlick’s figures, the manufacturing cost increased by
approximately $158,000, which resulted in less profit per light, and a $428,614
cumulative loss through December 2015. La Forge’s cumulative capital contribution
(verified as exceeding $600,000) was offset by the $428,614 loss, resulting in $187,978
net equity.
The court conducted a seven-day bench trial in which Tran contested the forensic
accountant’s findings. The court heard testimony from Tran, La Forge, the forensic
accountant, Schlick, and representatives from Suba, Vander-Bend, and a third assembler.
The court denied Tran’s post-trial objections to the accountant’s first and second reports
which were admitted in evidence. In its tentative decision, the court found the venture
had operated at a loss and that neither party was liable to the other.
Tran requested a statement of decision on 86 controverted issues, and submitted a
proposed statement of decision consistent with the trial court’s tentative findings. In an
18-page statement of decision consistent with its tentative ruling, the trial court adopted
the profit and loss conclusions set forth in the accountant’s second report, finding them to
be reliable and accurate based on the accountant’s testimony and supporting evidence,
and finding that neither Apache nor ATI profited from selling LED lights from 2010 to
2015. The court granted La Forge’s request for declaratory relief, ordered that Apache be
dissolved, and denied all claims and remaining cross-claims for failure of proof.
Judgment was entered accordingly.
By written order the court denied Tran’s “Motion to Vacate and/or Amend
Statement of Decision and Judgment, Alternatively, to Reconsider, Correct, and Amend
the Court’s Interim Order on Plaintiff’s Motion in Objection to [the Forensic
Accountant’s] Reports Based on Fraud on the Court, and Alternatively for a New Trial
and for Sanctions.” The court issued an order denying Tran’s motion for sanctions
6
against La Forge, ATI, and their attorney under Code of Civil Procedure section 128.5,
and against the forensic accountant and Schlick under Code of Civil Procedure
section 177.5. Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration and correction and for sanctions
under Code of Civil Procedure section 128.7 were denied.
Tran requested more than $129,000 in costs, including over $90,000 in witness
fees. Defendants sought over $70,000 in costs. Each moved the court to disallow the
other’s costs. The trial court granted in part Tran’s motion to tax defendants’ costs,
resulting in an $8,264.33 award to defendants. (Defendants were not awarded their
expert fees ($32,271.52) nor their 50 percent share of the forensic accountant’s fees
($29,822.50)). Defendants’ motion to tax costs was granted, as Tran was not a prevailing
party and therefore not entitled to recover costs.
Tran timely appealed the judgment and post-judgment orders on costs, sanctions,
and his motion to vacate, amend, and/or grant a new trial. We consider the appeals
together.
II. DISCUSSION
Based on purported “fraudulent false accounting” and bias on the part of the
forensic accountant, Tran argues that the trial court should have corrected mistakes on the
statement of decision or granted a new trial, and that this court should reallocate to
defendants Tran’s share of the forensic accountant’s fees. Tran complains that the
accountant relied on documents received in an improper manner. He challenges the
accountant’s calculations regarding La Forge’s monetary contribution to the venture, the
cost to make the AT120 light, and the number of lights sold by the venture.
An order denying a new trial motion is not an appealable order. (Singleton v.
Perry (1955) 45 Cal.2d 489, 500.) We therefore address Tran’s arguments only as they
relate to the statement of decision and the order taxing costs. We review factual findings
regarding the accounting for substantial evidence. “ ‘[W]e have no power to judge [ ] the
effect or value of the evidence, to weigh the evidence, to consider the credibility of the
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witnesses, or to resolve conflicts in the evidence or in the reasonable inferences that may
be drawn therefrom.’ ” (Leff v. Gunter (1983) 33 Cal.3d 508, 518.) Our role is limited to
determining whether the evidence before the trier of fact supports its findings. (Reddy v.
Gonzalez (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 118, 123.) (We note that Tran’s failure to properly object
to the trial court’s statement of decision does not forfeit substantial evidence review of
the findings supporting the judgment. (Fladeboe v. American Isuzu Motors Inc. (2007)
150 Cal.App.4th 42, 59–60.)) We review the post-trial rulings on costs and sanctions for
abuse of discretion. (LAOSD Asbestos Cases (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 1116, 1123;
Ellerbee v. County of Los Angeles (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 1206, 1217.)
To the extent trial court error is shown, reversal of the judgment is not warranted
absent a showing of prejudice. (Cal. Const., art. VI., § 13 [“ ‘No judgment shall be set
aside, or new trial granted, in any cause, on the ground … of the improper admission or
rejection of evidence, … or for any error as to any matter of procedure, unless, after an
examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, the court shall be of the opinion
that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice’ ”]; F.P. v. Monier
(2017) 3 Cal.5th 1099, 1113.) A miscarriage of justice may be found when the reviewing
court, “ ‘after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence,’ is of the
‘opinion’ that it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party
would have been reached in the absence of the error.’ ” (Pool v. City of Oakland (1986)
42 Cal.3d 1051, 1069.)
Receipt of Documents
Tran complains that the forensic accountant relied on documents received ex parte
after the court’s deadline for completing his report. The trial court noted that Tran did
not file a pre-trial motion to exclude the accountant’s second report or request a
continuance to allow for further review of its contents. The court found that both counsel
were aware of and agreed to the accountant’s follow-up meeting with La Forge’s
accountant to obtain additional information. The accountant testified that on a phone call
8
with both counsel he discussed meeting with ATI’s accountant to obtain additional
information. He explained that the purpose of the second report “was not to sandbag
anybody,” but to produce a report that did not suffer from incompleteness due to
insufficient information. The trial court credited the accountant’s effort to be precise, and
his taking the initiative to collect additional information in order to produce a reliable
report. We find no impropriety or miscarriage of justice in the accountant’s pursuit of
additional information or the trial court’s receipt of the report in evidence. (Evid. Code,
§ 353; Pool v. City of Oakland, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 1069.)
La Forge’s Monetary Contributions to the Venture
Tran argues the forensic accountant falsely reported and testified that La Forge
had capitalized Apache with a $2,400 check dated November 15, 2010. His claim is not
supported by the evidence. After being shown a cancelled $2,400 check at trial, the
accountant acknowledged that the check (which had not been provided to him earlier)
appeared to be a customer’s payment for a light purchase, and that La Forge’s
contribution to the venture should be reduced accordingly. The accountant testified that
the adjustment did not result in lack of capitalization because La Forge contributed
$24,600 to the venture in September 2010, which satisfied the $2,400 capitalization
required by the member agreement.
Tran complains that LaForge did not loan the venture $648,888 because that figure
appears as shareholder investments to ATI on the updated balance sheet. Again, his
contention contradicts the record. The accountant explained that he classified expenses
paid by ATI for the benefit of Apache and money transferred from ATI bank accounts to
Apache as either loans or shareholder investments attributable to La Forge, and he
ultimately reclassified La Forge’s cumulative loans as shareholder investments.
Light Sales
Apache’s sales invoices showed that between 2011 and August 2016 the venture
sold 445 AT120 lights, 97 AT200 lights, and 238 AT600 lights, totaling 780 units sold.
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Tran argues those numbers are “false” because he presented evidence from three
assemblers showing more than 1180 lights had been collectively assembled. The trial
court’s rejection of Tran’s count as unreliable is supported by the evidence.
The forensic accountant testified that units assembled and shipped to Apache do
not equate to lights sold to Apache customers. The assemblers did not ship assembled
lights to Apache’s customers. Vander-Bend’s custodian of records testified that some of
its builds were metal boxes only and not assembled lights. The custodian of records for
the third assembler testified that his company “assembled” and “built” only heatsinks.
No evidence was presented that the third assembler built fully assembled marketable
lights.
The accountant explained that his primary purpose in requesting sales invoices
was to cross-check the sales income reported in QuickBooks. He was confident in using
the invoices provided by defendants as a reasonable estimate of the number of lights sold
because the number of heatsinks corresponding to those lights (one heatsink for each
AT120 and AT200 light, and four heatsinks for each AT600 light) reconciled with the
number of purchased heatsinks after accounting for the number of heatsinks remaining in
inventory.2
Tran contends the accounting was deficient because the invoice schedule attached
to the second report did not include a line item matching a $28,417.50 check from
Stanford University. The accountant explained that payments are not reflected in an
invoice schedule, and the specific deposit was recorded in QuickBooks. The profit and
loss statement used the higher sales figure reported in QuickBooks ($1,000,339) rather
According to invoices provided by the venture’s heatsink supplier (EDS),
2
Apache purchased 2,204 heatsinks between August 2010 and January 2016. Apache’s
sales invoices showed the company sold 445 AT120 lights; 97 AT200 lights; and 238
AT600 lights between 2011 and August 2016, which would account for 1,494 of the
purchased heatsinks. The venture accounted for 150 lost, destroyed, donated, or broken
heatsinks, and 516 heatsinks remained in inventory. The second report thus accounted
for 2,160 of the 2,204 purchased heatsinks.
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than the sales tally generated from the invoices ($911,727). The accountant also
recognized that the discrepancy between the 2,204 heatsinks purchased from EDS and the
2,160 accounted for through sales and inventory was possibly attributable to missing
invoices. Tran’s complaint that the accountant did not consider sales from 2010 also
lacks merit, given that he relied on the higher income figure shown in QuickBooks,
which included $3,020 in sales revenue from 2010. The invoice schedule is substantial
evidence of lights sold by the venture, which in turn supports the gross profits realized by
the venture.
Cost of Goods Sold
Tran complains that the accountant should not have relied on the build out costs
provided by Schlick shortly before trial. He focuses on the $179 cost to assemble the
AT120, which was based on a quote provided by Vander-Bend in 2014. We agree that
the $179 assembly cost is not supported by any evidence in the trial record. Vander-Bend
stopped manufacturing the AT120 in 2013; the $179 estimate is greater than the actual
AT120 assembly costs shown on the Suba and Vander-Bend invoices admitted in
evidence; and there is no evidence of the venture ever paying more than $105 to assemble
the AT120 light. But Tran has not shown that he was prejudiced by the discrepancy.
(Cal. Const., art. VI., § 13.) Even adjusting the AT120 assembly cost downward to
conform to the Suba and Vander-Bend invoices, the venture was still not profitable. The
accountant concluded that the venture’s cumulative loss exceeded $428,000; using the
lower assembly costs for 445 AT120 lights reduces that loss by less than $50,000 and
therefore does not affect the trial court’s conclusion as to profitability.
Post-Judgment Orders
Tran argues that the trial court “inappropriately” awarded costs to defendants,
including those associated with answering the complaint, defendants’ unsuccessful
discovery and summary judgment motions, and per diem fees. Tran has not provided us
with his motion to tax costs nor the reporter’s transcript of the hearing on that motion.
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He offers no authority to support his argument, and otherwise fails to show the trial
court’s cost award was an abuse of discretion.
We reject Tran’s contention that his share of the forensic accountant’s fee should
be reallocated to defendants “based on false reporting and bias.” The trial court found the
accountant to be “competent, hard-working, fair, unbiased, thorough, credible, and
correct in his analysis.” The trial court noted that the accountant “considered all of the
financial information provided by the parties, whether he asked for the specific
information or not.” The accountant “answer[ed] all questions of counsel and the court
and accounted for any perceived fallacies or inconsistences … [and] was never defensive
or hostile to any party or to the court.” Our review of the record reveals no inconsistency
with the trial court’s observations. We see no impropriety on behalf of the accountant, or
any basis to interfere with the trial court’s allocation of expert fees.
Tran moved for monetary sanctions against defendants and their attorney under
Code of Civil Procedure section 128.5; for terminating sanctions related to defendants’
cross-complaint and answer; and for monetary witness sanctions against the forensic
accountant and Schlick under Code of Civil Procedure section 177.5. The motion was set
for hearing on May 15, 2017, but was addressed instead on April 24, along with other
post-trial motions. Tran has not provided us with the reporter’s transcript of that hearing.
According to an order prepared by defendants’ counsel, signed by the trial court and filed
May 3, the requests for terminating sanctions and witness sanctions were denied. The
April 24 minute order states that Tran withdrew all motions for sanctions and the motion
set for May 15 was taken off calendar.
Tran complains that the order drafted by defendants’ attorney was “falsely
presented,” “misinformed the Court,” and “executed [] in error.” According to Tran, no
motion for sanctions was heard on April 24. At a hearing on May 18, the court denied
Tran’s new motion for sanctions under Code of Civil Procedure section 128.7, filed on
May 15. Tran’s attorney confirmed at the May 18 hearing that he had withdrawn his
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request for sanctions under Code of Civil Procedure section 128.5, but he did not ask the
court to rule on his other sanctions requests, nor did he assert that the May 15 hearing had
been vacated in error, or that the May 3 order had been executed in error. Tran has thus
failed to show error related to the May 3 order denying sanctions.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment and post-trial orders regarding costs and sanctions are affirmed.
Respondents shall recover costs on appeal.3
3
Tran’s October 3, 2019 request for judicial notice is denied. The documents of
which Tran seeks judicial notice came into existence after judgment was entered in this
case, and they are not relevant to our review.
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____________________________________
Grover, J.
WE CONCUR:
____________________________
Greenwood, P. J.
____________________________
Danner, J.
H044738 - Tran v. La Forge et al.