Cellphone Termination Fee Cases CA1/5 ( 2014 )

Filed 6/24/14 Cellphone Termination Fee Cases CA1/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
A136818
CELLPHONE TERMINATION FEE
CASES. (Alameda County
Super. Ct. No. RG03121510,
JCCP No. 4332)
This case is part of a coordinated and ongoing consumer class action challenging
the policy of wireless telephone carriers to charge early termination fees (ETF’s) to
customers whose service is cancelled prior to the expiration of defined contract periods.
The defendant in this particular proceeding is Sprint Spectrum, L.P. (Sprint).1 Sprint
filed a petition to compel arbitration of the claims. The petition was denied and the trial
court awarded plaintiffs attorney fees for their successful opposition, even though the
merits of the underlying litigation had yet to be completely resolved. Plaintiffs appeal the
attorney fees order to the extent it denies them the full amount of fees sought. Sprint
cross-appeals, arguing, inter alia, that plaintiffs are not entitled to an award of fees at this
juncture, under either Civil Code section 1717 or Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5.
We agree with Sprint that an award of fees is premature and reverse the award.
1
The named plaintiffs and class representatives are Ramzy Ayyad, Amanda Selby
Beck, Jeweldean Hull, Christine Morton, and Richard Samko (hereafter plaintiffs).
1
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
We set out the facts and procedural history of this case in some detail in Ayyad v.
Sprint Spectrum, L.P. (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 851 (Ayyad) and Cellphone Termination
Fee Cases (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 298. We refer the reader to those opinions for a full
description of the underlying facts and limit our statement here to only those matters
relevant to the current issues.
A. Brief History of the Litigation
This case was initially filed in July 2003 against Sprint and other providers of
cellular telephone service. The operative third consolidated amended complaint was filed
as “a class action . . . by current and/or former customers of wireless telephone services.”
The complaint alleged that “plaintiffs and the members of the class are individual
consumers who either are or, during the period extending from four years prior to the
filing of this action to the present, were subscribers to [Sprint’s] wireless telephone
service agreements that include an [ETF] provision . . . .” Based on a number of statutory
and common law theories, plaintiffs claimed Sprint charged them unlawful ETF’s for
cancelling their cellular customer service agreements prior to the expiration date
specified in their contracts. In their prayer for relief, plaintiffs sought: (1) an order
certifying the class, and appointing plaintiffs and their counsel to represent the class;
(2) a permanent injunction enjoining Sprint from engaging in the alleged unfair practices;
(3) compensatory damages and/or restitution; (4) imposition of a constructive trust;
(5) actual damages; (6) punitive damages; (7) costs of suit; (8) prejudgment and
postjudgment interest; and (9) attorney fees.
Sprint answered the complaint and asserted a number of affirmative defenses,
including setoff and arbitrability. It also filed a cross-complaint for breach of contract
against plaintiffs, and it requested a return of the alleged benefits conferred by Sprint in
the event the court found the ETF’s unenforceable.
By order of the Judicial Council, this action and others were designated Judicial
Council Coordinated Proceeding No. 4332 before a judge in the Alameda County
Superior Court. (Cellphone Termination Fee Cases, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at pp. 303 &
2
fn. 4, 304.) On June 9, 2006, the trial court certified a plaintiff class consisting of:
“ ‘ “All persons who (1) had a wireless telephone personal account with [Sprint] with a
California area code and a California billing address[] who (2) cancelled the account at
any time from July 23, 1999, through [March 18, 2007], and (3) were charged an early
termination fee in connection with that cancellation.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 304.)
The class claims against Sprint and Sprint’s cross-claims and setoff defense were
tried in May 2008. (See Cellphone Termination Fee Cases, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 305, 307–308.) On the issue of damages, plaintiffs presented aggregate damages
calculations for their class claims to the jury. Similarly, Sprint presented its aggregate
damages calculations for its cross-claims against plaintiffs as a class. The trial court
would then set off the two numbers. (Id. at p. 304, fn. 7.) If the net amount was “ ‘a
positive for [p]laintiffs,’ ” the court would enter judgment in that amount. If the net
amount was “ ‘zero or a negative for the [p]laintiffs,’ ” the court would enter a judgment
of zero in favor of plaintiffs and Sprint would not “ ‘be permitted to recover money from
the . . . class.’ ” (Ibid.)
Plaintiffs prevailed on several statutory and common law claims. (Cellphone
Termination Fee Cases, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 308.) The jury found plaintiffs
were entitled to recover $73,775,975 in damages against Sprint, but it also found
plaintiffs had breached their contracts with the carrier, thus entitling Sprint to an amount
of damages exceeding those plaintiffs had recovered. The trial court determined that
neither the class nor Sprint would be entitled to any monetary recovery, but also enjoined
Sprint from further efforts to collect ETF’s assessed during the class period. The trial
court then granted plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial on Sprint’s cross-claims and on the
court’s calculation of the setoff. (Id. at pp. 307–309.)
Both plaintiffs and Sprint appealed. (Cellphone Termination Fee Cases, supra,
193 Cal.App.4th at p. 309.) On March 3, 2011, we issued our opinion affirming the trial
court “in all respects.” (Id. at pp. 303, 330.) In our disposition, we remanded the case to
the trial court “for retrial on the issue of Sprint’s damages, and the calculation of any
offset to which Sprint may be entitled.” (Id. at p. 330.)
3
After remand, Sprint moved to compel individual bilateral arbitration of the named
plaintiffs’ claims, relying on the then recent decision of the Supreme Court in AT&T
Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. ___ [131 S.Ct. 1740], which held that
individual contractual arbitration agreements were enforceable, even if the agreement
precluded class arbitration.2 Plaintiffs opposed the petition. The trial court denied the
petition on November 14, 2011. Its principal ground for denial was that our opinion in
Cellphone Termination Fee Cases had limited the issues on remand to retrial of Sprint’s
damages and calculation of any setoff to which Sprint might be entitled.
(193 Cal.App.4th at p. 330.) Sprint appealed from the portions of the November 14, 2011
order denying its petition to compel arbitration. We affirmed. (Ayyad, supra,
210 Cal.App.4th at p. 864.)
B. Fee Award for Trial Court Proceedings on Sprint’s Petition to Compel Arbitration
Several months later, on August 3, 2012, plaintiffs filed a motion for attorney fees
and costs for having successfully opposed Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration in the
trial court. They argued Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration had commenced a “special
proceeding” which terminated in their favor when the trial court denied the petition on
November 14, 2011. After a hearing, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ request for fees
and costs in a written order dated September 26, 2012.
In granting plaintiffs’ request, the trial court addressed a number of issues. It first
determined that plaintiffs’ motion was not premature. It stated: “A fee award to a
prevailing party on a petition to compel arbitration is an award following completion of a
special proceeding to enforce a contract. [Citation.] It is not an interim award in the
action on the merits.”
2
Sprint styled its request for arbitration as a “motion” rather than a “petition.” For
the sake of clarity, however, we will follow the statutory nomenclature and refer to it as a
petition in this opinion. (See Frog Creek Partners, LLC v. Vance Brown, Inc. (2012)
206 Cal.App.4th 515, 521–522, fn. 4 (Frog Creek), citing Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1281.2,
1292.4.)
4
The court relied upon the reasoning of an earlier order it had entered on July 9,
2012, awarding fees against AT&T Mobility LLC in another portion of the coordinated
proceeding. That order addressed “whether a petition to compel arbitration that is filed in
an ongoing lawsuit is a separate proceeding for all purposes and, if only for some
purposes, for what purposes.” In answering that question, the trial court chose to follow
the reasoning of Benjamin, Weill & Mazer v. Kors (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 40 (Kors), an
opinion issued by Division Two of this District, which the lower court construed as
“hold[ing] that a petition to compel arbitration is a separate proceeding for purposes of
identifying the prevailing party and awarding fees to the prevailing party.” The trial
court acknowledged we had reached a contrary conclusion in Frog Creek, but given the
conflict in the decisions of the Court of Appeal, it chose to follow what it believed to be
the better rule. In its view, “the statutory scheme strongly suggests that petitions to
compel arbitration are analytically distinct special proceedings that are nestled within
actions, but not subsumed by the actions.” The trial court opined that Kors was more
persuasive than Frog Creek because, in the lower court’s view, Frog Creek improperly
focused its analysis on Civil Code section 1717, a statute of general application, while
failing to give adequate consideration to the specific statutory scheme regarding petitions
to compel arbitration.
The trial court also noted that the motion for fees “was filed beyond the time
limits” but found good cause to extend time for hearing the matter under California Rules
of Court, rule 3.1702(d).3 In reaching that conclusion, the court explained: “The analysis
of statutes and rules in Carpenter v. Jack in the Box Corp. (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 454,
3
“A notice of motion to claim attorney’s fees for services up to and including the
rendition of judgment in the trial court—including attorney’s fees on an appeal before the
rendition of judgment in the trial court—must be served and filed within the time for
filing a notice of appeal under rules 8.104 and 8.108 in an unlimited civil case . . . .”
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1702(b)(1).) Subject to certain exceptions, a notice of appeal
must normally be filed within the earlier date of 180 days after entry of judgment, or
60 days after service of a notice of entry of judgment or a file-stamped copy of the
judgment. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1).)
5
466, is inapplicable to this case because Carpenter concerned prejudgment appealable
orders whereas in this case the orders on . . . petitions to compel arbitration are final
judgments in special proceedings. The court has considered Green v. Mt. Diablo
Hospital Dist. (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 63, which holds (consistent with Frog Creek) that
a motion for fees must be deferred until the conclusion of the action as a whole and finds
it distinguishable because it presumes (contrary to Kors) that the petition is subsumed in
the action and fails to address the separate nature of a special proceeding. [¶] The court
may, however, extend the time for filing a motion for attorneys’ fees. ([Cal. Rules of
Court, rule] 3.1702(d).) ‘Rule 3.1702(d) is “remedial” and is to be given a liberal, rather
than strict interpretation.’ (Lewow v. Surfside III Condominium Owners[] Assn., Inc.
[(2012)] 203 Cal.App.4th 128, 135.) This case is similar to Lewow in that there is a
‘complex and debatable’ legal issue concerning when a motion for fees can be filed. . . .
The court finds on the facts of this case that [p]laintiffs have demonstrated good cause for
delaying their motion for attorney[] fees.” (Fn. omitted.)
The trial court awarded fees under both Civil Code section 1717 and Code of Civil
Procedure section 1021.5. With regard to the latter statute, the court noted: “At the time
the Ayyad [p]laintiffs opposed Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration they were acting
[on] behalf of the members of a certified class that had prevailed both at trial and in the
Court of Appeal on the class claims. (Cellphone Termination Fee Cases, supra,
193 Cal.App.4th 298.) Sprint’s cross-claims against the class have yet to be re-tried, so
the court expressly does not hold that the class has ‘prevailed’ on the merits of the action
as a whole.” It nevertheless rejected Sprint’s argument that fees were unavailable under
Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 because, Sprint asserted, that statute permits
awards only to a “successful party” in an “action.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.5 [“a court
may award attorneys’ fees to a successful party against one or more opposing parties in
any action which has resulted in the enforcement of an important right affecting the
public interest . . . .” (italics added)].) The trial court concluded Code of Civil Procedure
section 1021.5 applies to special proceedings, and plaintiffs had prevailed in a such a
special proceeding by successfully opposing Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration. It
6
reasoned: “[Code of Civil Procedure section] 1021.5 is designed to provide fees for
public interest advocacy, and excluding special proceedings from [Code of Civil
Procedure section] 1021.5 would be contrary to the apparent legislative intent. (Edna
Valley Watch v. County of San Luis Obispo (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1312, 1319–1320
[‘In deciding what constitutes an “action” within the meaning of [Code of Civil
Procedure] section 1021.5, we must look to the purpose of the section. . . . Its purpose is
to encourage suits effectuating a strong public policy by awarding fees to persons who
through lawsuits successfully bring about the benefits of such policies to a broad class of
citizens.’]; Best v. California Apprenticeship Council (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 1448, 1460
[‘[R]espondents do not argue, nor would it be reasonable to argue, that the court could
not award attorney’s fees for the mandamus proceeding. . . . In short, the use of the term
“action” does not in all contexts refer to the technical meaning of the term as defined in
the Code of Civil Procedure.’].)”
The trial court found that the statutory requirements of Code of Civil Procedure
had been met. It wrote: “Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration concerned ‘an important
right affecting the public interest’ within the meaning of [Code of Civil Procedure
section] 1021.5. The California Supreme Court has held that class actions serve a public
purpose in ‘deterring and redressing wrongdoing.’ . . . Although the compensation
function of [a] class action is private in nature, the deterrence aspect serves a public
purpose. [¶] [Plaintiffs] did confer a ‘benefit’ on ‘a large class of persons.’ The certified
Sprint ETF class has almost two million members. . . . [¶] [Plaintiffs] conferred a
‘significant benefit’ on the members of the certified class when they successfully opposed
Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration. The benefit was significant because it preserved
the rights of the absent class members to participate in a class action with a jury trial and
relieved them of the obligation to initiate individual arbitration proceedings. Procedural
benefits can be ‘substantial benefits.’ . . . [¶] . . . [¶] The necessity and financial burden of
private enforcement by [plaintiffs] makes an award appropriate. The amount of money
for each plaintiff was relatively small, so it would not have made financial sense for any
one plaintiff to have challenged Sprint’s petition to arbitrate. There was, and could be, no
7
monetary recovery from opposing a petition to compel arbitration, so fees could not be
paid out of any recovery in the special proceeding.” (Fn. omitted.)
The trial court found, however, that 369 hours plaintiffs’ counsel expended
opposing Sprint’s motion were not reasonable. It concluded: “The court finds that
[p]laintiffs’ counsel . . . reasonably expended 240 hours (6 person weeks) in opposing
Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration. The court finds that [p]laintiffs’ counsel
reasonably expended 60 hours in making the fee motion. The court follows the
methodology in its prior orders regarding fees . . . and determines that an aggregate rate
of $500 per hour is reasonable. This results in a lodestar of $120,000 for opposing the
petition and $30,000 for filing the fee application. [¶] Regarding a multiplier, counsel
pursued the case on a contingent basis, so counsel are entitled to a 0.3 multiplier for
opposing the petition to compel arbitration. In addition, the arbitration issues in the
evolving post-Concepcion legal landscape were more complex and challenging than
typical complex litigation, which warrants a 0.2 multiplier.”
The trial court noted that it “ha[d] considered the issue of whether a fee award of
$180,000 for prevailing on a petition to compel arbitration is out of proportion to the
benefit obtained given that the merits of the action were not reached. The court finds the
award appropriate under the circumstances. . . . Specifically, counsel preserved the right
to pursue the judgment of 12/24/08 (subject to offset from Sprint’s counter-claims).”
Accordingly, the court awarded plaintiffs $210,000 in attorney fees. Both plaintiffs and
Sprint appeal from the September 26, 2012 order.4
4
An order requiring payment of attorney fees “is appealable as a final
determination of a collateral matter distinct and severable from the general subject of the
litigation.” (Roberts v. Packard, Packard & Johnson (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 822, 830,
fn. 4; Muller v. Fresno Community Hospital & Medical Center (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th
887, 900 & fn. 18; Lachkar v. Lachkar (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 641, 645, fn. 1.) On
April 2, 2013, the trial court awarded plaintiffs additional fees for the appellate
proceedings in Ayyad. Sprint’s appeal from that order is before the court in appeal
No. A138424.
8
II. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred to the extent it denied them the full
amount of fees sought. In its cross-appeal, Sprint also raises numerous attacks on the
trial court’s attorney fee order. Sprint first argues that plaintiffs are not entitled to any
award of attorney fees, under either Civil Code section 1717 or Code of Civil Procedure
section 1021.5, before the merits of the parties’ claims are completely resolved. Next,
Sprint contends that the trial court abused its discretion in finding good cause to consider
plaintiffs’ untimely motion. It also contends that, even if plaintiffs’ motion for fees is not
premature, additional statutory requirements are unmet. Finally, Sprint maintains that the
amount of fees awarded was excessive. We need only reach Sprint’s first argument.
Because the trial court erred in finding plaintiffs’ motion for fees was not premature, the
order must be reversed.
The trial court’s determination of the legal basis for an attorney fee award is a
question of law we review de novo. (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 523.)
A. Civil Code Section 1717 and Frog Creek
In Frog Creek , supra, 206 Cal.App.4th 515, we reversed an award of attorney
fees to a party that, like plaintiffs here, had successfully opposed a petition to compel
arbitration filed in a pending contract action. (Id. at pp. 520, 523.) Frog Creek Partners,
LLC (Frog Creek) sued Vance Brown, Inc. (Brown) for breach of contract, conversion,
and other causes of action. Brown filed a petition to compel arbitration in the pending
lawsuit, based on an arbitration clause contained in the underlying contract. (Id. at
pp. 520–521.) The trial court initially denied the petition when Brown was unable to
produce a complete version of the contract with an arbitration provision. (Id. at pp. 521–
522.) However, Brown renewed its petition based on another version of the contract,
which was agreed to be controlling. (Id. at p. 522.) The trial court denied the petition,
but we reversed and ordered arbitration. (Ibid.)
Brown ultimately prevailed in the arbitration and was awarded damages, as well as
attorney fees for the arbitration proceeding. However, the arbitrators declined to rule on
the parties’ entitlement to attorney fees in connection with the proceedings predating the
9
arbitration. (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 522.) Both parties filed motions
in the trial court, under Civil Code section 1717, seeking prearbitration attorney fees.
Frog Creek sought only the fees it had incurred in defeating the initial petition to compel
arbitration. (Id. at p. 523.) The trial court determined Brown was the prevailing party in
the arbitration and awarded it both prearbitration and postarbitration attorney fees. The
trial court also awarded Frog Creek $125,000 in fees for the initial petition to compel
arbitration, determining that Frog Creek was the prevailing party therein. (Ibid.)
After analyzing the language and legislative history of Civil Code section 1717 as
well as the case law related to attorney fee awards in disputes over arbitrability, we held
that, under Civil Code section 1717, “there may only be one prevailing party entitled to
attorney fees on a given contract in a given lawsuit.” (Frog Creek, supra,
206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 520, 524–538, 547–548, fns. omitted.) First, we noted that Civil
Code section 1717 authorizes an award of attorney fees “ ‘[i]n any action on a contract’
to . . . ‘the party who recovered a greater relief in the action on the contract.’ ” (Frog
Creek, at pp. 523–524, italics added.) We rejected Frog Creek’s contention that the
initial petition to compel arbitration was a distinct “ ‘action on a contract.’ ” (Id. at
p. 524.) We explained: “ ‘Action’ is defined in Code of Civil Procedure section 22,
which provides: ‘An action is an ordinary proceeding in a court of justice by which one
party prosecutes another for the declaration, enforcement, or protection of a right, the
redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense.’[5] That
definition of ‘action’ has been applied to various statutory schemes. [Citations.] It
appears that courts generally treat the term ‘action,’ as defined by Code of Civil
Procedure section 22, as referring to the whole of a lawsuit rather than to discrete
proceedings within a lawsuit. . . . Code of Civil Procedure section 22, therefore, does not
support Frog Creek’s argument that [the] petition to compel was an ‘action on the
5
A “special proceeding” includes “[e]very other remedy.” (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 23.)
10
contract’ independent of the other contract claims in the lawsuit.” (Frog Creek, at p. 527,
fn. 6.)
We also reviewed and explained the case law that “confirm[s] that attorney fees
should be awarded to the party who prevails on a petition to compel arbitration only
when the resolution of that petition terminates the entire ‘action on the contract.’ ” (Frog
Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 531.) We expressly disagreed with the reasoning in
Kors, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th 40, in which Division Two of this court held that a
defendant who had prevailed on her petition to compel arbitration was entitled to an
immediate award of attorney fees, pursuant to Civil Code section 1717, without waiting
for resolution of the merits of the dispute. (Frog Creek, at pp. 525, 536.) Specifically,
we rejected Kors’s implication “that a petition to compel arbitration filed in a pending
lawsuit constitutes a ‘discrete action’ providing a basis for a [Civil Code] section 1717
attorney fee award, even though that could result in multiple prevailing parties on one
contract in a given lawsuit.” (Frog Creek, at p. 537.) We concluded neither the
legislative history of the statute nor case law supported such an interpretation.6 (Ibid.)
We recognized that petitions to compel arbitration are essentially suits in equity to
compel specific performance of a contract and are analytically distinct from the merits of
underlying litigation. But, we found this insufficient “to justify treating a petition to
compel arbitration filed in a pending lawsuit as a distinct action on the contract under
Civil Code section 1717.” (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 537.) We
6
We also rejected Kors’s reliance on Otay River Constructors v. San Diego
Expressway (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 796 (Otay) and Turner v. Schultz (2009)
175 Cal.App.4th 974 (Turner) to support “the proposition that Kors could obtain a fee
award for prevailing on the petition to compel arbitration.” (Frog Creek, supra,
206 Cal.App.4th at p. 536.) We explained: “[I]t was critical in [Otay and Turner] that
the decisions on arbitrability occurred in the context of wholly independent legal
proceedings that resolved ‘the only issue before the court—whether the arbitration should
be allowed to proceed.’ (Turner, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 983; see also Otay, supra,
158 Cal.App.4th at p. 807.) In contrast, the petition to compel arbitration in Kors was
filed within the lawsuit brought by BWM, and, like Frog Creek’s victory, Kors’s victory
on the arbitration petition did not resolve the underlying suit. (Kors, at p. 50.)” (Frog
Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 536.)
11
explained that the Legislature could have expressly authorized fee awards on such
petitions, as it had for special motions to strike under Code of Civil Procedure section
425.16, but had not done so. (Id. at pp. 537–538.)
Finally, we rejected the rationale, espoused in Acosta v. Kerrigan (2007)
150 Cal.App.4th 1124, that specific contract language could justify a separate and interim
attorney fee award. (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 525, 544–546.) We
explained: “Acosta’s rationale appears to be contrary to the proposition that Civil Code
section 1717 alone determines a party’s entitlement to attorney fees under a contractual
fee provision.” (Id. at p. 544, citing Santisas v. Goodin (1998) 17 Cal.4th 599, 616.)
Ultimately, we reversed the award to Frog Creek and explained: “[T]he trial court
erred in awarding Frog Creek attorney fees under Civil Code section 1717 for prevailing
on the first petition to compel arbitration because Brown prevailed on the contract action
overall; the Legislature did not intend to authorize multiple attorney fees awards to
multiple prevailing parties on a single contract in a given lawsuit.” (Frog Creek, supra,
206 Cal.App.4th at p. 546.)
1. Application of Frog Creek
Sprint contends that petitions to compel arbitration, filed in ongoing lawsuits, are
no different from other motions and that interim fee awards for opposing such petitions
are not permissible. We agree. (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 535
[“defeating a petition to compel arbitration filed in a pending action does not justify a
grant of fees under Civil Code section 1717 where the merits of the contract claims
remain pending in that action”].) As our colleagues in Division Three recently put it, in
considering the application of res judicata, “[a] petition to compel arbitration filed in a
pending lawsuit is ‘part of the underlying action’; it is not a distinct action.” (Phillips v.
Sprint PCS (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 758, 772.) Instead, “[plaintiffs’] lawsuit was the
action on the contract for purposes of Civil Code section 1717; [Sprint’s] . . . petition to
compel arbitration was a contract-based claim within the larger action and [plaintiffs’]
victory [on the petition] was not a basis for a fee award under Civil Code section 1717.”
(Frog Creek, at p. 541.)
12
Here, Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration was filed as part of an ongoing
lawsuit. And, although Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration has been decided, the
underlying action of which the petition is a part has not reached its conclusion. As the
trial court itself recognized, Sprint’s cross-claims against the class have yet to be retried,
and the court has yet to determine how those amounts will be set off. Indeed, the trial
court itself said that it “expressly [did] not hold that the class has ‘prevailed’ on the merits
of the action as a whole.” (Italics added.) Therefore, at this point we cannot predict
which party will “recover[] a greater relief in the action on the contract.” (Civ. Code,
§ 1717, subd. (b)(1).) And since under Civil Code section 1717 there may be only one
prevailing party in the action (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 531, 539), an
award of attorney fees under that statute is simply premature. It necessarily follows that
at this stage of the litigation, plaintiffs are not yet entitled to fees under Civil Code
section 1717 despite their success in opposing Sprint’s request for arbitration.
2. We Decline to Reconsider Frog Creek.
Plaintiffs contend that because of the conflict between Kors and Frog Creek, the
trial court was entitled to choose the decision it found more persuasive. They are correct.
(See Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 456 [where
decisions of appellate courts are in conflict, “the court exercising inferior jurisdiction can
and must make a choice between the conflicting decisions”].) However, “[r]espect for
our colleagues and the orderly administration of justice . . . dictate that there be a
compelling reason before we overrule a decision of another panel of this court.” (Opsal
v. United Services Auto. Assn. (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 1197, 1203–1204.) Plaintiffs have
identified no compelling reason to reconsider the rule we enunciated in Frog Creek.
Plaintiffs merely rehash the same arguments and precedent we discussed and
rejected in Frog Creek. For example, plaintiffs contend that “[t]he California statutory
provisions that provide for arbitration also support the trial court’s conclusion that fees
could be awarded prior to the entry [of] judgment on the merits at the end of the
underlying litigation.” However, in Frog Creek, we specifically acknowledged the
statutory scheme. (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 532, 537.) We said: “[A
13
Code of Civil Procedure] section 1281.2 petition may be filed independently, in which
case it commences an independent lawsuit to enforce the agreement to arbitrate.
[Citations.] . . . However, where, as in the present case, there is an existing lawsuit
involving the same underlying contractual dispute, the petition to compel arbitration
must, under [Code of Civil Procedure] section 1292.4, be filed within the existing suit.”
(Frog Creek, at p. 532.) We also recognized that “were it not for the existence of an
ongoing action, the party seeking to enforce an agreement to arbitrate would have been
able to file an independent petition to compel arbitration under [Code of Civil Procedure]
section 1281.2, which would have been a discrete action under Otay and Turner.” (Frog
Creek, at p. 537.) But we went on to conclude that “those distinctions are [in]sufficient
to justify treating a petition to compel arbitration filed in a pending lawsuit as a distinct
action on the contract under Civil Code section 1717.” (Frog Creek, at p. 537.)
Nor do plaintiffs rely on any new authority that calls into question our extended
analysis in Frog Creek. In fact, both recent and older authority is consistent with Frog
Creek. (See Roberts v. Packard, Packard & Johnson, supra, 217 Cal.App.4th at pp. 838–
843 [reversing fee award to party that prevailed on petition to compel arbitration filed in
contract action; prevailing party determination under Civ. Code, § 1717 had to await
resolution of contract causes of action]; Phillips v. Sprint PCS, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 772–773; Green v. Mt. Diablo Hospital Dist., supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 76 [trial
court properly denied Civ. Code, § 1717 attorney fee request where “there ha[d] been no
final determination of the rights of the parties”]; see Hsu v. Abbara (1995) 9 Cal.4th 863,
876 [“prevailing party determination is to be made only upon final resolution of the
contract claims and only by ‘a comparison of the extent to which each party ha[s]
succeeded and failed to succeed in its contentions’ ”].) “Procedural steps taken during
pending litigation are not an ‘action’ within the meaning of [Civil Code] section 1717.”
14
(Roberts v. Packard, Packard & Johnson, at p. 832.) The prevailing party determination
must therefore await resolution of the merits of the parties’ claims.7
We decline plaintiffs’ invitation “to consider the authorities supporting [their]
view afresh and hold that [plaintiffs’] arbitration fees are awardable before a final
judgment on the merits.” Because Sprint’s petition to compel arbitration was filed within
an ongoing lawsuit and contract claims remains unresolved, we must reverse the trial
court’s award of fees under Civil Code section 1717.
3. Language of Attorney Fee Provision Does Not Trump the Statutory
Scheme.
Plaintiffs also argue that under the language of the attorney fee provision at issue
here, “fees are specifically awardable for compelling arbitration no matter what the
outcome on the merits.”8 (Fn. omitted.) Thus, plaintiffs claim, there was no reason for
the trial court to wait for final judgment before awarding fees. As explained above, we
previously rejected the proposition that specific contractual language could justify a
separate fee award under Civil Code section 1717, because that would undermine the
Legislature’s intent to establish uniform treatment of fee recoveries in actions on
contracts containing attorney fee provisions. (Frog Creek, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at
7
The only “new” authority plaintiffs cite is Brock v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals
(1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1790. Plaintiffs pick various quotes from this case and claim they
stand for the proposition “that arbitration even within existing litigation is a separate
proceeding.” They do not. (See id. at p. 1799, fn. 7 [requirement that petition to compel
arbitration be filed in an action pending in superior court “does not mean . . . that the
arbitration is a subsidiary proceeding which necessarily falls with the paramount legal
action[,]” since petition to compel arbitration may be filed even in absence of existing
legal action]; id. at pp. 1805–1806 [trial court has no power to dismiss contractual
arbitration proceeding because such a proceeding is grounded in contract, not in action at
law].)
8
Plaintiffs rely on a reciprocal interpretation of the arbitration clause in Sprint’s
contracts, which provides: “If any party files a judicial or administrative action asserting
a claim that is subject to arbitration and another party successfully stays such action or
compels arbitration, the party filing that action must pay the other party’s costs and
expenses incurred in seeking such stay or compelling arbitration, including attorney’s
fees.”
15
pp. 544–546.) Plaintiffs offer us no reason to revisit our decision in Frog Creek on this
point.
B. Code of Civil Procedure Section 1021.5
Plaintiffs point out that Frog Creek did not address fee awards made under Code
of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 and suggest we uphold the award on that basis. We
cannot.
“A threshold requirement for a fee award under Code of Civil Procedure
section 1021.5 is the party seeking fees must be ‘a successful party against one or more
opposing parties in any action.’ [Citations.]” (County of Colusa v. California Wildlife
Conservation Bd. (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 637, 648.) We must take a “broad, pragmatic
view of what constitutes a ‘successful party.’ ” (Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.
(2004) 34 Cal.4th 553, 565.) However, “ ‘successful’ ” is synonymous with
“ ‘prevailing.’ ” (Id. at pp. 570–571.) The trial court concluded plaintiffs were the
prevailing parties in what it called a special proceeding, and it awarded fees based on
plaintiffs’ success in that distinct proceeding. But since we have held that Sprint’s
petition to compel arbitration did not commence a distinct proceeding—special or
otherwise—the trial court could not award fees on that ground.
Plaintiffs’ reliance on MBNA America Bank, N.A. v. Gorman (2006)
147 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1 (Gorman)—a nonbinding opinion from the superior court
appellate division—does not convince us to reach a contrary conclusion. In that case
MBNA America Bank (MBNA) obtained an arbitration award against Gorman. When
MBNA filed a petition to confirm the arbitration award, the trial court denied it on the
grounds that the arbitration provision was unenforceable. (Id. at p. 5.) Thereafter,
Gorman was awarded his attorney fees. (Id. at pp. 5–6.) On appeal, MBNA argued that
the trial court erred in determining that Gorman was the prevailing party, under Civil
Code section 1717, because there had been no final determination of the contractual
rights giving rise to the dispute. (Id. at p. 6.) In determining that Gorman was a
“prevailing party” for purposes of Civil Code section 1717, the reviewing court observed:
“Here, the petition proceeding initiated by [MBNA] was to enforce an award obtained
16
pursuant to a mandatory arbitration provision in the parties’ contract. The arbitration
provision was a term of the contract, and thus, the petition proceeding was an attempt to
enforce a term of the contract. . . . [¶] . . . [MBNA]’s litigation objectives were set forth
in its petition to confirm the arbitration award. Therein, [MBNA] attached a copy of the
arbitration agreement and the notice of arbitration claim, and argued that the agreement
was enforceable and therefore, the award should be confirmed. By declaring the
agreement unenforceable in California, the trial court thwarted [MBNA’s] litigation
objectives in initiating this judicial proceeding.” (Id. at pp. 7–8.)
Gorman, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1 simply did not address whether a
petition to compel arbitration, filed in an ongoing lawsuit, is a distinct action for purposes
of Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5. (Gorman, at p. 9.) Opinions are not authority
for propositions not considered. (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 566.)
Nor can we uphold the trial court’s order as an interim award under Code of Civil
Procedure section 1021.5. Plaintiffs contend: “Under Bowman [v. City of Berkeley
(2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 173] and many other cases applying [Code of Civil Procedure]
section 1021.5, there can be no question that fee awards may be made to parties who
brought about interim decisions, decisions on preliminary issues, or decisions even if the
case was settled before trial. [Citation.] To qualify for [Code of Civil Procedure] section
1021.5 fees, [p]laintiffs need not show that they obtained a final judgment or money
damages against [Sprint]—only that their efforts served to vindicate an important right.
[Citations.]”
Plaintiffs are correct that “ ‘an attorney fee award may be justified even when
plaintiff’s legal action does not result in a favorable final judgment.’ [Citations.]”
(Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 565; Maria P. v. Riles (1987)
43 Cal.3d 1281, 1290.) And, it is recognized that Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5
fees may be awarded on an interim basis after the moving party has obtained some of its
objectives on the merits. (See Bouvia v. County of Los Angeles (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d
1075, 1080, 1086; Sundance v. Municipal Court (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 268, 271;
Bartling v. Glendale Adventist Medical Center (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 97, 101–102.)
17
However, none of these cases suggest that a party is entitled to an award of fees for every
procedural victory along the way.
In Maria P. v. Riles, supra, 43 Cal.3d at page 1286, the plaintiffs sued to prevent a
school district from reporting students’ immigration status as required by a state statute.
They obtained a preliminary injunction to stop enforcement of the statute, but later
dismissed their case after their claims were mooted by repeal of the statute at issue. (Id.
at pp. 1288, 1290–1291.) The trial court awarded plaintiffs the reasonable attorney fees
incurred in obtaining the preliminary injunction. (Id. at pp. 1285–1286.) Our Supreme
Court observed that the plaintiffs were “successful part[ies],” under Code of Civil
Procedure section 1021.5, even though their action did not result in a favorable final
judgment. (Maria P. v. Riles, at pp. 1290–1291.) The court noted: “[A Code of Civil
Procedure] section 1021.5 award is not necessarily barred merely because the plaintiff
won the case on a preliminary issue. [Citation.] In determining whether a plaintiff is a
successful party for purposes of [Code of Civil Procedure] section 1021.5, ‘[t]he critical
fact is the impact of the action, not the manner of its resolution.’ [Citation.]” (Maria P.
v. Riles, at p. 1291.) Because plaintiffs obtained their litigation objective by “stop[ping]
enforcement of [the challenged statute] statewide for almost three years,” the trial court
did not err in awarding fees. (Ibid.) The court explained: “ ‘ “[P]laintiffs may be
considered ‘prevailing parties’ for attorney’s fees purposes if they succeed on any
significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit the parties sought in
bringing suit.” ’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1292, italics added.)
In Bowman v. City of Berkeley, supra, 131 Cal.App.4th 173, the plaintiffs
(Neighbors) filed a petition for writ of mandate challenging the City of Berkeley’s
approval of a housing project. They prevailed on only one of their six causes of action—
in which they had alleged they did not receive a fair hearing at the council meeting where
the project was approved. The Neighbors obtained an order for a new hearing, at which
the project was ultimately approved again. (Id. at pp. 176–177.) The reviewing court
affirmed the trial court’s award of fees “despite the subsequent failure of their other
causes of action.” (Id. at p. 179.) The court emphasized that the Neighbors had obtained
18
some of the relief they sought in their petition for writ of mandate. It observed: “The
City asserts that ‘the only relief [the Neighbors] did obtain—new hearing—[w]as not
even requested in their prayer’ of the petition. But while it is true that the Neighbors’
prayer did not specifically mention a new hearing, it did expressly request that the May
28, 2002 project approval be set aside. That approval was rescinded pursuant to the court
order that returned the matter to the City for a new hearing. Thus, it is incorrect to say
that the Neighbors obtained none of the relief they sought.” (Id. at p. 177.)
These cases instruct that attorney fees may be awarded to a plaintiff who, despite
the absence of a final judgment in his or her favor, succeeds in achieving at least one of
his or her litigation objectives. But, “it is the objective of the lawsuit that is critical to
recovering fees under [Code of Civil Procedure] section 1021.5, not the success of an
ancillary part of the action. By its terms, [Code of Civil Procedure] section 1021.5
authorizes attorney fees if the action results in the enforcement of an important public
right affecting the public interest. Likewise, the purpose of [Code of Civil Procedure]
section 1021.5’s authorization of a fee award is to give private citizens an incentive to
bring lawsuits enforcing important public rights. [Citations.] To be sure, an individual
may fulfill his or her role as a private attorney general in a variety of ways . . . . In all
cases, however, whether a party has been successful is measured by the resolution of the
action, not an ancillary part of the litigation. [Citations.]” (Consumer Cause, Inc. v.
Mrs. Gooch’s Natural Food Markets, Inc. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 387, 402; accord,
Savaglio v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 588, 603 [newspaper’s success
on motion to unseal did not entitle it to fees because success was ancillary to objective of
underlying lawsuit].)
Here, in contrast to both Bowman and Maria P., the trial court awarded fees for
plaintiffs’ success on a matter unrelated to the merits of the lawsuit. Neither the trial
court nor plaintiffs seek to support the award on the ground that plaintiffs prevailed on
the merits in the underlying litigation—by obtaining injunctive relief and the December
2008 judgment (subject to offset). (Ayyad, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at pp. 860–861;
19
Cellphone Termination Fee Cases, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 308.)9 The trial court not
only clearly declined to exercise its discretion to make an interim award of fees on the
merits, it stated plainly that such an award would not be appropriate under the then
present circumstances of the case. Plaintiffs have not appealed that portion of the order.
And, we have not even been asked to affirm the order before us on that basis. (Cf.
Coalition for L.A. County Planning etc. Interest v. Board of Supervisors (1977)
76 Cal.App.3d 241, 246 [plaintiffs argued attorney fee award was proper under theories
rejected by trial court].)
The trial court erred in granting fees under Code of Civil Procedure
section 1021.5. Because we hold that plaintiffs were not entitled to an award of attorney
fees under either Civil Code section 1717 or Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5, we
need not reach the remaining arguments raised on Sprint’s cross-appeal or plaintiffs’
appeal.
III. DISPOSITION
The order from which the appeals are taken is reversed. Sprint shall recover its
costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)
_________________________
Bruiniers, J.
We concur:
_________________________
Jones, P. J.
_________________________
Needham, J.
9
Plaintiffs have asked us to take judicial notice of the August 2013 special verdict
rendered in the retrial of Sprint’s cross-complaint. We deny plaintiffs’ request for
judicial notice because the outcome of the retrial on Sprint’s cross-complaint is irrelevant
to our decision. (Ketchum v. Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1135, fn. 1 [material to be
judicially noticed must be relevant].)
20