People v. Salcido CA4/2 ( 2023 )

Filed 6/14/23 P. v. Salcido CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E079398
v. (Super.Ct.No. INF062246)
FRANCISCO SALCIDO, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Samuel Diaz, Jr., Judge.
Affirmed.
Cynthia M. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina, Lynne G.
McGinnis and Christine Levingston Bergman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
1
Defendant and appellant Francisco Salcido appeals from the trial court’s order
denying his petition for resentencing under Penal Code1 section 1170.95.2 For the
reasons set forth post, we affirm the court’s order.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY3
A. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On April 19, 2011, a jury found defendant guilty of unlawfully carrying a loaded
firearm while an active participant in a criminal street gang under section 12031,
subdivision (a)(2)(c) (count 2), and unlawfully participating in a criminal street gang
under section 186.22, subdivision (a) (count 3). The jury hung on attempted murder on a
peace officer (count 1), and assault with a deadly weapon on a peace officer (count 4).
After a second trial on the hung counts, on October 13, 2011, a jury convicted
defendant of attempted premeditated and deliberate murder on a peace officer under
sections 664 and 187, subdivision (a) (count 1), and assault with a deadly weapon on a
peace officer under section 245, subdivision (d)(1) (count 4). Moreover, the jury found
true that in the commission of counts 1 and 4, defendant personally used a firearm under
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 While this appeal was pending, the Legislature amended and renumbered
section 1170.95 as section 1172.6. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) We refer to section 1172.6
in this opinion, even though 1170.95 was the operative designation at the time of the
underlying proceedings.
3 On December 23, 2022, we granted the People’s request for judicial notice filed
on November 14, 2022. The order states: “[T]his court TAKES JUDICIAL NOTICE of
the record of appellant’s prior appeal in case No. E055709.”
2
sections 12022.5, subdivision (a) and 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8); and that defendant
personally discharged a firearm under sections 12022.53, subdivision (c) and 1192.7,
subdivision (c)(8).) The jury also found true that defendant committed count 1 for the
benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal street gang under section
186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(c)).
In a bifurcated hearing on January 13, 2012, defendant admitted a strike allegation
under sections 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1). Thereafter, the trial court sentenced
defendant to prison for a total term of 56 years to life.
After defendant appealed, this court reversed the gang participation conviction
(count 3). In all other respects, we affirmed the judgment. (People v. Salcido (Jul 30,
2014, E055709) [nonpub. opn.] (Salcido).)
On March 21, 2022, defendant filed a petition for resentencing under section
1172.6. On July 15, 2022, the trial court denied defendant’s petition without issuing an
order to show cause.
On July 18, 2022, defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
B. FACTUAL HISTORY4
“A. Prosecution
“1. The shooting
“On May 26, 2008, [Desert Hot Springs Police Sergeant Robert] Ritchie
[(Ritchie)] attended a morning briefing at the police station. He was informed at the
4 The facts are taken from the unpublished opinion in Salcido, case No. E055709.
3
briefing that an officer-involved shooting had occurred on Friday, May 23. The suspect
in the shooting was a [West Side Locos (WDL)] gang member named Anthony Paez.
Paez had shot at California Highway Patrol officers. Ritchie had been involved in two
other incidents with Paez. During the first incident Paez ran from Ritchie, and in the
second incident, Paez had been in possession of a shotgun.
“Around 3:00 p.m., Ritchie was on patrol in the area of Third Street in Desert Hot
Springs. He was in full uniform and was driving a marked patrol car. His service
weapon was a nine-millimeter firearm that he had loaded in the morning. As he was
driving on Third Street, he observed a dark blue BMW. He recognized the car as one that
he had seen Paez driving during a previous contact.
“Ritchie requested a records check of the car while he followed it. There was a
female driver and [a] male passenger. The male passenger was moving around in his seat
and then sat low in the seat. The passenger had a bald head which was consistent with
Paez.
“Ritchie confirmed the BMW was the same one Paez had previously been seen
driving. He followed the car and radioed for additional units because he believed that
Paez was armed and dangerous. Ritchie did not immediately activate his lights and siren
because he did not want to stop the car without assistance. He radioed to other units that
they should come with lights and sirens activated.
“Suddenly, the car stopped near First and Cactus Streets. Ritchie stopped his car
in the middle of the road and got out of his car. Ritchie stood behind the open driver’s
4
side door of his car and pulled out his gun. He pointed his weapon at the passenger’s side
door of the BMW but did not issue any commands.
“Defendant exited the passenger’s side door. Ritchie immediately recognized it
was not Paez in the car. He contacted police dispatch to advise the other responding
officers that it was not Paez in the car. Ritchie relaxed but continued to train his weapon
at the BMW. He dropped his gun two to three inches. Ritchie gave no commands to
defendant because he had nothing to say to him. He also was talking to dispatch and did
not have time to issue commands.
“Defendant faced away from Ritchie and his hands were not visible. Initially,
Ritchie did not see a gun. Defendant closed the passenger’s side door and the BMW
drove away. Ritchie was going to wait for other units to arrive and then detain defendant.
“Defendant walked three to four steps. He suddenly turned to his left and fired
first at Ritchie. Defendant continued to shoot. Ritchie shot back at defendant and
emptied his entire magazine; his full magazine contained 17 bullets. Ritchie described
the incident as a ‘full on gun battle.’ Ritchie crouched behind his car door. Bullets hit the
push bar in the front of the car and the bottom right corner of the driver’s side door.
Defendant ran into a nearby empty field and could not be found.
“The recordings from Ritchie’s calls to dispatch were played for the jury. He
relayed that he thought Paez was in the BMW. He also stated that the BMW was pulling
to the curb at Cactus and First Streets. Ritchie stated that it was not Paez, and then the
transcript immediately shows that Ritchie said, ‘Shots fired! Shots fired!’ Ritchie stated,
‘There were shot[]s fired at me and I fired several shots south bound.’
5
“Two types of shell casings were found at the scene of the shooting: nine-
millimeter and .45-caliber casings. A live round was also found. The casings were
grouped together. An empty .45-caliber magazine was found in a dirt lot at the corner of
Cactus and First Streets. A cellular telephone belonging to defendant was found just
north of the area where the magazine was found.
“A text message dated May 26, 2008, and transmitted at 5:51 a.m. was found on
defendant’s cellular telephone. The text message stated, ‘Without putting me on blast, I
need to borrow the torch.’ A ‘torch’ was gang language for needing to borrow a gun.
There was another text message transmitted on May 26, 2008, at 10:25 a.m. that stated,
‘Stranger, everything from that car is ready to go. Hit him up and get back to me. 500
the less, 600 is what we want. Gracias. PWDX3.’ ‘PWDX3’ stood for either Pancho,
which was defendant’s gang moniker, or Puro, West Drive, and 13. There were also
photographs of defendant with other WDL gang members on his telephone.
“Defendant was arrested at his cousin’s house. Defendant tried to run but was
apprehended. Near the apartment there was WDL graffiti stating ‘WD,’ ‘Varrio WDL,’
and ‘West DR X3.’ Near the scene of the shooting there was WDL gang graffiti on an
abandoned structure. Grafitti stating ‘Pancho’ and ‘West Drive X3’ was on the structure.
“2. Gang evidence
“Investigator Ryan Monis testified as a gang expert. At the time of trial, he was
employed as a Senior Investigator for the Riverside County District Attorney’s Office.
He was assigned to the Coachella Valley Violent Crime Task Force and had an extensive
6
background with both state and federal gang task forces. He had testified as a WDL gang
expert 15 to 20 times.
“WDL was a criminal street gang based in Desert Hot Springs. The area of First
and Cactus Streets was WDL gang territory. The symbol for the gangs was WD or WDL.
The primary activities of WDL included homicide, attempted homicides, drug sales,
possession of firearms, witness intimidation, robberies, and home invasion robberies.
The more violent the crime committed by the gang member, the more it instilled fear and
intimidation in the community.
“There were several ‘predicate’ offenses that were presented. These included two
occasions—May 23 and May 30—during which Paez shot at officers. Paez was
convicted of several crimes including murder. Another gang member was convicted of a
home invasion robbery in 2005.
“Investigator Monis knew defendant. Defendant had WDL tattoos. Monis
believed that in May 2008, defendant was an active WDL member. Defendant had
previously admitted to being a WDL member. Defendant was an older and more active
member and was considered a ‘shot caller.’
“Monis interviewed Everett Gallegos in January 2011. Gallegos was a former
WDL member who had been imprisoned since 2001 for a gang-related murder which was
committed in 1999. Gallegos had previously testified against other WDL members.
Gallegos wanted help with being placed on his parole outside Desert Hot Springs because
he feared retaliation. Monis agreed to put in a good word for him.
7
“In 2011, Gallegos was not a WDL member and was not in good standing with the
gang. Gallegos told Monis that the WDL members had a strong dislike for law
enforcement, and especially the Desert Hot Springs Police Department. When Gallegos
was a WDL member, sometime between 1997 and 2001, he was involved in discussions
with other WDL members about harming or shooting police officers. These discussions
included hiding behind the Desert Hot Springs Police Department and shooting at officers
who exited the building. Defendant was not present during the discussions. Gallegos
stated that if a WDL member had the opportunity to shoot at a police officer, the gang
member would take a shot.
“In 2004, Monis spoke with another WDL gang member, Alejandro Escobar.4
Escobar also stated that if an opportunity arose for a WDL member to shoot at a Desert
Hot Springs police officer, the gang member would take the opportunity.
“In 2004, Monis had observed graffiti in WDL territory that stated ‘187,’ the Penal
Code section for murder, and ‘DHSPD,’ which stood for Desert Hot Springs Police
Department, underneath. It was his belief, based on his training and experience, that it
was written by a WDL member and it was a threat to law enforcement.
“Monis listened to a jailhouse recording between defendant and Daniel Villa,
another WDL gang member. They laughed about the exposure they were getting due to
the shootings and the documentation in the newspaper. Villa said, ‘We’re getting
worldwide exposure.’
“Monis, after being given a hypothetical that was the same as the facts in the
instant case, proffered that the instant crime was committed for the benefit of and on
8
behalf of the WDL gang. A big factor in deciding it was a gang crime was that there
were three shootings involving WDL members against law enforcement during a seven-
day period. Monis indicated that to some extent all gangs have a dislike for law
enforcement.
“B. Defense
“Defendant testified on his own behalf. He admitted becoming a WDL member in
1997 or 1998. Paez was an acquaintance through the gang but defendant did not like the
way he acted. He had never heard WDL members, including Escobar, talk about killing
or shooting Desert Hot Springs police officers. Defendant’s attitude toward law
enforcement in 2008 was to avoid them at all costs so he was not harassed.
“Jessica Jimenez, defendant’s girlfriend, picked him up in the BMW in the
afternoon on May 26, 2008. Defendant lowered the seat all the way down to the
floorboard and could not see out the back window; he never saw a police car following
them.
“Defendant told Jimenez to drop him off on First and Cactus Streets so he could
visit his cousin who lived nearby. Defendant exited the car and leaned back in to kiss
Jimenez. He started walking on Cactus; he never saw a car behind him. In his
waistband, defendant had a .45-caliber gun that he had bought two weeks prior for
protection against rival gang members.
“As he was walking, he heard what sounded like someone racking a round into the
chamber of a gun. Defendant looked over his shoulder and saw a man in dark clothing
9
standing behind the door of a car, pointing a gun at him. Defendant was focused on the
gun and could not tell it was a law enforcement officer.
“Within a few seconds, defendant heard a ‘boom’ and felt a bullet graze the top of
his head. In defense, he started to shoot back. He fired eight or nine rounds. Defendant
was only trying to stop the person from shooting at him; he did not intend to kill the
person. As defendant ran from the scene, he realized that he had been shooting at a
police officer.
“While defendant ran, the magazine accidentally fell out of his gun and his cellular
telephone fell out of his pocket.
“Defendant presented his own gang expert, Enrique Tira. Tira was a private
investigator who had been a police officer in Indio for 17 years. One month prior to trial,
Tira spoke with Escobar. Escobar denied ever telling Monis that WDL gang members
would kill Desert Hot Springs police officers if given the chance. Escobar admitted that
WDL members did not like police officers but never said WDL hated law enforcement.
“Tira also interviewed Gallegos. Gallegos told Tira that gang members do not like
police officers and police officers do not like gang members. He had never told Monis
that he overheard WDL members talk about killing Desert Hot Springs police officers.
Gallegos had no knowledge of any member of WDL being ordered to kill or shoot Desert
Hot Springs police officers.
“Tira claimed that a gang would not want a member to shoot at a police officer
because it would only cause more problems for the gang. Given hypotheticals similar to
the facts of the instant case, Tira did not believe that shooting at a Desert Hot Springs
10
police officer was done for the benefit of the gang. Tira had never qualified as an expert
on the WDL gang.”
DISCUSSION
A. THE TRIAL COURT PROPERLY FOUND DEFENDANT INELIGIBLE
FOR RELIEF UNDER SECTION 1172.6
On appeal, defendant contends that “the lower court erred in denying appellant’s
petition for resentencing pursuant to former section 1170.95 (now section 1172.6)
without reviewing any briefing presented by either party or the record of conviction.”
For the reasons set forth post, we disagree with defendant and affirm the court’s order.
1. LEGAL BACKGROUND
Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015) (SB 1437)
became effective January 1, 2019. “[SB 1437] modified California’s felony murder rule
and natural and probable consequences doctrine to ensure murder liability is not imposed
on someone unless they were the actual killer, acted with the intent to kill, or acted as a
major participant in the underlying felony and with reckless indifference to human life.”
(People v. Cervantes (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 213, 220.) As relevant here, SB 1437 added
section 189, subdivision (e), which provides, “A participant in the perpetration or
attempted perpetration of [qualifying felonies] in which a death occurs is liable for
murder only if one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was the actual killer.
[¶] (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided, abetted,
counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the actual killer in the
commission of murder in the first degree. [¶] (3) The person was a major participant in
11
the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as described in
subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.” (§ 189, subd. (e).) Section 190.2, subdivision (d)
provides, “Notwithstanding subdivision (c), every person, not the actual killer, who, with
reckless indifference to human life and as a major participant, aids, abets, counsels,
commands, induces, solicits, requests, or assists in the commission of a felony
enumerated in paragraph (17) of subdivision (a) which results in the death of some person
or persons, and who is found guilty of murder in the first degree therefor, shall be
punished by death or imprisonment in the state prison for life without the possibility of
parole if a special circumstance enumerated in paragraph (17) of subdivision (a) has been
found to be true under Section 190.4.”
SB 1437 also created a process through which convicted persons can seek
resentencing if they could no longer be convicted under the reformed homicide law.
(§ 1172.6, subd. (a).) Section 1172.6, subdivision (a), provides in part, “A person
convicted of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine or other theory under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that
person’s participation in a crime, attempted murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, or manslaughter may file a petition with the court that sentenced
the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter
conviction vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining counts.” (Italics added.)
Section 1172.6, subdivision (c), provides, “Within 60 days after service of a
petition . . . , the prosecutor shall file and serve a response. The petitioner may file and
serve a reply within 30 days after the prosecutor’s response is served. These deadlines
12
shall be extended for good cause. After the parties have had an opportunity to submit
briefings, the court shall hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner has made a
prima facie case for relief. If the petitioner makes a prima facie showing that the
petitioner is entitled to relief, the court shall issue an order to show cause. If the court
declines to make an order to show cause, it shall provide a statement fully setting forth its
reasons for doing so.” If the petitioner makes a prima facie showing he is eligible for
relief under section 1172.6, the court shall hold an evidentiary hearing. (§ 1172.6, subds.
(c) & (d)(1).) At this hearing, either party may present new evidence and the prosecution
bears the burden of proving the petitioner could still be convicted beyond a reasonable
doubt. (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).)
In People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952 (Lewis), the California Supreme Court
found that former section 1170.95 entitled a defendant to have appointment of counsel
after filing a proper petition and was entitled to have the opportunity for counsel to file
briefing in response to any opposition filed by the People before the trial court makes its
prima facie determination. (Lewis, at pp. 961-972.) As noted ante, this has been codified
in section 1172.6, subdivision (c).
Thereafter, the California legislature passed Senate Bill No. 775, effective January
1, 2022. Senate Bill No. 775 amended former section 1170.95 to expand its scope to
those convicted of “attempted murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).) The bill also codified the holdings of Lewis regarding a
petitioner’s right to counsel and the standard for determining the existence of a prima
facie case.
13
If a section 1172.6 petition contains all the required information, including “[a]
declaration by the petitioner that the petitioner is eligible for relief,” the trial court must
appoint counsel if requested (§ 1172.6, subds. (b)(1)(A) & (b)(3)); the prosecutor must
“file and serve a response” to the petition, to which the petitioner may reply (id., subd.
(c); and “[a]fter the parties have had an opportunity to submit briefings, the court shall
hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief.”
(Ibid.)
However, a trial court’s failure to comply with these statutory requirements is
harmless if the record of conviction establishes that a defendant is ineligible for section
1172.6 relief as a matter of law. (See Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 973 [trial court’s
statutory omissions at the first step process under section 1172.6 are not state or federal
constitutional violations]; see also People v. Hurtado (2023) 89 Cal.App.5th 887, 893
(Hurtado).) “ ‘Typically, when an “error is purely one of state law, the Watson harmless
error test applies.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 892, quoting Lewis, at p. 973.)
2. THE TRIAL COURT’S ERROR WAS HARMLESS
Defendant contends that “the lower court erred in denying appellant’s petition for
resentencing pursuant to . . . (now section 1172.6) without reviewing any briefing
presented by either party or the record of conviction.”
We agree with defendant that the trial court failed to comply with the statutory
requirements under section 1172.6. Notwithstanding the trial court’s failure, we find the
error harmless. Even if the court complied with the statutory requirements, there is no
reasonable possibility that the court would have issued an order to show cause because
14
defendant was ineligible for relief as a matter of law. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 892;
see also Hurtado, supra, 89 Cal.App.5th at p. 893.)
In this case, after defendant filed his pro. per. petition for resentencing, the trial
court appointed counsel and scheduled a date for a status conference. The People did not
file a response to the petition.
At the hearing on the petition on July 15, 2022, the prosecutor and defense counsel
appeared. The prosecutor stated as follows:
“We’ve examined the opinion [from the underlying appeal, issued by this court]
and the instructions that are both in imaging. It appears the defendant acted alone when
firing a gun at a peace officer. He was found guilty by the jury of premeditated attempted
murder on a peace officer. The charge in and of itself is not rendering the defendant
ineligible because it was an attempt, not a completed murder on a police officer.
Regardless, none of the jury instructions [that] would render [defendant] eligible were
given. Nothing on aiding and abetting, natural and probable consequences, or felony
murder.” The prosecutor then asked the court to deny defendant’s petition.
Defense counsel did not object. Instead, counsel stated: “I did review the record
and jury instructions. I’m in agreement that [defendant] did not—they were not
instructed on aiding and abetting, natural and probable consequences or felony murder.”
The trial court summarily denied defendant’s petition.
In addition to statements made by the prosecutor and defense counsel at the
hearing on defendant’s petition, the record shows that defendant alone attempted to
murder the peace officer. Moreover, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the
15
jury was instructed with felony murder, aiding and abetting, or the natural and probable
consequences instructions.
“ ‘ “[I]f the record . . . ‘contain[s] facts refuting the allegations made in the
petition,’ then ‘the court is justified in making a credibility determination adverse to the
petitioner.’ ” ’ [Citation.] ‘The record of conviction will necessarily inform the trial
court’s prima facie inquiry under section [1172.6], allowing the court to distinguish
petitions with potential merit from those that are clearly meritless.’ ” (Hurtado, supra, 89
Cal.App.5th at p. 892, quoting Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.) Hence, “[a]s the
attempted murderer, [defendant] is ‘ineligible for relief’ as ‘a matter of law,’ and ‘there is
no reasonable probability [defendant] would have obtained a more favorable result if’ ”
the trial court had conducted an evidentiary hearing; “consequently, the trial court’s
errors were ‘harmless.’ ” (Hurtado, supra, 89 Cal.App.5th at p. 893, quoting People v.
Mancilla (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 854, 864.).)
Here, because defendant acted alone and the jury was not given the pertinent jury
instructions on felony murder, aiding and abetting, or under a natural and probable
consequences theory, defendant is ineligible for relief under section 1172.6 as a matter of
law. (People v. Whitson (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 22, 34-36.) Therefore, even if the trial
court had reviewed the briefing from the parties or the underlying record, there is no
reasonable probability that an order to show cause would have been issued because the
record of conviction conclusively demonstrates that defendant is ineligible for relief.
16
DISPOSITION
The order denying defendant’s petition is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER
Acting P. J.
We concur:
CODRINGTON
J.
MENETREZ
J.
17