People v. McVoy CA2/1 ( 2023 )


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  • Filed 12/29/23 P. v. McVoy CA2/1
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
    not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
    has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION ONE
    THE PEOPLE,                                                            B317535
    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Los Angeles County
    Super. Ct. No. NA105677)
    v.
    JOHN KEVIN MCVOY, JR.,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    APPEAL from the judgment of the Superior Court of
    Los Angeles County, Laura L. Laesecke, Judge. Affirmed.
    Judith Kahn, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
    for Defendant and Appellant.
    Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
    Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant
    Attorney General, David E. Madeo and Viet H. Nguyen, Deputy
    Attorneys General for Plaintiff and Respondent.
    _________________________________________
    A jury convicted defendant John Kevin McVoy, Jr., of one
    count of second degree murder, a lesser offense to the charged
    crime of premeditated first degree murder. (Pen. Code, § 187.)1
    The jury also found true an allegation that defendant personally
    and intentionally used a firearm. (§ 12022.53, subd. (c).) The
    court sentenced him to prison for 35 years to life.
    On appeal, defendant makes the following contentions:
    (1) The court failed to instruct on transferred self-defense; (2) The
    court failed to instruct on voluntary manslaughter; (3) The court
    made a statement to the jury that had the effect of directing
    a verdict on the issue of malice; (4) If the court’s instructional
    errors did not separately require reversal, the cumulative
    prejudicial effect of them does; (5) If defense counsel forfeited
    any argument concerning instructional errors by failing to
    object, defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel;
    (6) There is insufficient evidence to support the finding of malice;
    and (7) A further sentencing hearing is required to allow the
    court to exercise its discretion to strike or reduce the gun
    enhancement. We reject these contentions and affirm the
    judgment.
    FACTUAL SUMMARY AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    A.      Prosecution Evidence
    Victor Garcia, Ramon Chavarria, and Richard Muno were
    musicians in an “alternative new metal” band called, Below the
    1 Subsequent unspecified statutory references are to the
    Penal Code.
    2
    Fault Line.2 During the last few months of 2016 they ordinarily
    met on Tuesday evenings to practice in Victor’s garage.
    Defendant was a musician who worked in the music retail
    business selling guitars. He promoted his business by sponsoring
    local bands and supplying bands with musical gear at no cost to
    the bands. He had known Victor and Muno since 2011 or 2012.
    In September or October 2016, defendant began attending
    Below the Fault Line’s Tuesday practice sessions in Victor’s
    garage. He did not play an instrument, but did bring beer and
    “weed.” Victor and Muno had developed an instrument with a
    synthesizer pad attached to a guitar frame, and in late November
    2016, they invited defendant to play the instrument in the band.
    According to Muno, the instrument “was unnecessary” and
    defendant’s role in the band was not very important. The new
    instrument was never fully developed, and defendant never
    played it with the band.
    A practice session for the band was scheduled for
    January 10, 2017. At about 5:20 p.m., Miguel Rea, a friend of
    Victor’s, arrived at Victor’s home with a bottle of whiskey. Victor
    and Rea drank some whiskey. A short time later, Victor’s wife
    Susan arrived at the home with their two-year-old son, R.G.
    Susan had a mixed whiskey drink.
    Chavarria arrived at Victor’s house at about 7:00 p.m. He
    sat at a table to the right of Susan, who held R.G. Rea sat at the
    table across from Chavarria. Victor was standing at the edge of
    the table near Susan.
    2 Because Victor Garcia and the victim Susan Garcia share
    a last name, we will refer to them by their first names to avoid
    confusion. No disrespect is intended.
    3
    A television was on in the house and President Obama
    was making a speech. Victor, Chavarria, and Rea talked about
    politics and the recent election. Chavarria and Rea teased Victor
    about saying he voted for Donald Trump. They were in a “happy”
    mood, “joking around, poking fun at each other.”
    Defendant arrived at the house at about 7:15 p.m. He had
    a loaded .41 caliber revolver hidden in the waistband in the back
    of his pants.3 Chavarria offered defendant a chair, but defendant
    remained standing and paced around the room. Rea asked
    defendant about defendant’s motorcycle.
    According to Chavarria and Rea, Victor was talking about
    President-elect Trump and said something like, “That’s what
    I hate about White people.” Victor said this in a “joking” and
    “playful” way. Victor asked the others whom they voted for.
    Chavarria said he did not vote. Defendant said he voted for
    “Hillary Clinton.” Victor then snapped his fingers, pointed to
    the door, and told defendant, in a “friendly,” “joking” way, “ ‘Get
    the fuck out of my house.’ ” Victor, Chavarria, Rea, and Susan
    laughed. At no point did Victor threaten defendant in any way.
    Defendant stood between Victor and Rea, and across
    the table from Susan. He pulled the gun from his waistband
    and shot Victor in the left side of his head.4 Just before or as
    3 The gun was manufactured sometime between 1877 and
    1909. Defendant described it as a family heirloom.
    4 None of the prosecution witnesses saw defendant fire
    the shot that hit Victor. Chavarria testified that he looked down
    to grab a bottle of water to drink during the “split second” that
    defendant drew his gun and fired. Rea was facing Chavarria and
    Susan, with his back to defendant. Victor, who testified after
    4
    defendant fired the shot, Susan yelled, “Victor.” Victor fell to
    the floor, and defendant turned and pointed the gun at Susan.
    Susan, who had been holding R.G. in her lap, turned sideways
    to protect her child. Within two or three seconds after shooting
    Victor, defendant fired the gun at Susan, killing her.
    After the second gunshot, Rea grabbed defendant’s hand
    or arm, and the gun fell to the floor. Rea tackled defendant, and
    struggled to restrain him until police arrived. As they fought,
    Rea asked defendant, “ ‘What did you do?’ ” According to Rea,
    defendant responded, “ ‘Jihad,’ ” “ ‘Jihad.’ ”
    As Rea and defendant fought, they slid along the floor from
    the living room into a hallway. Defendant attempted to gouge
    Rea’s eye, and Rea punched defendant repeatedly. Meanwhile,
    Chavarria picked the gun up off the floor, took it outside the
    house, and called 911. Police officers arrived about five minutes
    later.
    The next morning, detectives interviewed defendant
    in the hospital. He admitted shooting Victor, and explained,
    “[T]hey kind of came at me so I didn’t know what to do.”
    Defendant further explained to the detectives that he brought
    his gun to the house because he felt threatened and scared by
    the band members and was afraid that if he did not join their
    band, they would kill him. When he arrived, “they were talking
    about . . . how much they hated White people,” and wanted to
    “kill [him] and kill White people.”
    undergoing several brain surgeries related to the shooting,
    recalled “being hit in the back of the head,” but did not realize at
    the time that he had been shot.
    5
    At trial, defendant explained that although he repeatedly
    used the word “they” during his police interview, he did not
    “know why [he] kept saying ‘they.’ Because it wasn’t a multiple-
    party thing. It was just Victor.”
    When a detective asked defendant if he shot anyone else,
    he replied, “No, not intentionally, I mean I just was scared—I
    didn’t know, I was defending myself.” After a detective informed
    him that he shot Susan, defendant explained that the gun is
    “a revolver[,] so [he] just pulled the trigger twice. It wasn’t like
    I was like aiming at her like that[,] so I don’t know.” Later, he
    reiterated that his shooting of Susan “wasn’t intentional.”
    An expert on gunshot residue testified that defendant
    had particles on his hands that were characteristic of gunshot
    residue, indicating that he may have discharged a firearm. Rea
    and Chavarria did not have particles characteristic of gunshot
    residue on them, making the tests on them “inconclusive.” They
    did, however, have particles that indicated they “may have been
    in the environment of gunshot residue.”
    B.    Defense Evidence
    Defendant testified. He stated that in the fall of 2016,
    Victor invited him to check out his new band, and later asked
    him to join. In November 2016, the band signed a sponsorship
    agreement with a company that agreed to provide “straps”
    for the band with the company’s logo. After entering into the
    sponsorship agreement, Victor became more demanding, “bossy,”
    and argumentative.
    Defendant described three incidents prior to January 2017
    when he felt threatened by Victor. On the first occasion, Victor
    referred to drowning defendant in his backyard pool. In the
    second incident, Victor said he was going to fry a turkey for
    6
    Thanksgiving, and told defendant, “ ‘I would hate for you to leave
    the band. We would have to fry you up and eat you.’ ” The third
    incident occurred in early December, when Victor showed him a
    shotgun in his house and said, “ ‘I would hate to see you leave the
    band or [I] might have to use a shotgun on you.’ ”5
    Defendant testified that he brought his revolver with him
    to Victor’s house on January 10, 2017, because he was planning
    to quit the band and was afraid that Victor would “pull[ ] a
    shotgun on [him].” Defendant did not plan to shoot the gun that
    night.
    When defendant arrived at Victor’s house, he observed
    that Victor was drunk and “belligerent.” President Obama was
    speaking on the television and Victor was making statements,
    such as, “ ‘I want to kill all of the White people,’ ” and “ ‘I hate
    White people.’ ” Defendant was “the only White person in the
    room.”
    After defendant said he voted for Hillary Clinton, Victor
    said, “ ‘ [G]et the fuck out of my house.’ ” Although defendant
    “laughed it off” and “thought [Victor] was joking around with
    his friends,” “[i]t was still in an angry tone.” Victor then told
    defendant, “ ‘It’s White people like you who should die,’ or
    ‘White people like you that we should kill, White boy’ ” and
    “ ‘White people like you that make this world a piece of shit.’ ”
    5 On cross-examination, defendant stated that the
    third threatening incident, where Victor showed defendant his
    shotgun, occurred before a practice session at Victor’s house on
    December 6 or December 13, 2016. There were no meetings at
    Victor’s house between the December 13 session and January 10,
    2017. The prosecution introduced uncontradicted evidence
    showing that Victor acquired the shotgun on December 16, 2016.
    7
    Victor picked up what defendant thought was a knife from the
    table and walked aggressively toward defendant yelling, “ ‘I’m
    going to fuck you up.’ ” Defendant pulled the gun from his
    waistband, cocked the hammer, and told Victor to “back off.”
    When Victor “was reaching above” defendant, defendant fired
    the gun at Victor. Defendant later realized that the object Victor
    picked up from the table was a can opener.
    After shooting Victor, defendant thought that Rea might
    also try to attack him. He cocked the hammer on the gun and
    started to tell Rea to “back the fuck off,” but before he could
    finish, Rea grabbed his arm or hand, causing the gun to point at
    Susan. Defendant did not point the gun at Susan intentionally.
    During their struggle, the gun fired. The gun fell to the floor,
    and Rea tackled defendant to the ground and started hitting him.
    Rea asked him why he did it, and defendant responded, “No gun.
    I have no gun. And he was going to hit me. He was going to hit
    me.” He denied saying, “Jihad.” Rea punched him “at least 50,
    maybe [100 times]” for about 20 to 30 minutes.
    On cross-examination, defendant used a replica of a gun
    to demonstrate how Rea grabbed his hand as the gun fired the
    shot that hit Susan. He held the replica in his right hand and
    used his left hand to show how Rea’s left hand was placed. As
    the court described it, the fingers of the left hand were over
    defendant’s right “hand, the wrist, and the top of the gun.”
    C.    Rebuttal and Surrebuttal Evidence.
    In the prosecution’s rebuttal case, a criminologist testified
    that if Rea had grabbed defendant’s hand in the manner
    defendant had demonstrated, the firing of the gun would have
    caused burn marks or stippling on Rea’s hand. Rea testified that
    8
    he had no burn marks on his hand. He further testified that he
    did not see Victor threaten defendant with any weapon.
    In the defense surrebuttal case, defendant testified that,
    as he and Rea struggled over the gun just before Susan was shot,
    Rea “was grabbing mostly my hand,” and Rea’s hand “wasn’t
    covering any part of the gun that would move, certainly not the
    hammer or the cylinder.”
    Additional facts will be included in the discussion below.
    D.    Procedural History
    Defendant was charged by information with first degree
    premeditated murder (count 1; § 187), two counts of attempted
    murder (counts 2 & 3; §§ 187, 664), and one count of child abuse
    under circumstances likely to cause great bodily injury or death
    (count 4; § 273a, subd. (a)). The information further alleged that
    defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm
    (§ 12022.53, subd. (c)), causing great bodily injury and death (id.,
    subd. (d)).
    During a preliminary discussion with counsel regarding
    jury instructions, the court raised the possibility of instructing
    on the theory of transferred self-defense with respect to count 1—
    the murder of Susan. After the close of evidence, the court
    indicated it would not give the instruction. The prosecutor,
    however, questioned the omission because there might have been
    “a transfer[red] intent between [Rea] and Susan.” The court
    explained that it would not include the instruction because it “did
    not hear [defendant] say that he intended to shoot [Rea]. What I
    am hearing is that he pointed it but he had no intent in shooting
    him. So it wasn’t an intent to kill and that transferred to Susan.
    It was[,] it’s accidental. It was a struggle. I’m not hearing any
    intent.” After some further colloquy, the court concluded: “Under
    9
    any analysis that I can think of, given that I have to give
    instructions only when there is sufficient evidence for a jury
    to find something, I don’t think they can find transferred intent
    based on what we heard.” Defense counsel did not comment or
    express any view on the issue. Defendant did not request, and
    the court did not give, instructions on voluntary manslaughter
    as to count 1.
    The court gave the following instruction on the defense
    of accident: “When a person commits an act through misfortune
    or by accident under circumstances that show neither criminal
    intent nor criminal negligence, he does not thereby commit a
    crime.”
    In connection with the two counts of attempted murder,
    the court instructed the jury on self-defense. As to count 3—the
    attempted murder of Victor—the court further instructed as to
    attempted voluntary manslaughter.
    The jury deliberated for five days. During that time the
    jury sent several questions to the court. During the morning
    of November 10, 2021, the jury asked two questions. The
    first question was: “When examining the right of self-defense
    in charge 3 [attempted murder of Victor], if the jury finds
    the defendant is able to claim self-defense, does the right of
    self-defense also extend to charges 1 [murder] and 4 [child
    abuse], or does the jury examine the right of self-defense in each
    charge independently of one another?” To this question, the court
    responded: “Self-defense applies to counts 3 [attempted murder
    of Victor] and 4 [child abuse] only.” (Capitalization omitted.)
    The second question was: “When examining malice
    aforethought, if the jury finds that malice aforethought exists
    in one charge, does that establish malice aforethought across
    10
    all charges, or do we need to establish malice aforethought
    in each individual charge?” The court responded: “You must
    establish malice aforethought in each individual charge.”
    On the afternoon of November 10, 2021, the jury asked
    two more questions. The first was: “In regards to malice
    aforethought in charge 1, does malice aforethought need to exist
    explicitly towards Susan, or if we establish malice aforethought
    is present towards any individual in this case, would it satisfy
    the element of malice aforethought?” In response, the court read
    CALCRIM No. 520 (first or second degree murder with malice
    aforethought).
    The second question was: “When determining what is
    an unreasonable or reasonable perception of threat in regards to
    attempted voluntary manslaughter . . . when considering what a
    reasonable person would believe in that same situation [or] is the
    jury placing themselves in the mind of the defendant or judging
    their actions as an independent reasonable person?” The court
    responded to this question by referring to the previously given
    instruction under CALJIC No. 5.17 and stating: “It’s a
    reasonable person. What would a reasonable person do? No
    other options there. Just what would a reasonable person do.”
    The court also allowed counsel to make further arguments
    with respect to the jury’s questions concerning malice, self-
    defense, and imperfect self-defense.6
    6 The jury asked a fifth question regarding the child abuse
    count. “In count 4 is the jury examining the defendant’s right to
    defense himself against the child specifically or if the defendant
    has the right to self defense based on the situation as a whole.”
    The court responded: “You must identify the defendant’s actions,
    11
    The jury convicted defendant of second degree murder,
    a lesser offense of the charge of first degree murder (§ 187),
    and found that he personally and intentionally discharged a
    firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (c)). The jury found defendant not
    guilty of the attempted murder and child abuse counts, and
    found not true the personal firearm use allegation under
    section 12022.53, subdivision (d).
    Defendant filed a motion for new trial, which the court
    denied.
    At the sentencing hearing, the court rejected defendant’s
    request to strike or reduce the gun enhancement. The court
    sentenced defendant to 15 years to life in prison on the murder
    conviction, plus 20 years on the firearm enhancement.
    Defendant timely appealed.
    DISCUSSION
    A.    Failure to Instruct on Transferred Self-Defense
    Defendant contends that the court erred by failing to
    instruct the jury sua sponte as to transferred self-defense. We
    disagree.
    Under the doctrine of transferred intent, “a defendant
    who shoots with the intent to kill a certain person and hits a
    bystander instead is subject to the same criminal liability that
    would have been imposed had ‘ “the fatal blow reached the person
    for whom intended.” ’ ” (People v. Scott (1996) 
    14 Cal.4th 544
    ,
    546.) The doctrine is founded upon the policy “that a defendant
    if any, which caused the child unjustifiable pain or mental
    suffering. If all of those actions were in lawful self-defense, the
    defendant is not guilty of count 4.”
    12
    who shoots at an intended victim with intent to kill but misses
    and hits a bystander instead should be subject to the same
    criminal liability that would have been imposed had he hit his
    intended mark.” (Id. at p. 551.)
    In People v. Mathews (1979) 
    91 Cal.App.3d 1018
     (Mathews),
    the court applied the transferred intent doctrine to the theory
    of self-defense to “insulate one from criminal responsibility where
    his act, justifiably in self-defense, inadvertently results in the
    injury of an innocent bystander.” (Id. at p. 1024.) “Thus, a
    defendant is guilty of no crime if his legitimate act in self-defense
    results in the inadvertent death of an innocent bystander.”
    (People v. Levitt (1984) 
    156 Cal.App.3d 500
    , 507.) Courts have
    since labeled this application of transferred intent, “transferred
    self-defense.” (People v. Waxlax (2021) 
    72 Cal.App.5th 579
    ,
    592; People v. Vallejo (2013) 
    214 Cal.App.4th 1033
    , 1038.)
    In determining whether transferred self-defense applies in a
    particular case, the question is “ ‘whether the killing would have
    been justifiable if the accused had killed the person whom he
    intended to kill.’ ” (Mathews, supra, 91 Cal.App.3d at p. 1024.)
    The killing of another in self-defense is justifiable
    and noncriminal if the defendant acted with “an actual and
    reasonable belief in the need to defend.” (People v. Stitely
    (2005) 
    35 Cal.4th 514
    , 551.) If the defendant acted “upon
    an actual but unreasonable belief in the need for self-defense,”
    he can be convicted of no crime greater than voluntary
    manslaughter. (Ibid.; People v. Rangel (2016) 
    62 Cal.4th 1192
    ,
    1226.) Both self-defense and imperfect self-defense are premised
    on the defendant’s intentional act. (People v. Wickersham (1982)
    
    32 Cal.3d 307
    , 328; People v. Villanueva (2008) 
    169 Cal.App.4th 41
    , 50, fn. 7 (Villanueva); Stitely, 
    supra,
     35 Cal.4th at p. 551.)
    13
    Thus, if the doctrine of transferred self-defense applied
    here, defendant’s killing of Susan could be justifiable and
    noncriminal if he fired his gun with the intent to shoot Rea
    while possessing an actual and reasonable belief in the need to
    defend against Rea, but shot Susan instead; or the killing could
    constitute voluntary manslaughter if he acted with the same
    intent, but his belief in the need to defend against Rea was
    unreasonable. (See People v. Curtis (1994) 
    30 Cal.App.4th 1337
    ,1357 (Curtis) [transferred self-defense may “apply where
    the defendant intends to injure or kill the person who poses the
    threat, but inadvertently kills an innocent bystander instead”]).
    In criminal cases, “ ‘the trial court must instruct on the
    general principles of law relevant to the issues raised by the
    evidence.’ ” (People v. Sedeno (1974) 
    10 Cal.3d 703
    , 715 (Sedeno).)
    The “court is required to instruct sua sponte on any defense,
    including self-defense, only when there is substantial evidence
    supporting the defense, and the defendant is either relying on the
    defense or the defense is not inconsistent with the defendant’s
    theory of the case.” (Villanueva, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at
    p. 49; accord, People v. Brooks (2017) 
    3 Cal.5th 1
    , 73.) Stated
    differently, even when there is substantial evidence to support a
    defense, the court does not have a sua sponte duty to instruct on
    the defense if the defendant is not relying on the defense and the
    defense is inconsistent with the defendant’s theory of the case.
    As our Supreme Court has explained, limiting the
    sua sponte duty to instruct in this way “is necessary not only
    because it would be unduly burdensome to require more of trial
    judges, but also because of the potential prejudice to defendants
    if instructions were given on defenses inconsistent with the
    theory relied upon.” (Sedeno, supra, 10 Cal.3d at p. 716.)
    14
    Thus, although a defendant is entitled to instructions on
    inconsistent defense theories when requested—provided each
    theory is supported by substantial evidence—the defendant
    may not be placed in the position of having the jury instructed
    on inconsistent defenses theories in the absence of a request.
    (See Villanueva, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 52 [court was
    required to give instruction on inconsistent defenses when
    “defendant requested the instruction[s]”].)
    Here, defendant did not seek an instruction on transferred
    self-defense and his counsel remained silent when the court
    raised the possibility of giving the instruction. Our record
    does not indicate that defendant relied, or sought to rely, on a
    transferred self-defense theory, and he does not assert otherwise
    on appeal. The defense theory as to count 1, as counsel expressed
    in opening and closing statements, was that the gun discharged
    accidentally as Rea grabbed defendant’s hand and they struggled
    for control of the gun. Therefore, assuming arguendo that there
    is substantial evidence to support a transferred intent theory of
    self-defense or imperfect self-defense, the issue is whether these
    theories are inconsistent with the theory upon which defendant
    relied: The killing of Susan was an accident.
    As noted above, traditional self-defense and imperfect
    self-defense are both premised on the defendant’s intentional
    act; in this case, the intentional shooting of a gun. As such,
    these defenses and the defense of “accidental homicide are
    mutually exclusive.” (Curtis, supra, 30 Cal.App.4th at p. 1358.)
    Therefore, “a defendant who claims to have killed by accident
    while defending him or herself is not thereby entitled to jury
    instructions on self-defense.” (Ibid.; see also Villanueva, supra,
    169 Cal.App.4th at p. 50 [“an accidental shooting is inconsistent
    15
    with an assertion of self-defense”].) Because defendant asserted
    that he killed Susan by accident and relied on that theory at
    trial, the court did not err in declining to instruct the jury
    sua sponte on inconsistent theories of transferred self-defense or
    imperfect self-defense.7
    Defendant relies on Villanueva, supra, 
    169 Cal.App.4th 41
    and People v. Elize (1999) 
    71 Cal.App.4th 605
     (Elize), in asserting
    that the inconsistency between transferred self-defense and the
    theory he relied upon below does not preclude an instruction on
    transferred self-defense. In Villanueva and Elize, the defendants
    had testified that their act of shooting their victim was an
    accident. The defendants’ attorneys, however, requested
    instructions on self-defense, as well as accident, and the trial
    court refused the requests. The Courts of Appeal reversed, and
    held that, although the theories of accident and self-defense
    were inconsistent, the trial courts erred by refusing defendant’s
    request to instruct on self-defense. In each case however, the
    Court of Appeal’s holding was based in part on the fact that
    the defendants’ counsel requested the self-defense instruction.
    (Villanueva, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 52 [because “there was
    sufficient evidence of self-defense, and defendant requested the
    7 In defendant’s opening brief, he separates his arguments
    regarding the failure to instruct on self-defense and imperfect
    self-defense under separate headings. Because both arguments
    fail for the same reason—these defenses are inconsistent with his
    defense of accident—we address them together. (See Villanueva,
    supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 50, fn. 7 [in considering whether
    self-defense theories are inconsistent with defense of accident,
    the court “consider[ed] self-defense and imperfect self-defense
    somewhat interchangeably, as the key issue in dispute is whether
    defendant acted intentionally”].)
    16
    instruction, the trial court was required to give the instruction,”
    italics added]; Elize, supra, 71 Cal.App.4th at p. 616 [“the trial
    court should have allowed the jury to determine the self-defense
    issue by instructing upon it when requested,” italics added].) By
    contrast, defendant did not request a transferred self-defense
    instruction. Villanueva and Elize are thus inapposite.
    Defendant also relies on People v. Mayweather (1968)
    
    259 Cal.App.2d 752
    . In that case, the defendant and the victim
    had been in a physical altercation. As the victim ran toward the
    defendant, the defendant picked up a gun. The gun discharged,
    causing the victim’s death. (Id. at p. 755.) The defendant said
    he did not mean to shoot the victim. (Ibid.) The trial court did
    not instruct on self-defense, and the Court of Appeal reversed,
    stating that “a self-defense instruction should have been
    given.” (Ibid.) The Mayweather court’s brief opinion does not
    indicate whether defendant requested an instruction on self-
    defense, and it has never been cited to support the proposition
    defendant asserts here: that the court must instruct on a theory
    inconsistent with a theory upon which the defense is relying
    in the absence of a defense request for the instruction. To the
    extent that Mayweather can be read to support defendant’s
    argument, we decline to follow it.
    B.    Failure to Instruct on Voluntary Manslaughter
    Defendant contends that the court erred by failing to
    instruct the jury sua sponte on voluntary manslaughter. We
    disagree.
    Voluntary manslaughter is a lesser included offense to the
    charge of murder. (People v. Steskal (2021) 
    11 Cal.5th 332
    , 345;
    People v. Thomas (1987) 
    43 Cal.3d 818
    , 824.) The trial court is
    required to “ ‘instruct on all lesser included offenses supported
    17
    by substantial evidence,’ ” that is, “ ‘ “evidence that a reasonable
    jury could find persuasive.” ’ ” (Steskal, supra, at p. 345.)
    An unlawful homicide may be reduced to voluntary
    manslaughter in two ways: When the defendant kills in
    imperfect or self-defense—that is, in the unreasonable but good
    faith belief in having to act in self-defense; or when the defendant
    kills in a sudden quarrel or heat of passion. (People v. Schuller
    (2023) 
    15 Cal.5th 237
    , 252.)
    Defendant’s imperfect self-defense theory is premised on
    the doctrine of transferred self-defense, which we rejected in the
    preceding part. We reject defendant’s argument regarding a heat
    of passion instruction for a different reason. To warrant an
    instruction on this theory, there must be substantial evidence
    that the defendant killed his victim “ ‘ “due to ‘sufficient
    provocation,’ ” ’ which was “ ‘caused by the victim’ ” or by conduct
    the defendant reasonably believed the defendant engaged in.
    (People v. Moye (2009) 
    47 Cal.4th 537
    , 549–550.) “It is well
    settled” that the provocation that may reduce murder to
    manslaughter “must be caused by the victim, not a third party.”
    (People v. Nunez (2023) 
    97 Cal.App.5th 362
    , 369, citing Moye,
    
    supra,
     at pp. 549–550, People v. Avila (2009) 
    46 Cal.4th 680
    ,
    705, and People v. Verdugo (2010) 
    50 Cal.4th 263
    , 294.) Here,
    the victim, Susan, merely stood up from her seat at the table
    and turned to protect her child from being shot. There is no
    evidence in the record that she did anything that would have
    caused “an ordinary person of average disposition to act rashly or
    without due deliberation and reflection.” (Moye, 
    supra, at p. 550
    .)
    There was therefore no error in failing to instruct on voluntary
    manslaughter based on heat of passion.
    18
    C.    The Court’s “No Lawful Excuse” Comment
    During deliberations, the jury sent several questions to the
    court, including the following: “In regards to malice aforethought
    in charge 1 [the murder of Susan], does malice aforethought
    need to exist explicitly towards Susan, or if we establish malice
    aforethought is present towards any individual in this case,
    would it satisfy the element of malice aforethought?” In
    response, the court read the following definition of malice
    aforethought based on CALCRIM No. 520: “There are two
    kinds of malice aforethought. Express malice and implied
    malice. Proof of either is sufficient to establish the state of
    mind required for murder. So the defendant acted with express
    malice if he unlawfully intended to kill, or he acted with implied
    malice if he intentionally committed an act, the consequences
    of the act were dangerous to human life, at the time he knew
    his act was dangerous to human life, and he deliberately acted
    with conscious disregard for human life. [¶] Malice aforethought
    does not require hatred or ill will toward the victim. It is a
    mental state that must be formed before the act that causes
    death is committed. It does not require deliberation or any
    passage of any particular time.”
    To illustrate the instruction without “trying to go beyond
    [the jury’s] question,” the court provided the jury with the
    following hypothetical based on “an old western movie. An
    individual, a cowboy, comes out and fires a gun down the dirt
    street towards the saloon. There are people standing in front of
    the saloon and an individual is killed. The jury for the cowboy
    would need to decide for each shot fired, if there is more than
    one, did the cowboy intend to kill or did the cowboy act with
    reckless disregard for life knowing it was dangerous? Those
    19
    are the only elements with respect to intent. In this fact pattern
    we’re not talking about any lawful excuse. I’m just focusing on
    malice aforethought. These elements do not require a decision
    as to who the person was that the defendant shot at or intended
    perhaps to kill or why. It’s just these elements. That’s what
    you’re looking at. Just focus on these elements.” (Italics added.)
    There was no objection to the court’s statements.
    Defendant contends that the court’s statement, which
    we have italicized above—“we’re not talking about any lawful
    excuse”—amounted to “a directed verdict of guilt because the
    charge resolved the issue [of malice] for them.” Even if the
    issue has been preserved for appeal in the absence of an
    objection below, the contention is without merit.
    In reviewing a challenge to a court’s instructions to the
    jury, we consider the challenged statements in their context,
    not in isolation, and in light of the entire charge to the jury.
    (People v. Holt (1997) 
    15 Cal.4th, 619
    , 677; People v. Wilson
    (1992) 
    3 Cal.4th 926
    , 943.) Here, the court’s cowboy hypothetical
    was given to illustrate the meaning of malice aforethought—
    the subject of the jury’s question—and the court made clear
    that it was not intended to address issues “beyond [the jury’s]
    question,” such as what constitutes a lawful excuse for homicide.
    A potential lawful excuse in this case—accident—is addressed
    in another instruction, about which the jury apparently had no
    question.
    Read in its context, we do not believe the jury could
    reasonably have understood the court to mean that there was
    no lawful excuse for defendant’s shooting of Susan. Rather, the
    court’s statement, “we’re not talking about any lawful excuse,”
    would have reasonably been understood to mean that the court,
    20
    through its hypothetical, was not addressing the possibility
    that the hypothetical cowboy had a lawful excuse for his actions,
    but only the narrow question of whether he acted with malice
    aforethought.
    The court’s statement, we conclude, was not error.
    D.    Cumulative Effect and Ineffective Assistance of
    Counsel
    Defendant contends that the cumulative effect of the
    alleged instructional errors addressed above rendered the trial
    unfair and a denial of due process. Because we conclude that
    there was no instructional error, this argument fails.
    Defendant argues that if we determine that the arguments
    he asserts on appeal concerning alleged instructional error were
    forfeited by his counsel’s failure to raise them below, then he
    was denied his constitutional right to the effective assistance of
    counsel. We have, however, addressed and rejected defendant’s
    instructional error arguments on the merits. Therefore, any
    possible deficiency in failing to object did not result in the denial
    of defendant’s constitutional right to the effective assistance of
    counsel.
    E.    Substantial Evidence of Murder
    Defendant next contends that the judgment should be
    reversed because there is no substantial evidence to support the
    second degree murder conviction. The contention is meritless.
    Substantial evidence is that which is “reasonable,
    credible, and of solid value—such that a reasonable trier of
    fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
    (People v. Johnson (1980) 
    26 Cal.3d 557
    , 578.) Our evaluation
    of the sufficiency of the evidence to support defendant’s murder
    21
    conviction is “ ‘independent of the jury’s determination that
    evidence on another count was insufficient.’ ” (People v. Lewis
    (2001) 
    25 Cal.4th 610
    , 656, quoting United States v. Powell (1984)
    
    469 U.S. 57
    , 67.)
    Murder is an unlawful killing of a human being committed
    with malice aforethought. (§ 187, subd. (a); People v. Blakeley
    (2000) 
    23 Cal.4th 82
    , 87.) Second degree murder “is the unlawful
    killing of a human being with malice aforethought but without
    the additional elements, such as willfulness, premeditation,
    and deliberation, that would support a conviction of first degree
    murder.” (People v. Knoller (2007) 
    41 Cal.4th 139
    , 151.)
    Malice is express when the defendant has the intent to kill
    (People v. Soto (2018) 
    4 Cal.5th 968
    , 970), and can be inferred
    from “the act of purposefully firing a lethal weapon at another
    human being at close range, without legal excuse.” (People v.
    Smith (2005) 
    37 Cal.4th 733
    , 742.)
    Here, Chavarria testified that he was next to Susan at
    a table across from defendant. Immediately after defendant shot
    Victor, defendant pointed his gun in Susan’s and Chavarria’s
    direction. Defendant fired the gun, hitting Susan.
    Rea testified that defendant shot Victor, then pointed his
    gun “[d]irectly at Susan” and shot her. It was not until after
    defendant fired the shot that killed Susan that Rea acted to
    knock the gun out of defendant’s hand.
    A medical examiner testified that the bullet fired from
    defendant’s gun hit Susan in her left arm, entered her chest
    cavity, perforated her lungs, and caused her death.
    The foregoing evidence is reasonable, credible, and of solid
    value, and thus sufficient to support the jury’s verdict of second
    degree murder.
    22
    F.    The Court’s Discretion to Strike or Reduce the
    Gun Use Enhancement
    Defendant contends that we should direct the court on
    remand to exercise its discretion to either strike or reduce the
    gun enhancement. We decline to do so.
    Prior to the sentencing hearing, defendant filed a
    sentencing memorandum in which he requested the court
    exercise its discretion to strike the gun enhancement imposed
    under subdivision (c) of section 12022.53, and impose a lesser
    enhancement under either subdivision (a) of that statute or
    section 12022.5, subdivision (a). At the sentencing hearing,
    the court stated that it had read and considered the defendant’s
    memorandum and denied defendant’s request, stating it was
    “exercis[ing its] discretion to add 20 years for the gun use.” The
    court explained that there was “no reason [for defendant] to be
    pointing the gun at Susan.” Defendant could see that Susan was
    behind Rea, “trying to shelter her son, trying to get down,” but
    “[s]he couldn’t get down because of where the body of [Victor]
    had laid. [Defendant] knew that. And yet, he pointed that gun,
    he had cocked that gun again and pointed it at Mr. Rea.” The
    court concluded that “the gun use allegation” and “the sentence
    to be appropriate.”
    It thus appears from the record that the court was aware
    of its authority and discretion to strike or reduce the gun
    enhancement, and that it exercised that discretion by imposing
    the sentence authorized by the jury’s findings. A further
    sentencing hearing is not required.
    23
    DISPOSITION
    The judgment is affirmed.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
    ROTHSCHILD, P. J.
    We concur:
    BENDIX, J.
    WEINGART, J.
    24
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B317535

Filed Date: 12/29/2023

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 12/30/2023