People v. Johnson CA1/1 ( 2024 )

Filed 2/15/24 P. v. Johnson CA1/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A166959
v.
PAUL WAYNE JOHNSON, JR., (Contra Costa County
Super. Ct. No. 04002002202)
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Paul Johnson pled guilty to two counts of lewd or lascivious
acts against a child under 14 years old and was sentenced to six years in
prison. He appeals from a trial court order awarding $10,000 in restitution to
the victim for noneconomic losses. We agree with Johnson that insufficient
evidence supports the restitution award, and we therefore reverse and
remand for further proceedings on the issue of noneconomic restitution.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
BACKGROUND
Johnson and his co-defendant, Joseph Duncan, were charged with
several felonies based on an incident involving two minors, 12-year-old Jane
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Doe 1 and 16-year-old Jane Doe 2.1 At the preliminary hearing, two police
officers testified about their interviews of the girls, who did not testify or
provide any direct statements below.2 The underlying facts are taken from
the officers’ preliminary-hearing testimony.
Doe 1 and Doe 2 lived in the same group home. On the night of
August 29, 2020, the girls left the home and walked to an Antioch gas station.
There, they encountered two men they did not know, 31-year-old Johnson
and 45-year-old Duncan. Eventually, Duncan drove the group to his Antioch
house.
According to Doe 1, when they got to Duncan’s house, Johnson and
Duncan “offered her what she believed was crystal methamphetamine and an
oxy pill.” When she declined, Johnson pulled out a black handgun and held it
to her head, forcing her to take the drugs. Johnson put his penis in her
mouth and then in her vagina while Duncan held a gun to her head. Johnson
then took the gun while Duncan put his penis in her mouth and vagina.
Duncan also inserted a finger in her anus. When she was interviewed two
days later, Doe 1 reported that “she had a lot of pain in her vagina” and the
pain was a 9 on a scale of 1 to 10.
Doe 1 also claimed that she later saw both men “licking [Doe 2’s]
vagina.” In addition, the two girls orally copulated each other. Doe 1
indicated that she and Doe 2 eventually fell asleep, and Duncan woke them
up the next morning and drove them back to the same gas station.
1 None of the charging documents are in the record before us. Duncan
abandoned his appeal from the victim restitution award against him, and we
do not discuss him further except with regard to the facts of the offenses.
2 Johnson stipulated that the preliminary hearing provided a factual
basis for his plea.
2
Doe 2 gave the police a significantly different version of events. Doe 2
claimed that Doe 1 voluntarily took drugs, and Doe 2 denied ever seeing a
gun at Duncan’s house even though Doe 1 stated that Doe 2 was present
when the men pointed a gun at Doe 1’s head. Doe 2 reported that “she was
trying not to leave . . . Doe 1 alone” with the men but eventually went outside
to have a cigarette. When Doe 2 came back in, Doe 1 was not wearing pants
or underwear. Doe 1 told Doe 2 that both men had ejaculated in her and
orally copulated her. According to Doe 2, Doe 1 appeared to be “okay with
having sex.”
Doe 2 stated that Duncan then got her to go into another room with
him so that Johnson and Doe 1 “could be alone.” While there, Duncan
inserted his fingers into Doe 2’s vagina. Doe 2 agreed that she and Doe 1
orally copulated each other at some point, although she said that Doe 1 also
“asked to suck . . . Duncan’s penis.” Doe 2 denied, however, that either man
had orally copulated her, as Doe 1 claimed they had. Doe 2 said the two girls
stayed at the house until about 9:00 a.m. the following morning, at which
point Duncan dropped them off at the gas station.
Johnson was later arrested, and a rifle and a black Beretta handgun
were recovered during a search of his house. He admitted to the police that
on the night in question, he was with Duncan and they met two girls.
Initially, Johnson claimed that after the group left the gas station, Duncan
dropped him off before going somewhere else with the girls. Eventually,
Johnson stated that he went to Duncan’s house and was alone with Doe 1 at
one point, but he admitted only that Doe 1 “pulled out his penis and was
about to give him a blowjob” when Doe 2 interrupted them, “which stopped
him from getting a blowjob.”
3
Under a plea agreement, Johnson pled guilty to two counts of lewd or
lascivious acts against a child under 14 years old, Doe 1.3 In exchange, the
remaining charges were dismissed. In September 2022, Johnson was
sentenced to the agreed-upon term of six years in prison, composed of the
midterm of six years on one count and a concurrent midterm of six years on
the other count.
The People sought noneconomic restitution from Johnson to Doe 1 in
the amount of $50,000 per count, for a total of $100,000. In support of the
request, no victim impact statement or other similar evidence from Doe 1 was
offered. Rather, the People relied solely on evidence that sexually abused
children as a group experience negative psychological effects. Johnson
opposed the request, claiming the prosecution should be required to submit
evidence that Doe 1 “has suffered from particularized trauma as a result of
[his] conduct,” not just “social science research about psychological impact on
victims of sexual abuse generally.”
At the November 2022 restitution hearing, the trial court observed that
it had not “seen or heard [anything] directly from [Doe 1] about the
psychological, physical[,] or other impact of [the crimes] on her.” The court
stated, “[I]n other cases where I’ve awarded substantially more in
noneconomic damages, I’ve heard the victim testify, I’ve received victim
impact statements and have other information about the actual medical
expenses that might have been incurred that are reflective of injuries or
mental health trauma.” Here, however, the court had “nothing” justifying
“consideration of a larger amount, other than sort of a basic minimum
amount that might be awarded, in a case such as this,” because there was “an
3 The convictions were under Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a).
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.
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absence of any information, more or less, except for the crimes that have been
pleaded to.” While the court ultimately decided that “it must be the case that
. . . the offenses that were pleaded to, and the circumstances as I understand
them, would have resulted in both physical and mental trauma to . . .
[Doe 1],” it limited noneconomic restitution to $10,000, a “nominal” amount.
II.
DISCUSSION
Johnson argues that the order awarding noneconomic restitution to
Doe 1 lacks a sufficient factual basis. We agree.
Trial courts are required to award full restitution “ ‘ “in every case . . .
in which a crime victim suffers a loss.” ’ ” (People v. Giordano (2007)
42 Cal.4th 644, 655 (Giordano); § 1202.4, subd. (f).) “[T]ypically, ‘[a]
restitution order reimburses [a crime victim] only for economic losses.’ ”
(People v. Valenti (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1140, 1181 (Valenti).) Under
section 1202.4, subdivision (f)(3)(F), however, courts must order restitution to
reimburse victims for “[n]oneconomic losses, including, but not limited to,
psychological harm, for felony violations of Section 288, 288.5, or 288.7.”
There is no dispute that this statute applies here because Johnson was
convicted under section 288.
We review a restitution order for an abuse of discretion. (Giordano,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 663; People v. Gomez (2023) 97 Cal.App.5th 111, 116
(Gomez).) Under this standard, “ ‘ “[n]o abuse of discretion will be found
where there is a rational and factual basis for the amount of restitution
ordered.” ’ ” (Gomez, at p. 116.) Although our review is “ ‘deferential,’ . . . it
‘is not empty.’ ” (Giordano, at p. 663.) “[A] restitution order ‘resting upon a
“ ‘demonstrable error of law’ ” constitutes an abuse of the court’s discretion.’ ”
(People v. Millard (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 7, 26.) In addition, a restitution
order cannot stand unless there is “ ‘ “ ‘substantial evidence, contradicted or
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uncontradicted,’ to support the trial court’s findings.” ’ ” (People v. Keichler
(2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1039, 1045; People v. Lehman (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th
795, 804; Millard, at p. 26.)
“Section 1202.4 does not provide guidelines for evaluating a child
victim’s noneconomic damages for sexual abuse. Unlike economic damages,
which encompass ‘objectively verifiable monetary losses’ (Civ. Code, § 1431.2,
subd. (b)(1)), noneconomic damages compensate the victim for ‘subjective,
non-monetary losses including, but not limited to, pain, suffering,
inconvenience, mental suffering, [and] emotional distress . . . .’ (Civ. Code,
§ 1431.2, subd. (b)(2).)” (Valenti, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 1182; Gomez,
supra, 97 Cal.App.5th at p. 115.) The party seeking restitution has the
burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, but “section 1202.4 does
not require any particular kind of proof to establish a victim’s losses.”
(People v. Lehman, supra, 247 Cal.App.4th at p. 803.) The “evidentiary bar”
for demonstrating entitlement to noneconomic damages “is a low one,” and
“the prosecution [is] not required to present victim testimony or affidavits or
expert declarations in connection with the restitution hearing.” (Gomez, at
pp. 119–120; Lehman, at p. 803.)
But as Division Five of this court recently held, even though the
evidentiary bar for proving entitlement to noneconomic damages is low,
“some evidence of the harm incurred by the particular victim of the crime is
required to support a victim restitution award. . . . [I]t is insufficient that the
average victim would suffer injury from a particular type of crime, or that
generally victims of such crimes suffer injury.” (Gomez, supra,
97 Cal.App.5th at p. 118.) Although the trial court did not have the benefit of
Gomez at the time it awarded restitution, its assumption that Doe 1 “must
have” experienced physical and mental trauma by virtue of Johnson’s
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offenses runs afoul of that decision. Thus, we cannot agree with the Attorney
General that the court “acted well within its discretion in concluding that the
[psychological research] studies constituted evidence that Doe 1 suffered at
least nominal psychological damage.”
The Attorney General also claims that evidence from the preliminary
hearing supports the trial court’s determination “that Doe 1 suffered
compensable psychological harm.” He points to evidence that “Doe 1 acted so
hysterically upon meeting with police that she had to be restrained and
hospitalized” under Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150. Specifically,
a police officer testified that at around 4:00 p.m. on the afternoon after the
crimes, he was dispatched to the gas station where Doe 1 and Doe 2 still
were. He learned the girls “were considered runaways from the group home”
and transported them there. Although the officer could not recall what
Doe 1’s demeanor was when he “very first contacted her,” upon pulling up to
the group home Doe 1 became “upset and hysterical in the back of the patrol
car, and then she was placed on a 5150 and was placed in soft restraints on a
gurney.” The officer could not remember whether Doe 1 said anything
indicating why she was upset, and when she was placed in the ambulance,
she stated only that “she had been forced at gunpoint to ingest drugs.” In
fact, Doe 1 did not mention “any sexual behavior at all” until later, at the
hospital.
We agree with Johnson that this does not constitute substantial
evidence that Doe 1 was upset because of the crimes at issue. The police
officer did not make contact with her until several hours after Duncan left
her at the gas station, and Doe 1 apparently did not become upset until she
got to the group home. Nor did she mention sexual activity or say anything
else indicating that her being upset and hysterical was because she had been
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sexually abused.4 In any case, the trial court gave no indication that it relied
on this evidence of Doe 1’s psychological distress in awarding noneconomic
restitution.
The Attorney General also relies on Doe 1’s report of severe pain in her
vagina.5 Although the prosecutor also mentioned this evidence at the
restitution hearing, and pain and suffering are clearly legitimate
noneconomic losses, there is no indication in the record that the trial court
relied on it either. Rather, the court’s statements as a whole convey that it
believed a “nominal” amount of restitution was appropriate based solely on
the crimes committed against Doe 1, but that it was unwilling to award any
more because of the lack of evidence of the specific impact on her. This
constituted an abuse of discretion under Gomez, regardless of whether there
was substantial evidence that might otherwise justify the award.
Gomez emphasized, and we do as well, that requiring evidence of a
crime’s impact on the particular victim “does not necessarily obligate the
victim to present testimony or a statement about the impact, something
prosecutors and trial courts may be reluctant to require, particularly when
the victim is still a minor.” (Gomez, supra, 97 Cal.App.5th at pp. 119–120.)
4 Johnson entered a waiver under People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d
754 that permitted the trial court to consider facts underlying the dismissed
counts in ruling on restitution. Although this theoretically could have
allowed the court to award noneconomic restitution based on evidence that
Doe 1 was in distress because Johnson forced her to take drugs at gunpoint,
our record does not reflect whether any of the charges were based on such
conduct.
5 Doe 1’s statement to police that her doctor told her “there [were] some
abrasions on her vagina as well as lacerations on her anus,” which the
Attorney General also cites, was not admitted for the truth of the matter
stated. Thus, we agree with Johnson that it does not constitute evidence of
noneconomic loss.
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We recognize that Doe 1, a foster child living in a group home, was an
especially vulnerable victim. It is wholly understandable that, as the
prosecutor represented, Doe 1 “was not able to, dealing with what she’s going
through right now, . . . give [an] impact statement.” But as the trial court
aptly responded, the prosecutor’s office could have presented other evidence
of the crimes’ impact on Doe 1, such as “the efforts to have [her] . . . cooperate
in the process of a determination of noneconomic damages” and her
reluctance or inability to do so.
As Johnson agrees, the appropriate remedy after reversing a
restitution order—including on the basis that the order lacks sufficient
evidence—is a remand for a new restitution hearing. (People v. Harvest
(2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 641, 649 [victim restitution does not constitute
punishment for double jeopardy purposes]; see, e.g., Gomez, supra,
97 Cal.App.5th at p. 120; Valenti, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1183–1184.)
Therefore, on remand the People may again seek noneconomic restitution
against Johnson on Doe 1’s behalf.
III.
DISPOSITION
The December 2, 2022 order awarding $10,000 in restitution from
Johnson to Doe 1 is reversed. The matter is remanded for further
proceedings on whether Johnson owes noneconomic restitution to Doe 1.
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_________________________
Humes, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
_________________________
Banke, J.
_________________________
Castro, J.*
*Judge of the Superior Court of the County of Alameda, assigned by the
Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
People v. Johnson A166959
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