McCollam v. Royal Alliance Associates CA1/3 ( 2024 )

Filed 9/12/24 McCollam v. Royal Alliance Associates CA1/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
RICHARD McCOLLAM,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
A169192
v.
ROYAL ALLIANCE ASSOCIATES, (City & County of San Francisco
INC., Super. Ct. No. CPF22517843)
Defendant and Respondent.
Richard McCollam has filed an appeal from an order denying his
petition to vacate an arbitration award on the ground that it was procured by
fraud. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1286.2; statutory references are to this code unless
otherwise indicated.) The denial of a petition to vacate an arbitration award
is not an appealable order. (§ 1294.) To avoid unnecessary delay, however,
we will direct the superior court to enter judgment nunc pro tunc as of the
date of the order denying McCollam’s petition. Finding no valid basis for
McCollam’s claim of error, we affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
McCollam was employed by Royal Alliance Associates, Inc. (Royal
Alliance) as a broker and registered representative with the Financial
Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Royal Alliance terminated
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McCollam’s employment in August 2010. Ten years later, in February 2020,
McCollam submitted a request to FINRA for arbitration of his claims against
Royal Allegiance for violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act (18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. (RICO)) and FINRA Rule 2010,
which requires members to observe high standards of commercial honor.
McCollam alleged that during investigations FINRA conducted between 2010
and 2017, Royal Alliance attempted to avoid fines and sanctions by
“fabricating” evidence to “frame[]” McCollam and make him the “scapegoat”
for Royal Alliance’s wrongdoing. Royal Alliance agreed to submit to FINRA
arbitration and asserted a counterclaim for breach of an indemnification
contract.
A panel of three independent arbitrators held prehearing conferences
in 2020 and 2021 before conducting the arbitration hearing over multiple
days in April 2022. On May 5, they issued a final award, which stated that
after considering pleadings, testimony, evidence, and posthearing
submissions, the panel made the following “final” rulings: (1) McCollam’s
claims were “denied in their entirety”; (2) McCollam was liable to and
required to pay Royal Alliance $30,636 in compensatory damages; and (3) all
other claims, including requests for attorneys’ fees were denied.
On August 11, 2022, McCollam filed a petition in the superior court to
vacate the arbitration award on the ground that it “was obtained by
corruption, fraud, or other unfair means.” (§ 1286.2, subd. (a)(1)
(§ 1286.2(a)(1)).) As support for his petition, McCollam alleged the following:
Royal Alliance terminated McCollam’s employment ostensibly because he
failed to obtain approval for certain transactions, but in reality McCollam
was a “scapegoat for Royal’s illicit conduct,” and the “fabricated and falsified”
evidence that Royal used to justify terminating McCollam was also admitted
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into evidence at the arbitration, thus resulting in a fraudulent award. On
August 16, McCollam filed a motion to vacate the award based on the same
legal ground as his petition—that it was procured by fraud. In addition to his
pleaded theory that Royal Alliance relied on fabricated evidence, McCollam
argued the arbitration was infected by fraud because Royal Alliance elicited
expert testimony from a witness named Leslie Ayers, who was not designated
as an expert or disclosed prior to the hearing.
Royal Alliance opposed McCollam’s petition and motion to vacate. It
argued that only extrinsic fraud establishes a valid basis for vacating an
arbitration award, and that, in any event, McCollam failed to offer any
evidence of fraud. (Citing e.g. Comerica Bank v. Howsam (2012) 208
Cal.App.4th 790, 825 (Comerica).) Royal Alliance also disputed that witness
testimony was improperly admitted. In its response to the petition and its
opposition to the motion, Royal Alliance requested that the court confirm the
arbitration award and “issue an order and judgment effectuating the same.”
On September 27, 2023, the superior court held a hearing before
signing Royal Alliance’s proposed order denying McCollam’s petition (the
September 27 order). The appellate record does not contain a minute order or
transcript from the hearing. The September 27 order states that McCollam’s
“petition to vacate arbitration award is denied,” summarizes authority
regarding the limited grounds for judicial review of an arbitration award, and
concludes that “petitioner does not highlight a denial of due process or
‘extrinsic fraud’ that prevented a fair hearing.”
DISCUSSION
I. Appealability
On November 27, 2023, McCollam filed a notice of appeal from the
September 27 order. He contends, with no legal analysis, that the order
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denying his petition to vacate is an appealable order. Royal Alliance ignores
this threshold jurisdictional issue, but we have an independent obligation to
address it. (Jennings v. Marralle (1994) 8 Cal.4th 121, 126.)
“The right to appeal in California is ‘entirely statutory and subject to
complete legislative control.’ ” (Meinhardt v. City of Sunnyvale (2024) 16
Cal.5th 643, 651–652 (Meinhardt).) The jurisdiction of appellate courts “to
review superior court orders in arbitration matters is defined by section
1294.” (Kirk v. Ratner (2022) 74 Cal.App.5th 1052, 1059–1060.) That statute
states that an appeal may be taken from “(a) An order dismissing or denying
a petition to compel arbitration. . . . [¶] (b) An order dismissing a petition to
confirm, correct or vacate an award. [¶] (c) An order vacating an award
unless a rehearing in arbitration is ordered. [¶] (d) A judgment entered
pursuant to this title. [¶] (e) A special order after final judgment.” (§ 1294.)
No provision in section 1294 authorizes an appeal from an order
denying a petition or motion to vacate an arbitration award. Accordingly,
courts have held repeatedly that no appeal “will lie from an order denying
vacation or correction of an arbitration award.” (Mid-Wilshire Associates v.
O’Leary (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 1450, 1454 (Mid-Wilshire), italics omitted; see
also Hyatt v. Eckel Valve Co. (1959) 169 Cal.App.2d 35, 39; National Marble
Co. v. Bricklayers & Allied Craftsmen (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 1057, 1060,
fn. 1.) “Such an order may be reviewed upon an appeal from the judgment of
confirmation.” (Mid-Wilshire, at p. 1454.)
McCollam intimates that the September 27 order is appealable because
the lower court never issued an order confirming the award. Denial of a
petition to vacate an arbitration award may be construed as an order
confirming the award when the record shows there was no separate
confirmation proceeding or order. (Jordan v. Pacific Auto. Ins. Co. (1965) 232
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Cal.App.2d 127, 129 [collecting cases].) This is because “once a petition to
confirm, correct, or vacate is filed, the superior court has only four choices: It
may (1) confirm the award, (2) correct the award and confirm it as corrected,
(3) vacate the award, or (4) dismiss the proceedings.” (Law Offices of David
S. Karton v. Segreto (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1, 8 (Segreto).) Thus, unless a
petition to vacate an award is dismissed, if the court does not vacate or
correct the arbitral award, it must confirm the award. (Ibid.)
Here, we have no trouble construing the order denying McCollam’s
petition as an order confirming the award. Although Royal Alliance was not
required to petition for confirmation (§§ 1287.6, 1288), after the court denied
the motion to vacate, the court had a mandatory duty to confirm the award
and enter judgment accordingly. (§§ 1286, 1287.4; Segreto, supra, 176
Cal.App.4th at pp. 8–9; Maplebear, Inc. v. Busick (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 394,
400 [arbitration statute “does not contemplate the denial of a petition to
vacate an award, except where the denial is a precursor to a judgment
confirming the award”].) In the lower court, Royal Alliance appeared to
understand this process, as it expressly requested an order confirming the
award in its opposition to McCollam’s petition. Inexplicably, Royal Alliance’s
proposed order, which the court signed, does not actually confirm the award.
But even when we construe the order as confirming the arbitration
award, the fact remains that judgment was never entered in this case. Under
section 1294, if an arbitration award is confirmed, the appeal lies from the
judgment entered on the award not from the order confirming it. (§ 1294,
subd. (d); Mid-Wilshire, supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at p. 1454 [dismissing
premature appeal filed prior to entry of judgment]; Cooper v. Lavlely &
Singer Professional Corp. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 1, 10, fn. 3 (Cooper)
[treating premature notice of appeal as having been filed immediately after
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entry of judgment confirming arbitration award]; compare with Cinel v.
Christopher (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 759, 765 [if order can be construed as
dismissal of petition to confirm an award it is directly appealable under
section 1294].)
McCollam acknowledges the absence of a judgment, albeit indirectly, by
requesting that we treat his appeal as a petition for writ of mandate. His
one-sentence request provides no reason for granting such relief. (See Olson
v. Cory (1983) 35 Cal.3d 390, 401 [purported appeal may be treated as
petition for writ of mandate only in “unusual circumstances”].) As we have
discussed, “an adequate remedy lies in the direct appeal from the judgment.”
(Mid-Wilshire, supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at p. 1455.) Although Royal Alliance
may have confused matters in the lower court by proposing such a cryptic
order, McCollam could have requested entry of judgment once the court
denied his motion to vacate. “The interests of clients, counsel, and the courts
are best served by maintaining, to the extent possible, bright-line rules which
distinguish between appealable and nonappealable orders.” (Mid-Wilshire, at
pp.1455–1456.)
On the other hand, the September 27 order can be construed as
sufficiently final so as to be treated as a judgment. (See Meinhardt, supra, 16
Cal.5th at pp. 654–655 [although jurisdictional deadlines should be clear,
once notice of appeal is filed, appellate court may determine whether order is
sufficiently final to constitute a judgment].) Moreover, we recognize the
waste of resources associated with dismissing the appeal at this juncture,
after the record has been prepared and the issues fully briefed. Thus, we will
instruct the superior court “to enter judgment of dismissal nunc pro tunc ‘[t]o
promote the orderly administration of justice, and to avoid the useless waste
of judicial and litigant time that would result from dismissing the appeal
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merely to have a judgment formally entered in the trial court and a new
appeal filed.’ ” (Meinhardt, at p. 658, fn. 9, quoting Flores v. Department of
Corrections & Rehabilitation (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 199, 204.)
II. Limitations on Judicial Review of Arbitration Awards
“The scope of judicial review of arbitration awards is extremely narrow
because of the strong public policy in favor of arbitration and according
finality to arbitration awards.” (Ahdout v. Hekmatjah (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th
21, 33.) When “an arbitrator has issued an award, the decision is ordinarily
final and thus ‘is not ordinarily reviewable for error by either the trial or
appellate courts.’ ” (Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, LLP v. J-M
Manufacturing Co., Inc. (2018) 6 Cal.5th 59, 72.) Limited exceptions to this
“general rule” are codified in section 1286.2. (Ahdout, at p. 33.) “The party
seeking to vacate an arbitration award bears the burden of establishing that
one of the six grounds listed in section 1286.2 applies and that the party was
prejudiced by the arbitrator’s error.” (Royal Alliance Associates, Inc. v.
Liebhaber (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 1092, 1106 (Liebhaber).)
In this case, McCollam seeks to vacate the award pursuant to section
1286.2(a)(1), which applies when “[t]he award was procured by corruption,
fraud or other undue means.” McCollam abandons his pleaded theory that
the award is fraudulent because Royal Alliance relied on fabricated evidence.
However, he maintains that the arbitrators perpetrated fraud by permitting
Royal Alliance to elicit expert evidence from a witness who was not
designated prior to the hearing.
III. McCollam’s Petition Was Properly Denied
In an appeal involving a section 1286.2 petition, “[w]e subject the trial
court’s rulings and the underlying award to different standards of review. To
the extent the trial court made findings of fact in confirming the award, we
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affirm the findings if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.]
To the extent the trial court resolved questions of law on undisputed facts, we
review the trial court’s rulings de novo.” (Cooper, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 11–12.) “We apply a highly deferential standard of review to the award
itself, insofar as our inquiry encompasses the arbitrator’s resolution of
questions of law or fact. Because the finality of arbitration awards is rooted
in the parties’ agreement to bypass the judicial system, ordinarily ‘ “[t]he
merits of the controversy between the parties are not subject to judicial
review.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 12.)
A. Additional Background
McCollam filed a declaration in support of his petition to vacate the
arbitration award, to which he attached three documents from the
arbitration: his Statement of Claim; the Arbitration Award; and Royal
Alliance’s Designation of Exhibits and Witnesses. In its designation, Royal
Alliance stated it expected to call four witnesses, which it named, with this
caveat: “Royal Alliance reserves the right to call other witnesses in rebuttal
to those called by Claimant, or as may be needed depending on the order of
proof.”
McCollam also lodged with the court excerpts from an audio recording
of the lengthy arbitration hearing, which provide some information about the
issue on appeal. On April 20, 2022, during the afternoon session of the
arbitration hearing, McCollam continued his examination of Royal Alliance’s
former employee and Chief Compliance Officer. During the examination,
McCollam’s counsel asked questions about data recorded on the company’s
computerized transaction review system, referred to as the TRS system, in an
apparent effort to identify discrepancies between the TRS data and other
records of McCollam’s trades during the relevant time. The witness was not
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an “IT person,” the system changed over the years, and she had limited
personal knowledge about how it operated.
During an extended lull in McCollam’s examination, Royal Alliance’s
counsel notified the arbitrators and opposing counsel that, in light of the line
of testimony McCollam had been pursuing, Royal Alliance had reached out to
its home office and located a person familiar with the TRS system. Counsel
stated that Royal Alliance was prepared to call this individual, Leslie Ayers,
as a witness, either during McCollam’s case, or as a rebuttal witness, and
that she could appear as early as the following week. One member of the
arbitration panel responded that, “anything you can bring into this courtroom
that enlightens the panel more than the panel is being enlightened now
would be appreciated.” This arbitrator expressed confusion on behalf of the
panel about testimony that had been presented and its relevance, and
frustration that the parties had yet to present any evidence to support their
allegations.
McCollam’s counsel responded positively to Royal Alliance’s request to
produce Ayers, and stated his preference that she testify during McCollam’s
case. Royal Alliance made a record of the fact that Ayers was extremely
busy, with a packed schedule, but agreed to bring her in. After a brief
digression, McCollam’s counsel stated, “In answer to your question about
Leslie Ayers, we would like her here at the earliest possible opportunity,” and
would “put her on immediately.” At that point, the arbitrator reiterated that
the panel was encouraging counsel to “bring people in who can enlighten us,”
as the panel had been sitting there “trying to figure out what the hell is going
on.”
The following week, on April 26, the same member of the arbitration
panel stated that Leslie Ayers was outside waiting to testify. This arbitrator
9
noted that the panel had been informed by counsel that there may or may not
have been an agreement permitting this witness to testify, that she
apparently had not been previously designated, and that she was being
brought in to offset testimony elicited the previous week regarding
transaction review supervision. The arbitrator ruled that Ayers would be
permitted to testify. In response, McCollam’s counsel asked for
“clarification,” and questioned whether other undisclosed witnesses would be
testifying, then proceeded to argue with opposing counsel about whether
McCollam had disclosed a new theory the previous week that would warrant
calling Ayers as a witness. The arbitrator, annoyed at the bickering, silenced
the debate by advising the parties that the panel could strike Ayers’s
testimony, if need be, but he would allow the witness to testify “out of
courtesy to her.”
Ayers then testified about specific transactions McCollam had entered
into the TRS system, some containing erroneous information and others
which were posted improperly to more than one account. McCollam lodged
no objections during Ayers’s direct testimony. His counsel conducted
extensive cross-examination, which was not limited by the scope of Ayers’s
direct testimony. For example, McCollam elicited testimony that once entries
were made on TRS they could not be removed, so if documentation pertaining
to the system data was altered, that would be very concerning. After Ayers’s
testimony was completed, there was a break in the proceeding. We have been
given no reason to believe that Ayers or her testimony were ever discussed
again during the arbitration hearing.
The final session of the arbitration hearing was held on April 29, 2022.
On May 5, the panel issued the arbitration award, which consisted of a six-
page ruling prefaced with this explanatory note: “Awards are rendered by
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independent arbitrators who are chosen by the parties to issue final, binding
decisions. FINRA makes available an arbitration forum—pursuant to rules
approved by the SEC—but has no part in deciding the award.” The award
incorporates detailed summaries of the extensive procedural history of the
matter. As to the merits, McCollam’s claims were denied, and Royal Alliance
was awarded compensatory damages on its indemnity claim. The award does
not contain any factual or legal findings aside from these rulings.
B. Analysis
McCollam contends the arbitration award must be vacated because the
arbitrators engaged in fraud by permitting Ayers to testify as an
undesignated expert witness. This claim is premised on a misconstruction of
the facts and is wholly unsupported by legal authority.
To begin with, McCollam mischaracterizes Ayers as an expert witness.
The record shows that she was an employee of Royal Alliance’s parent
company with personal knowledge about the operation of a computer system
that was relevant to the parties’ dispute. In his reply brief, McCollam
appears to concede that Ayers had relevant personal knowledge, but argues
she was not a percipient witness because her testimony was not based on
personal observations. We are not persuaded by this logic. Ayers did not
have to observe McCollam enter trades into the computer to qualify as a
percipient witness, as she clearly had relevant percipient knowledge about
the TRS system that McCollam put at issue during the arbitration.
McCollam also mischaracterizes the arbitrator’s ruling in at least two
material ways. First, he contends that Ayers was permitted to testify over
his objections. Second, he posits that the only reason the arbitrator
permitted Ayers to testify was to avoid being discourteous. The record shows
the arbitrators were confused about the relevancy of the TRS system and that
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everyone, including McCollam, agreed that calling Ayers could clarify
matters. Later, after Ayers travelled to the hearing, McCollam’s counsel
made an offhand comment about her being a surprise witness, but he did not
object to her direct testimony, and he completed a thorough cross-
examination. Moreover, the arbitrator admitted Ayers’s testimony subject to
a motion to strike, which McCollam never made.
Turning to the merits, McCollam’s legal analysis is seriously flawed.
His core argument is that the arbitrators abused their discretion by allowing
Ayers to testify because Royal Alliance did not make a showing of good cause
for failing to disclose Ayers as a witness at least 20 days before the first
session of the arbitration hearing. Contending that a finding of good cause
was required, McCollam refers this court to Rule 13514 of the FINRA Code of
Arbitration Procedure for Industry Disputes (Rule 13514), which he
paraphrases in his appellate brief. He does not show or even contend that he
invoked Rule 13514 during the arbitration.1
Even if we accept McCollam’s argument at face value, it fails. For one
thing, he ignores evidence that would support an implied finding of good
cause for calling Ayers. More to our point, he cites no authority authorizing
judicial review of an arbitrator’s admittedly discretionary evidentiary ruling.
“An ‘expectation of finality strongly informs the parties’ choice of an arbitral
forum over a judicial one. The arbitrator’s decision should be the end, not the
1 McCollam has not requested judicial notice of Rule 13514. (See Fitz
v. NCR Corp. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 702, 719, fn. 4 [commercial arbitration
rules may be judicially noticed in appropriate cases].) Of course, we may take
judicial notice on our “own volition.” (Scott v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
(2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 743, 752.) We decline to do so here absent evidence
that McCollam invoked Rule 13514 during the arbitration. (See Western
States Petroleum Assn. v. Superior Court (1995) 9 Cal.4th 559, 573, fn. 4
[“only relevant evidence is subject to judicial notice”].)
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beginning, of the dispute.’ [Citation.] As such, ‘arbitration awards are
subject to an extremely narrow judicial review. [Courts] cannot review the
merits of the controversy, the validity of the arbitrator’s reasoning, or the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting an arbitrator’s award. . . . “[E]very
reasonable intendment must be indulged in favor of the award.” ’ ” (Starr v.
Mayhew (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 842, 850.)
McCollam takes the position that the decision to admit Ayers’s
testimony is subject to review under section 1286.2(a)(1) because it
constituted fraud. This view is without factual or legal support. Contending
an arbitrator erred by admitting evidence is really just another way of saying
that the arbitrator made an error of law, which is not the type of error that
courts may review. (Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase (1992) 3 Cal.4th 1, 11.)
McCollam cannot circumvent this principle by filing his petition under
section 1286.2(a)(1).
Section 1286.2(a)(1) “states that an award may be vacated if the award
is secured by corruption, fraud or other undue means. Fraud, as that term is
used in section 1286.2, subdivision (a)(1), is that perpetrated by the
arbitrator or a party. Only extrinsic fraud which denies a party a fair
hearing may serve as a basis for vacating an award.” (Comerica, supra, 208
Cal.App.4th at p. 825 [collecting cases].) “Extrinsic fraud occurs ‘ “when a
party is deprived of his opportunity to present his claim or defense to the
court, where he was kept in ignorance or in some other manner fraudulently
prevented from fully participating in the proceeding.” ’ ” (Kuehn v. Kuehn
(2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 824, 833.) Section 1286.2(a)(1) also applies to awards
procured by undue means, a term that is not defined in the statute but has
been elucidated in case law. “For example, ‘[i]mproper ex parte
communications between an arbitrator and a litigant can serve as a basis for
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a corruption, fraud or other undue means finding.’ ” (Baker Marquart LLP v.
Kantor (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 729, 739.) However, if “ ‘ “the Legislature
intended to permit an arbitration award to be vacated whenever the
prevailing party engages in tactics that might in any way seem unfair, it
would not have used the specific examples of fraud and corruption to describe
the type of ‘undue means’ it had in mind.” ’ ” (Ibid.) Thus the conduct must
be such that it prevented a fair adversarial hearing by either rendering the
aggrieved party ignorant of the proceeding or in some other way fraudulently
preventing them from making their case. (Id. at pp. 739–740.)
In this case, McCollam does not show or even contend he was prevented
from participating in the arbitration or from presenting his case. Instead, his
complaint is that the arbitrators granted him “only four court days to prepare
for [Ayers] testimony instead of the procedurally required twenty days.”
Even if this were true, McCollam essentially concedes that he did have notice
Ayers would be called; indeed the record so shows. Equally important, there
is no dispute that McCollam had an unqualified opportunity to examine
Ayers. Indeed, he does not articulate any theory of prejudice that is tied to
the alleged lack of sufficient notice. Instead, he argues that Ayers’s
testimony was prejudicial because it was damaging, which is not a ground for
vacating the award.
Finally, McCollam relies on cases recognizing a basic right to a
fundamentally fair arbitration hearing. (Emerald Aero, LLC v. Kaplan
(2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 1125, 1143; Liebhaber, supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at p. 1108.)
Neither case involved an award allegedly procured by fraud, and both are
factually inapposite. The Kaplan court found that a $30 million arbitration
award should have been vacated under section 1286.2, subdivision (a)(4)
because the arbitrator exceeded his authority by awarding punitive damages
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without sufficient prior notice that punitive damages were being sought, in
violation of the arbitration agreement and “fundamental procedural fairness
principles.” (Kaplan, at pp. 1129–1130.) Here, McCollam does not contend
the arbitrators exceeded their authority but that they abused their discretion.
And the record shows he did have notice and the opportunity to fully cross-
examine Ayers. Liebhaber affirmed a judgment vacating an arbitration
award on the ground that the rights of the petitioner were substantially
prejudiced “by the refusal of the arbitrators to hear evidence material to the
controversy.” (§ 1286.2, subd. (a)(5); see Liebhaber, at pp. 1107–1111.) If the
arbitrators in this case had barred Ayers from testifying, Liebhaber might be
relevant. Here, however, the arbitrators did not refuse to hear material
evidence; they elected to hear the testimony, subject to a later motion to
strike that was never made.
DISPOSITION
The trial court is directed to enter a judgment of dismissal nunc pro
tunc as of the date of the order denying the petition to vacate the arbitration
award. The judgment is affirmed. Costs are awarded to Royal Alliance.
TUCHER, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
FUJISAKI, J.
PETROU, J.
McCollam v. Royal Alliance Associates, Inc. (A169192)
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