Marriage of I.Y. and M.Y. CA4/3 ( 2024 )

Filed 5/16/24 Marriage of I.Y. and M.Y. CA4/3
Opinion after recalling remittitur
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
In re Marriage of I.Y. and M.Y.
I.Y.,
G061000
Appellant,
(Super. Ct. No. 15D003338)
v.
OPINION
M.Y.,
Respondent.
Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Carmen R.
Luege, Judge. Affirmed.
Law Offices of Lisa R. McCall, Lisa R. McCall and Erica M. Baca for
Appellant.
M.Y., in pro. per., for Respondent.
I.Y. appeals from the denial of her motion to renew a domestic violence
restraining order (DVRO) issued against her ex-husband M.Y. She contends the trial
court erred by taking judicial notice of the entire court file and by applying the wrong
legal standard in four ways: (1) allowing M.Y. to challenge the evidence and findings
underlying the issuance of the DVRO; (2) disregarding his abusive litigation tactics;
(3) disregarding his violations of the DVRO; and (4) considering his state of mind in
violating the DVRO. We affirm the order.
FACTS
I.Y. and M.Y. married in 2008, I.Y. filed for divorce in 2015, and the
marriage was dissolved in 2017. They share a minor daughter (Daughter).
I. M.Y.’s Abusive Conduct in 2015 and the Resulting Protective Orders
In 2015, M.Y. had become addicted to prescription medication, and I.Y.
believed he was “under the influence of drugs consistently.” On March 24, I.Y. came
home and saw a hole in the wall. M.Y. told I.Y. he put it there. When she asked him
why, “[he] said he pondered over the last few days whether to put a hole in the wall with
his fist or [her] face.”
The next day, I.Y. noticed a dent in her car. When she asked about it, M.Y.
said he put it there with his fist.
The day after, on March 26, M.Y. became angry at I.Y. when she refused to
talk to him and instead began putting Daughter, then age four, to bed. He followed them
to a bedroom, yelled at I.Y., and paced back and forth. He “became so angry that he
violently threw a dresser down on the ground and stomped on a framed picture on the
floor.” He blocked I.Y. from leaving the room with Daughter. In response to I.Y.’s call,
the police arrived at the home, conducted interviews, and found bags in the living room,
which were “unsecured” and contained a rifle, a revolver, and ammunition. M.Y. was
arrested for child endangerment (Pen. Code, § 273a);1 making criminal threats (§ 422);
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.
2
and false imprisonment (§ 236). They also later found “18 guns and over 8,000 rounds of
ammunition.”
Three protective orders were issued against M.Y.: (1) An emergency
protective order (EPO) on March 27, 2015; (2) a workplace temporary restraining order;
and (3) a CLETS domestic violence criminal protective order (CPO) on June 19, 2015 in
a related criminal action. Despite the EPO prohibiting him from contacting I.Y. or
Daughter through any means, M.Y. called I.Y. several times from jail.
II. M.Y.’s Guilty Plea and the Second CPO (2016)
On March 14, 2016, in the related criminal action, M.Y. pleaded guilty to
one count of vandalism (§ 594, subd. (a)/(b)(2)(a)) and two counts of disobeying a
domestic relations court order (§ 273.6, subd. (a)). As the factual basis for the plea, M.Y.
admitted to “[w]illfully, unlawfully, and maliciously damag[ing] and destroy[ing]
property” at the residence, and to “knowingly and [i]ntentionally” violating the EPO by
contacting I.Y. twice. All other charges were dismissed. That same day, a second CPO
was issued against M.Y. protecting I.Y. and Daughter, as a probation condition order
(§ 1203.097).
III. The Original DVRO (2016)
Days after the second CPO was issued, I.Y. requested a DVRO. She
identified the most recent dates of abuse as the 2015 events when M.Y. put a hole in the
wall, dented her car, blocked her from leaving the house, and threw the dresser down.
I.Y. described other earlier acts of abuse, including: (1) M.Y. leaving her
and Daughter, then six months old, at a restaurant when I.Y. refused to ride home with
him drunk; (2) him kicking Daughter’s toys in front of her; (3) him slamming the
dishwasher door, causing dishes inside to break, during an argument; (4) him slamming
I.Y.’s laptop down on a table; (5) using profanity often in front of Daughter; and
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(6) telling I.Y. many times, “I want to take myself out,” and once telling Daughter,
“[H]ow about daddy just shoots himself?”
On May 13, 2016, the trial court (Judge Michael J. Naughton) heard
testimony from both parties on the DVRO request.2 By party stipulation, the police
report of the March 26, 2015 incident was admitted into evidence. In the report, the
officer noted that M.Y. had violated the EPO by calling I.Y. seven times from jail.
The trial court found by a preponderance of the evidence that M.Y.
committed acts of domestic violence against I.Y. and Daughter. The minute order noted
that M.Y. “violat[ing] the Criminal Protective Order seven times is enough for this court
to issue a restraining order.”3 The court ordered sole legal custody to I.Y., who was
“willing to allow monitored visits” between M.Y. and Daughter. It issued a five-year
DVRO to protect I.Y. and Daughter and ordered him to complete a 52-week batterers’
intervention program.
From May 2016 to February 2020, the DVRO was amended five times to
change, among other things, M.Y.’s visitation schedule with Daughter. M.Y. sought,
unsuccessfully, to have Daughter removed from the DVRO as a protected party; he never
asked for I.Y. to be removed.
IV. The Request for Renewal of the DVRO (2021)
Before the DVRO was set to expire on May 12, 2021, I.Y. filed a request
for lifetime renewal, or alternatively, for a five-year renewal. In her supporting
declaration, I.Y. declared M.Y. regularly violated the DVRO, including (1) a 2017
incident when M.Y. picked up Daughter at German school without a visitation monitor
2 A transcript of the hearing is not included in the record on appeal.
3 Although the trial court referred to seven violations of a CPO, it most likely
was referring to the seven calls M.Y. attempted on March 27, 2015, in violation of the
EPO. Those calls could not have been in violation of any CPO, the first of which was not
issued until months later.
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present; (2) a 2019 incident when M.Y. approached I.Y. during a school recital;
(3) occasions when M.Y. would send text messages to Daughter; and (4) an occasion
when M.Y. asked his adult son to text I.Y. on his behalf. In his opposition, M.Y. denied
that these events constituted violations of the DVRO.
At the four-day hearing, the trial court (Judge Carmen R. Luege) heard
testimony from I.Y., M.Y., and his treating psychiatrist. To save time, the court informed
the parties it was treating the underlying facts that led to the issuance of the original
DVRO as “credible” and “having been proven.” It stated it was taking judicial notice of
the entire court file, so the parties needed only to “refer to all the documents without
having to ask” for judicial notice.
After taking the matter under submission, the trial court denied the request
to renew the DVRO (the Denial Order). The court addressed the four significant events
that I.Y. alleged to be violations of the DVRO and found she “failed to produce credible
and persuasive evidence [M.Y.]’s conduct between 2017 and the time of hearing
constituted DVRO violations.”
With respect to the 2017 German school pickup, the main facts are not in
dispute. About 8:15 a.m. one Saturday, I.Y. texted M.Y. through TalkingParents, a
communication program, asking him to “please pick [Daughter up at German school that
day] and let me know if it doesn’t work out.” M.Y. saw the message around 11 a.m. and
responded three minutes later to inform I.Y. that he did not know if his visitation monitor
would be able to make it. He added, “Since I do not know when she will, please pick her
up. I will also go there alone just in case you do not get this message. I will be 100 years
[sic] away.” I.Y. did not view the message until two days later. When asked why she did
not turn on the message alert feature on TalkingParents, I.Y. testified, “Because I don’t
want to be available at whims [sic] notice. I want to decide when I read the messages,
and I get e-mail notifications every time a message is sent by [M.Y.]” Once M.Y. picked
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up Daughter, he had her call I.Y. to let her know. I.Y. had M.Y. drop Daughter off at her
home and called the police to report the violation. M.Y. waited in his car for about
15 minutes before driving away. The court found M.Y.’s reason for picking up Daughter
without a monitor “more credible and persuasive than [I.Y.]’s presentation of the facts.”
It found his 15-minute wait outside the house not a DVRO violation “because he did not
want to appear like he had avoided the police by leaving the property immediately after
delivering [Daughter] to [I.Y.’s] home.”
As for the 2019 school recital, the trial court amended the DVRO to allow
M.Y. to attend, provided he “maintain a reasonable distance from [I.Y.] and is not to
interact with her at the recital.” But immediately after the recital, M.Y. approached I.Y.
and proposed he start his visitation with Daughter immediately, rather than wait four
more hours for the regularly scheduled custodial exchange. The court found that the
contact was “peaceful” and I.Y.’s description of it was “an exaggerated effort” to
establish a DVRO violation. The court noted that although I.Y. described the
conversation as “unwanted,” “bothersome,” and “unpleasant,” she testified that it did not
cause her fear.
The trial court found I.Y. had “engaged in multiple instances of
exaggerated testimony about particular incidents leading the [c]ourt to conclude that
[I.Y.] lacks credibility.”
The court found that M.Y.’s efforts to have his adult son contact I.Y.—the
son was asking her to check her TalkingParents messages—were appropriate because
they concerned “an urgent custody-related timing issue.” It did not find any DVRO
violation resulting from M.Y.’s communications with Daughter. The court did not
believe the nature of either communications would cause I.Y. to have “genuine and
reasonable” apprehension of further abuse. The court rejected I.Y.’s claim that M.Y. was
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stalking her while she and Daughter were on a six-week trip in Germany, by asking
Daughter for their address to serve I.Y. court papers there.
Although it found no DVRO violations, the trial continued to analyze
factors to determine whether I.Y. had reasonable apprehension of future abuse if the
DVRO were not renewed and whether her apprehension was genuine and reasonable.
Ultimately, the court found that I.Y. failed to establish these facts by a preponderance of
the evidence and denied the renewal request.
DISCUSSION
I.Y. contends the trial court wrongly took judicial notice of the entire
underlying court file. She also contends it applied the wrong legal standard by
(1) allowing M.Y. to challenge the evidence and findings underlying the issuance of the
DVRO; (2) disregarding his abusive litigation tactics; (3) disregarding his violations of
the DVRO; and (4) considering his state of mind in violating the DVRO. For all but the
third contention, we disagree that the trial court erred. As for the alleged DVRO
violations, we agree with I.Y. that M.Y. violated the DVRO, but we nonetheless affirm
because I.Y. fails to show the errors resulted in a miscarriage of justice.
I. Standard of Review
We review a denial of a request to renew a DVRO for abuse of discretion.
(Ashby v. Ashby (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 491, 509 (Ashby).) We review claimed
evidentiary errors under the same standard. (In re Marriage of F.M. & M.M. (2021)
65 Cal.App.5th 106, 116.) “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court exceeds
the bounds of reason,” that is, when its ruling “is arbitrary, capricious, or patently
absurd.” (Heidi S. v. David H. (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 1150, 1163.) But when deciding the
legal question of “‘“whether a trial court applied the correct legal standard to an issue in
exercising its discretion,”’” we apply a de novo review. (Ashby, at p. 509.) We presume
the trial court order is correct, “‘and all intendments and presumptions are indulged to
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support it on matters as to which the record is silent.’” (Ibid.) The appellant bears the
“‘burden to affirmatively demonstrate error.’” (Ibid.)
Even when error is shown, “we will not substitute our opinion and divest
the trial court of its discretionary power unless [the appellant] shows a clear case of abuse
and a miscarriage of justice.” (In re Marriage of Brewster & Clevenger (2020) 45
Cal.App.5th 481, 500 (Marriage of Brewster) [emphasis added]; Cal. Const., art. VI,
§ 13.) A miscarriage of justice occurs when “it is reasonably probable that the trial court
would have reached a result more favorable to the appellant absent the error.” (Jones v.
Farmers Ins. Exchange (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 986, 999; see also In re S.G. (2021)
71 Cal.App.5th 654, 673 [“lower court decision applying the incorrect legal standard”
subject to miscarriage-of-justice limitation].)
II. Judicial Notice of the Court File
I.Y. argues the trial court improperly took judicial notice of the entire court
file. Not so. First, a trial court can properly take judicial notice of state-court records
(Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d)), including the “entire trial court file” (see, e.g., In re
Marriage of Wilson & Bodine (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 768, 770, fn. 1 [taking judicial
notice of “entire trial court file”]). Although judicial notice generally may not be taken of
the truth of hearsay statements in those records (Williams v. Wraxall (1995)
33 Cal.App.4th 120, 130, fn. 7), I.Y. does not identify any time when the court erred in
that way, and she therefore fails to show “how [the alleged error] affected the judgment.”
(Shuster v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 505, 512, fn. 4.)
Indeed, at the close of evidence, the trial court made clear it was no longer taking judicial
notice of the entire record and that the parties were expected to submit written requests
for judicial notice of records for the court to review. In any event, I.Y. waived the
argument by failing to object below. (Shuster, at p. 512, fn. 4.)
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III. Legal Standard Applied
I.Y. next contends that the trial court failed to apply the correct legal
standard. We reject this general contention. In the Denial Order, the trial court recited
the following correct legal standard.
Family Code section 6345, subdivision (a), provides in relevant part, a
DVRO “may be renewed upon the request of a party . . . without a showing of further
abuse since the issuance of the original order.” (Emphasis added.) Citing Ritchie v.
Konrad (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 1275, 1283 (Ritchie) and Ashby, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th
at pp. 509-510, the trial court acknowledged that it is “unnecessary for the protected party
to introduce or the court to consider actual acts of abuse the restrained party committed
after the original order went into effect.” Instead, the court must determine “whether the
protected party has [‘]a reasonable apprehension[’] abuse will occur at some time in the
future if the protective order is allowed to expire.” (Ashby, at p. 510; Ritchie, at p. 1288.)
“A trial court should renew the protective order, if, and only if, it finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that the protected party entertains a ‘reasonable
apprehension’ of future abuse. . . . [T]his does not mean the court must find it is more
likely than not future abuse will occur if the protective order is not renewed. It only
means the evidence demonstrates it is more probable than not there is a sufficient risk of
future abuse to find the protected party’s apprehension is genuine and reasonable.”
(Ashby, at p. 510; Ritchie, at p. 1290 [emphasis added by trial court].)
The trial court listed the five factors to consider in determining the
genuineness and reasonableness of a party’s apprehension: (1) the factual basis of the
initial DVRO; (2) any significant changes in the circumstances surrounding the events
justifying the DVRO; (3) whether the restrained and protected parties have moved on
with their lives so that the opportunity and likelihood of future abuse has diminished;
(4) whether changes in the parties’ lives have enhanced the opportunity and possibility of
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future abuse; and (5) the burden of the protective order on the restrained party. (Ritchie,
supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1290-1292.) The court noted the fifth factor would not
justify denying a DVRO renewal where there is reasonable apprehension of future acts of
physical abuse.
Having recited more or less the same standard in her opening brief, I.Y.
fails to demonstrate the court applied the wrong legal standard.
IV. Alleged Evidentiary Errors
I.Y.’s four examples of how the trial court applied the wrong legal standard
are more accurately described as complaints of evidentiary error. In essence, she argues
the trial court considered inadmissible evidence or evidence for an improper purpose
(M.Y.’s challenge to the evidence and findings underlying the issuance of the DVRO and
his state of mind in violating the DVRO) and it refused to properly weigh relevant
evidence (M.Y.’s litigation tactics and violations of the DVRO). We address each
complaint in turn.
A. The Evidence and Findings Underlying the Initial DVRO
I.Y.’s first complaint is that the trial court impermissibly allowed M.Y. to
“challenge the truth of the evidence and findings underlying the initial order.” (Ritchie,
supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 1290.) Specifically, M.Y. explained that he punched a hole
in the wall because he was upset over a work dispute, not because of I.Y., and that she
saw the hole the day after it happened. He also testified that he “did not throw the dresser
down as [I.Y. had] described.” He instead claimed he pushed the dresser, caught it
before it fell to the ground, and then decided to let it go, at which point it fell to the
ground. We find no reversible error.
Assuming M.Y.’s testimony should have been excluded, I.Y. cannot show
resulting prejudice. In the Denial Order, the trial court expressly “accept[ed] as proven
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facts [M.Y.’s] conduct as described in [I.Y’s] request for a restraining order filed on May
13, 2016” and “considered [M.Y.’s] abusive conduct during the marriage.”
B. M.Y.’s Litigation Conduct
To show M.Y. was harassing her, I.Y. testified that every year on his
birthday, he filed a request for order (RFO) to change the custodial arrangement without
presenting new facts and that he did not appear at one of those hearings. I.Y. contends
the trial court erred by disregarding these harassing litigation tactics. We are
unpersuaded.
I.Y. correctly notes that “custody and financial disputes are often used by a
restrained party as a pretext to continue harassing and controlling the protected party.”
(Ashby, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 516.) And a trial court can “find, where appropriate,
that a party’s litigation strategies and tactics are evidence of inappropriate behavior that
provides grounds for a restraining order’s renewal.” (Lister v. Bowen (2013) 215
Cal.App.4th 319, 336.)
Here, the record suggests the trial court considered the allegation of M.Y.’s
inappropriate litigation tactics. Over his objection, the trial court allowed I.Y. to testify
about his repeated, unsuccessful RFO’s. The court reasoned, “[I]f there was an RFO
every year, and there was a ruling every year, then those two things need to be put
together for me. [¶] And if it shows some pattern, then I will infer that -- I mean, [I.Y.’s
counsel] can argue what the pattern is based on the specific record.” By finding no issue
with M.Y.’s litigation conduct, the court impliedly rejected I.Y.’s argument.
I.Y. also complains the court improperly considered her testimony to find
that her renewal request was motivated by custody considerations. She testified that the
RFO’s were “disruptive” and “harassing” and that it was “unfair” for M.Y. to ask for
more time with Daughter. From this testimony the court inferred I.Y.’s main “fear” was
that expiration of the DVRO would “lead to time-sharing modifications” in favor of
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M.Y., “rather than [from] genuine apprehension about future abuse.” This was a
reasonable inference for the trial court to draw. This court “‘has no power to judge the
effect or value of, or to weigh the evidence; to consider the credibility of witnesses; or to
resolve conflicts in, or make inferences or deductions from the evidence. We review a
cold record and, unlike a trial court, have no opportunity to observe the appearance and
demeanor of the witnesses. [Citation.] “Issues of fact and credibility are questions for
the trial court.” [Citations.] It is not an appellate court’s function, in short, to
redetermine the facts.’” (In re S.A. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1128, 1140.)
C. The DVRO Violations
I.Y. argues the trial court erred by finding that none of the following six
examples constituted DVRO violations: (1) M.Y. directed his adult son to text I.Y.,
despite the DVRO prohibiting him from contacting I.Y. except through TalkingParents;
(2) M.Y. approached I.Y. at a school recital, despite the DVRO requiring that he “shall
maintain a reasonable distance from [I.Y.] and is not to interact with her at the recital;”
(3) While I.Y. and Daughter were vacationing in Germany, M.Y. asked Daughter to
confirm I.Y.’s family home address there to serve her with an RFO, despite the DVRO
prohibiting him from keeping them “under surveillance;” (4) M.Y. texted Daughter
outside his custodial time; (5) M.Y. picked up Daughter from German school without a
monitor, despite the requirement of monitored visits, and waited 15 minutes at I.Y.’s
house after dropping off Daugther; and (6) M.Y. tried unsuccessfully to see Daughter at
school before the monitor arrived, talked to someone there about using that time to tutor
her, and left gifts for her there. While we agree that many of these actions were
violations of the DVRO, we nonetheless conclude that I.Y. fails to establish the trial
court’s erroneous ruling resulted in a miscarriage of justice. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.)
Stated another way, we are satisfied the trial court would have reached the
same result even if it had determined that M.Y’s conduct violated the DVRO. The trial
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court correctly recognized that a “violation of a DVRO can support a finding of
reasonable apprehension.” Still, the court expressly found that M.Y.’s testimony was
credible and that I.Y. “engaged in multiple instances of exaggerated testimony about
particular incidents leading the [c]ourt to conclude that [she] lacks credibility.” In
accepting M.Y.’s version of events, the court essentially found that M.Y.’s conduct was
not the result of ill will toward I.Y., and it did not believe I.Y.’s claimed apprehension of
abuse was genuine and reasonable. As the reviewing court, we do not second-guess the
trial court’s credibility determinations. (Marriage of Brewster, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at
p. 500.)
Having found no violations of the DVRO, the trial court still considered the
Ritchie factors to determine whether I.Y. had established “by a preponderance of the
evidence that the protected party entertains a ‘reasonable apprehension’ of future
abuse[, i.e., that] the evidence demonstrates it is more probable than not there is a
sufficient risk of future abuse to find the protected party’s apprehension is genuine and
reasonable.” (Ashby, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 510.) First, the trial court accepted as
true the factual basis for the DVRO, but noted that M.Y. never hit, pushed, or grabbed
I.Y. Second, the court found “significant changes in the circumstances surrounding the
events justifying the initial 2016 DVRO.” In 2016, M.Y. was not under the care of a
psychiatrist, was abusing prescription medication, and was unemployed and sleeping
most of the day. The court credited the testimony of M.Y.’s treating psychiatrist that
M.Y. was taking medication that improved his psychiatric issues, was no longer abusing
prescription medication, and was employed fulltime. Third, the court found that M.Y.
“ha[d] moved on with his life so that the opportunity and likelihood of future abuse [wa]s
diminished.” He completed courses on anger management and coparenting skills, which
“indicate[d] a recognition on [his] part that he caused the marital problems and that he
has gained an understanding on how to manage his behavior towards [I.Y.] to avoid
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confrontation.” He maintained a strong relationship with Daughter. Finally, as stated
ante, the court made a factual determination that I.Y. was mainly concerned M.Y. would
receive more time with Daughter if the DVRO were not renewed. While other judges
may have reached the opposite result, we cannot say the evidence here compels it as a
matter of law.
I.Y.’s reliance on Lister v. Brown (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 319 does not
change the analysis. The Lister court noted “that any violation of a restraining order is
very serious[ ] and gives very significant support for renewal of a restraining order.” (Id.
at p. 335.) But the issue in Lister was whether a trial court’s decision to renew a DVRO
was supported by substantial evidence—not whether evidence of restraining-order
violations compelled a determination that the DVRO must be renewed as a matter of law.
(Id. at p. 322.)
We conclude it is not reasonably probable that I.Y. would have obtained a
more favorable outcome even if the trial court had found M.Y. violated the DVRO.
D. M.Y.’s State of Mind
Finally, I.Y. contends the trial court may not consider whether M.Y.
intended to violate the DVRO—it matters only that he did violate it. I.Y.’s cited
authority, however, does not support her position. In Rybolt v. Riley (2018)
20 Cal.App.5th 864, 868, 871-872 (Rybolt), the restrained party generally denied
intending to intimidate or harass the protected party, but the trial court found the
restrained party had violated the DVRO several times and that circumstances had not
sufficiently changed to reduce the need for continued protection. The appellate court
affirmed the renewal of the DVRO, noting the trial court had properly considered the
Ritchie factors. (Id. at pp. 873-875, 877.) Rybolt does not hold that a trial court is barred
from considering the restrained party’s state of mind when his or her actions violate a
restraining order. To the contrary, a court can and should consider “whether the
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restrained and protected parties have moved on with their lives so far that the opportunity
and likelihood of future abuse has diminished to the degree they no longer support a
renewal of the order.” (Ritchie, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 1291.) Inquiry into the
restrained party’s state of mind could certainly be relevant to that question.
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed. Respondent shall recover his costs on appeal.
DELANEY, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOORE, ACTING P. J.
SANCHEZ, J.
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