Gonzalez v. Collect Access CA4/1 ( 2024 )

Filed 1/24/24 Gonzalez v. Collect Access CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
ALEXIS JOSUE GONZALEZ, D083001
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. PSC2003243)
COLLECT ACCESS, LLC et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Riverside County,
Manuel Bustamante, Jr., Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
James A. Michel for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Zee Law Group, Tappan Zee, Kimberly Barrientos; Bao Law Group and
Jeffrey Bao for Defendants and Respondents.
Alexis Josue Gonzalez brought this action accusing Collect Access, LLC
and Zee Law Group, P.C. (collectively, Respondents) of abusive debt collection
practices. After multiple failed attempts to serve Respondents’ registered
agent for service of process, Gonzalez served Respondents through the
Secretary of State as authorized by the Corporations Code, which provides
that service in this manner “shall be deemed complete on the 10th day after
delivery of the process to the Secretary of State.” (Corp. Code, §§ 1702,
subd. (a), 17701.16, subd. (c).) Respondents failed to respond to the
complaint and Gonzalez took their default three months and 12 days after
delivering the process to the Secretary of State.
Respondents moved to set aside the default, arguing (1) the default was
void under Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (d), because the
Secretary of State did not forward the summons to them until four days
before default was entered; (2) the default should be set aside under
section 473.5 because they did not have actual notice of the lawsuit until they
received the summons from the Secretary of State on the same day that
default was entered; and (3) discretionary relief was warranted under
section 473, subdivision (b), due to “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or
excusable neglect.” The trial court rejected each of Respondents’ arguments
and denied their motion. The trial court entered judgment against
Respondents about one year later.
Respondents then moved to set aside the default and default judgment
based on the same arguments and facts as in their motion to set aside the
default. This time, a different judge granted Respondents’ motion. In doing
so, the judge acknowledged the first judge’s findings, including that the
default was not void under section 473, subdivision (d), because service was
legally effected in accordance with the Corporations Code, and that
Respondents failed to present sufficient evidence that they had no actual
notice of the lawsuit to set aside the default under section 473.5.
Nonetheless, the second judge made opposite findings. The second judge
found the default was void under section 473, subdivision (d), because the
Secretary of State did not actually forward the summons to Respondents
until four days before default was entered, and the default and default
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judgment were void under section 473.5 because Respondents provided
sufficient evidence that they did not receive actual notice in time to defend
the lawsuit.
On appeal, Gonzalez argues (1) the trial court lacked jurisdiction to
hear the second motion to set aside because it was actually a renewed motion
that did not comply with the requirements of section 1008; (2) the trial court’s
interpretation of the Corporations Code was erroneous as a matter of law;
and (3) the motion was not supported by competent evidence of Respondents’
lack of actual notice.
Respondents do not dispute that the second motion did not comply with
section 1008. Rather, relying on Standard Microsystems Corp. v. Winbond
Electronics Corp. (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 868 (Standard Microsystems),
Respondents argue it was not a renewed motion because the first motion
sought to set aside the default, while the second motion sought to set aside
the default and default judgment. Respondents’ reliance on Standard
Microsystems is misplaced. The court there acknowledged the “second motion
sought ‘the same order’ as the first insofar as both asked the court to direct
that the default have no further effect” but hesitated to conclude that the
second motion constituted a renewal of the first because “the two motions
rested on entirely distinct factual and legal predicates.” (Id. at p. 891.)
Unlike the defendants in Standard Microsystems, Respondents here
attempted to use the same facts and legal grounds to obtain relief that was
previously denied, thereby seeking “by sly evasion, a determination contrary
to [a] determination made in the first order.” (Ibid.) Because we conclude
Respondents’ second motion was a repetitive motion barred by section 1008,
we need not reach its merits. The October 26, 2022 order is reversed with
directions to reinstate the default and default judgment.
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I.
A.
Gonzalez filed the first amended complaint on October 8, 2020. Both
Respondents’ statement of information listed Jane Tran as their registered
agent for service of process at 9660 Telstar Avenue, El Monte, California,
91731, which is also the principal office for both Respondents. After several
unsuccessful attempts to serve Tran in person, on January 12, 2021,
Gonzalez obtained an order from the court authorizing service of process
through the Secretary of State.
Pursuant to the Corporations Code, if a corporation’s or limited liability
company’s designated agent cannot be served with reasonable diligence, then
service can be made by delivering to the Secretary of State one copy of the
process for each defendant to be served, together with a copy of the order
authorizing the service. (Corp. Code, §§ 1702, subd. (a), 17701.16, subd. (c).)
The Secretary of State is then required to give notice of the process by
forwarding it to the corporation’s or limited liability company’s principal
office by registered mail. (Corp. Code, §§ 1702, subd. (b), 17701.16, subd. (d).)
The Corporations Code provides that service in this manner “shall be deemed
complete on the 10th day after delivery of the process to the Secretary of
State.” (Corp. Code, §§ 1702, subd. (a), 17701.16, subd. (c).)
On February 22, 2021, Gonzalez filed proofs of service indicating that
the summons, first amended complaint, and order authorizing service for
both Respondents were delivered to the Secretary of State on January 21,
2021. Respondents failed to respond to the complaint and default was
entered against them on May 3, 2021.
On June 1, 2021, Respondents filed a motion to set aside the default.
They argued the default was void under section 473, subdivision (d), because
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the Secretary of State delayed three months before forwarding the process to
them. In support of this argument, Respondents submitted the envelopes
and cover letters from the Secretary of State showing the documents were
mailed by certified mail on April 29, 2021. They also argued the default
should be set aside under section 473.5 because they did not have actual
notice of the lawsuit until they received the summons from the Secretary of
State on May 3, 2021—the same day their default was entered. Finally, they
argued discretionary relief was warranted under section 473, subdivision (b),
due to “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect,” arguing that
the mistake was in Gonzalez filing what Respondents considered to be
premature proofs of service.
Gonzalez opposed Respondents’ motion, arguing that he strictly
complied with service under the Corporations Code. Regardless of when the
Secretary of State forwarded the process to Respondents, the Secretary of
State’s cover letter acknowledged that the documents were delivered to it on
January 21, 2021. Pursuant to statute, service was deemed complete 10 days
later, on January 31, 2021. Therefore, the default entered on May 3, 2021,
was not void due to improper service under section 473, subdivision (d). As
for Respondents’ claim that they did not have actual notice of the lawsuit in
time to defend it, Gonzalez submitted evidence showing that as early as
January 2021, his attorney mailed court documents to Respondents’ agent for
service of process to the 9660 Telstar Avenue address, which is the same
address as both Respondents’ principal office, and the same address that the
Secretary of State mailed the process to. Gonzalez asserted Respondents did
not submit sufficient evidence establishing that they did not have actual
notice of the lawsuit in time to defend it to warrant setting aside the default
under section 473.5. Finally, Gonzalez argued Respondents failed to present
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any evidence that the default was entered because of mistake, inadvertence,
surprise, or excusable neglect to warrant discretionary relief under
section 473, subdivision (b).
B.
After a hearing, Judge Ronald Johnson rejected each of Respondents’
arguments and denied their motion to set aside the default. Judge Johnson
issued a written order on July 29, 2021, with the following findings:
1. Service of process was legally effected against
defendants COLLECT ACCESS, LLC and ZEE LAW
GROUP, P.C. on January 21, 2021 and the service was
complete ten days later on January 31, 2021. (Cal.
Corp. C. §§ 1702(a) & 17701.16(c).) As a result, the
defaults entered on May 3, 2021 are not void pursuant
to Code of Civil Procedure Section 473(d);
2. Defendants COLLECT ACCESS, LLC and ZEE LAW
GROUP, P.C. did not present sufficient evidence to
support their argument that they had no actual notice of
the lawsuit and they did not present, with their motion,
a copy of a proposed pleading or motion pursuant to
Code of Civil Procedure Section 473.5(b);
3. Defendants COLLECT ACCESS, LLC and ZEE LAW
GROUP, P.C. did not present sufficient evidence to
support their argument that the defaults were entered
as a result of mistake, inadvertence, surprise or
excusable neglect and they did not present a copy of a
proposed answer or other pleading pursuant to Code of
Civil Procedure Section 473(b);
For reasons unclear from the record, a different judge was assigned to
the case before the judgment was entered. Judge Manuel Bustamante Jr.
entered judgment on August 4, 2022, against Respondents and awarded
Gonzalez damages, attorney fees, and costs. Gonzalez served the notice of
entry of judgment on August 9, 2022.
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C.
On September 8, 2022, Respondents filed a second motion, this time
seeking to set aside the default and the default judgment. Respondents made
the same arguments based upon the same facts as in their first motion to set
aside the default.
In opposition, Gonzalez argued Respondents’ second motion was a
renewed motion that did not meet the requirements of section 1008,
subdivision (b), because it did not present new or different facts. He also
argued the motion was still not supported by competent evidence.
In reply, Respondents argued the second motion was not a renewed
motion because the first sought to set aside the default while the second
sought to set aside the default and the judgment, therefore the second motion
was not seeking the same order.
D.
After a hearing, Judge Bustamante granted Respondents’ motion and
set aside the default and default judgment on October 26, 2022. Judge
Bustamante acknowledged that Respondents’ motion to set aside the default
was previously denied more than a year prior, but did not address Gonzalez’s
argument regarding section 1008. He quoted Judge Johnson’s specific
findings but viewed the evidence and the application of the Corporations
Code differently, and made opposite findings. Judge Bustamante
acknowledged that Gonzalez delivered the process to the Secretary of State
on January 21, 2021, and that the Corporations Code provides that service is
deemed completed 10 days later, on January 31, 2021. Regardless, the court
found that because the Secretary of State did not forward the documents to
Respondents until April 29, 2021, service should be deemed complete 10 days
after that date, on May 9, 2021. The court concluded the May 3, 2021 default
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was entered prior to Respondents’ statutory timeframe to respond, rendering
the default and default judgment void pursuant to section 473,
subdivision (d). The court also found Respondents provided sufficient
evidence that they did not receive actual notice in time to defend the action,
warranting relief from default under section 473.5.
II.
On appeal, Gonzalez argues the court lacked jurisdiction to hear the
second motion to set aside because it was a renewed motion that did not
comply with the requirements of section 1008, subdivision (b). We conclude
Respondents’ second motion to vacate was both a motion for reconsideration
and a renewal motion. Respondents’ failure to comply with section 1008’s
requirements deprived the lower court of jurisdiction to reach the merits of
the second motion.
A.
Section 1008 represents the Legislature’s goal to limit “repetitive
motions.” (Le Francois v. Goel (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1094, 1103.) Section 1008
does not govern all repetitive motions but instead circumscribes a court’s
“jurisdiction” over “applications for reconsideration of its orders and renewals
of previous motions.” (§ 1008, subd. (e).) It thus creates two distinct
subclasses of repetitive motions: motions for reconsideration, and renewals of
previous motions. Motions for reconsideration are regulated by section 1008,
subdivision (a), which requires that any such motion be (1) filed within
10 days after notice of entry of the order of which reconsideration is sought,
(2) supported by new or different facts, circumstances, or law, and
(3) accompanied by an affidavit detailing the circumstances of the first
motion and what new or different facts, circumstances, or law are claimed to
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be shown. Renewed motions are governed by section 1008, subdivision (b),
which echoes the latter two requirements, but does not impose a time limit.
B.
Respondents do not dispute, and therefore concede, their second motion
was not supported by new or different facts, circumstances, or law. Instead,
relying on Standard Microsystems, they argue their second motion need not
meet the requirements under section 1008 because the first motion sought to
set aside the default, while the second motion sought to set aside the default
and default judgment. We find Standard Microsystems to be distinguishable.
In Standard Microsystems, two corporations that were located outside
the United States were served with a complaint by mail. (Standard
Microsystems, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 874.) Their California attorney
advised them (incorrectly) that service was ineffective and that they need not
respond to the complaint, and the plaintiff secured both the defendants’
defaults. (Id. at pp. 874–876, 897.) That same attorney filed motions to set
aside the defaults pursuant to the discretionary relief provision of
section 473, subdivision (b), which allows relief from a judgment, dismissal,
or order taken through a party’s mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or
excusable neglect. (Id. at pp. 877, 879.) Defendants’ representative declared
that he held a “ ‘reasonable belief that service was defective.’ ” (Id. at p. 878.)
There was no suggestion this belief originated with defendants’ attorney nor
did the motion suggest the defaults were the result of neglect or mistake by
counsel. (Ibid.) The court denied relief, stating “Defendants’ mistaken belief
that service was improper does not amount to excusable neglect.” (Id. at
p. 879.) After a prove-up hearing, the court entered judgment. (Ibid.)
The defendants hired new counsel, who moved for relief from both the
defaults and default judgments pursuant to the mandatory relief provisions
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of section 473, subdivision (b), which mandates relief from a default or
default judgment upon a showing of attorney fault. (Standard Microsystems,
supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 880.) Accompanying this new motion was an
affidavit from the defendants’ prior attorney admitting fault. (Ibid.) The
motion sought discretionary relief in the alternative. (Ibid.) The trial court
denied the motion, concluding (1) the defendants had not made a sufficient
showing for mandatory relief, and (2) the alternative motion for discretionary
relief from default and default judgment was an improper motion for
reconsideration of the trial court’s previous denial of the motion for relief
from default. (Id. at p. 884.)
The Court of Appeal reversed, concluding that the undisputed facts
established the attorney fault necessary to trigger a right to mandatory relief
and that section 1008 did not bar the second motion for relief on this basis.
(Standard Microsystems, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 873.) Crucially, in
finding the defendants’ second motion was not within the ambit of
section 1008, the court noted the distinct factual and legal grounds behind
the two motions. The court reasoned that “merely asking the court to grant
relief that is inconsistent with a prior order, whether by the same or a
different judge, is not a ‘motion for reconsideration’ ” and declined to view the
second motion as such because to the extent the defendants’ second motion
relied upon the mandatory provisions of section 473, subdivision (b), it did not
ask the court to reconsider its previous order denying relief under the
discretionary provisions of that statute. (Id. at pp. 890–891.) In fact, “[t]he
second motion rested on an entirely different legal theory, invoked a different
statutory ground, and relied in very substantial part on markedly different
facts. It neither asked for, nor sought by sly evasion, a determination
contrary to any determination made in the first order.” (Id. at p. 891.)
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Next, the court acknowledged that the second motion arguably
constituted a renewal of the first because it “sought ‘the same order’ as the
first insofar as both asked the court to direct that the default have no further
effect.” (Standard Microsystems, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 891.)
However, the court was reluctant to determine that a second motion
“rest[ing] on entirely distinct factual and legal predicates” could ever be
described as soliciting “ ‘the same order.’ ” (Ibid.) The court moved on,
“[a]ssuming (without deciding) that defendants’ second motion sought the
‘same order’ as the first in part,” and addressed what effect the overlap
should have. (Id. at p. 892.) The court concluded that “assuming the second
motion was a renewal of the first motion insofar as it sought relief from the
underlying default, it was not barred by that fact, in whole or part, because
the relief thus sought was ancillary to, and would be necessary to carry into
effect, the order vacating the judgment, which was subject to no such
constraint.” (Id. at p. 893.)
Here, unlike in Standard Microsystems, both of Respondents’ motions
relied on the same facts and legal bases. In Standard Microsystems, the
defendants sought relief from default on one ground and then sought relief
from default and default judgment on “entirely distinct factual and legal
predicates.” (Standard Microsystems, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 891.)
Because those new factual and legal grounds warranted relief from default
judgment, the court reasoned that the overlap in setting aside the underlying
default did not preclude such relief. (Id. at p. 892.) As part of its reasoning,
the court emphasized that the second motion “neither sought reconsideration
nor the issuance of an order the court had previously declined to grant.” (Id.
at p. 873.) Respondents here did just that—they used the same facts and
legal grounds to set aside the default judgment in order to obtain ancillary
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relief from the underlying default, which was previously denied on the same
grounds. Judge Bustamante viewed the evidence and the application of the
Corporations Code differently; however, he lacked jurisdiction to reach a
different conclusion. Unlike the defendants in Standard Microsystems,
Respondents “sought by sly evasion, a determination contrary to [a]
determination made in the first order.” (Id. at p. 891.)
In sum, we conclude Respondents’ second motion was both a motion for
reconsideration and a renewal motion barred by section 1008. If Respondents
wanted to challenge the trial court’s findings in denying them relief from
default, they could have appealed the ensuing judgment. (Winter v. Rice
(1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 679, 682.)
III.
The October 26, 2022 order is reversed and the trial court is directed to
reinstate the default previously entered on May 3, 2021, and the default
judgment previously entered on August 4, 2022. Gonzalez is to recover his
costs on appeal.
CASTILLO, J.
WE CONCUR:
DATO, Acting P. J.
DO, J.
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