People v. Howard CA3 ( 2024 )

Filed 2/6/24 P. v. Howard CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Yolo)
----
THE PEOPLE, C098307
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. CR2022-2142,
CR2021-2809)
v.
ANTWAIN TROY HOWARD,
Defendant and Appellant.
In November 2022, in case No. CR2022-2142 (the evading an officer case),
defendant Antwain Troy Howard pled no contest to evading a peace officer with reckless
driving and admitted an on-bail enhancement and an aggravating circumstance. That
same day, in case No. CR2021-2809 (the stolen vehicle case), defendant pled no contest
to felony receipt of a stolen vehicle. The parties agreed to two years’ probation with a
five-year suspended sentence, consisting of three years for the evasion charge and two
years for the receipt of a stolen vehicle charge.
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In December 2022, the trial court ordered defendant to attend a residential
substance abuse treatment program as a condition of his bail.
In April 2023, the trial court sentenced defendant according to the terms of the
plea deal and ordered defendant to serve 150 days in jail for the evading an officer case.
The trial court further imposed two $300 restitution fines and two $300 probation
revocation fines.
During sentencing, defense counsel requested actual and conduct credits for the 90
days defendant had spent in a residential substance abuse treatment program (or 180 days
total). The probation report stated that, in the stolen vehicle case, defendant had been
incarcerated for one day in October 2021 and was entitled to one day of actual credit. In
the evading an officer case, defendant had been incarcerated for two days in July 2022
and was entitled to two days actual and two days conduct credit (or four days total).
Regarding defendant’s request for credit for the drug treatment program, the probation
officer suggested that, if the treatment had been ordered as a condition of probation,
defendant would only be entitled to actual credit and not conduct credit. But, if “the
treatment was a condition of presentence release on bail, then he would be entitled to
both conduct and actual credit.” The trial court denied defendant’s request and did not
grant any custody credit, saying that defendant’s rehabilitative time was “incorporated in
the court sentence at this time.”
On appeal, defendant argues he is entitled to 90 days of actual credit and 90 days
of conduct credit (or 180 days total) for the time he spent in drug treatment.1 He further
argues he is entitled to credit for the time he spent in jail after his arrest. Defendant also
asks us to remand the matter for the trial court to determine any monetary credit against
1 Defendant raised this issue in the trial court, enabling the matter to be considered
on appeal. (Pen. Code, § 1237.1.)
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ordered fines for any overage that he served (at a rate of $125 per day). (Pen. Code,2
§ 2900.5.) The People concede defendant is entitled to credit for the time he spent in jail
and 90 days’ credit for the actual time he spent in drug treatment. However, the People
disagree that defendant is entitled to 90 days of conduct credit for his time spent in drug
treatment. We agree with the People and will modify the judgment accordingly. Given
that the resulting credit award is in excess of the term defendant already served, we will
further modify defendant’s judgment to apply a monetary credit pursuant to section
2900.5, subdivision (a) to his fines.
DISCUSSION
I
Actual Credit
Turning first to the issue of actual credit, a defendant committed to jail is generally
entitled to actual credit for all days spent in custody prior to sentencing, including days
spent in jail or in a court-ordered residential drug treatment program. (§ 2900.5;
People v. Jeffrey (2004) 33 Cal.4th 312, 318.) Under section 2900.5, “ ‘ “the placement
[must] be ‘custodial,’ ” ’ ” and it must be “ ‘ “attributable to the proceedings relating to
the same conduct for which defendant has been convicted.” ’ ” (People v. Davis (2023)
87 Cal.App.5th 771, 777; see also § 2900.5, subds. (a) & (b).)
Here, defendant was entitled to actual credit for the one day he spent in jail in
October 2021 and the two days he spent in jail in July 2022. Given that the residential
drug treatment was ordered by the court as a condition of his bail, we further conclude he
was entitled to 90 days actual credit because the placement was custodial and attributable
to the proceedings relating to his conviction. (Cf. People v. Davis, supra, 87 Cal.App.5th
at pp. 777-780 [a defendant who voluntarily participated in a residential drug treatment
2 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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program while he was on bail was not entitled to credit because the program was neither
custodial in nature nor related to his conviction].)
II
Conduct Credit
The People argue defendant is ineligible for conduct credit for the 90 days he
spent in the drug treatment program because such a program is not listed in section 4019.
Despite section 4019’s specific language and multiple cases finding that a defendant is
ineligible for such conduct credit (People v. Palazuelos (1986) 180 Cal.App.3d 962, 964;
People v. Broad (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 882, 884), defendant cites People v. Black
(2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 145 for the proposition that courts have previously awarded
conduct credit for residential drug treatment programs. Moreover, defendant asks us to
read section 4019 expansively, arguing that awarding conduct credit for residential drug
treatment programs is consistent with the “spirit of the statute.” We agree with the
People.
In order to determine whether defendant is entitled to presentence conduct credit
for the residential drug treatment program, we must interpret section 4019. In
interpreting the statute, we attempt to discern the Legislature’s intent, first by considering
the words of the provision. (Smith v. Superior Court (2006) 39 Cal.4th 77, 83.) If the
statutory language is unambiguous, “the plain meaning controls” and consideration of
“extrinsic sources to determine the Legislature’s intent is unnecessary.” (Kavanaugh v.
West Sonoma County Union High School Dist. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 911, 919.)
Under section 4019, a defendant is entitled to two days of credit for every four
days he spends in custody. The statute makes clear that a defendant is only eligible for
conduct credit under section 4019 if he was a prisoner “confined in or committed to a
county jail, industrial farm, or road camp or a city jail, industrial farm, or road camp.”
(§ 4019, subd. (a)(1)-(a)(6).) Conduct credit is also applicable if the prisoner was placed
on a home detention program pursuant to section 1203.016 or a work release program
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pursuant to section 4024.2. (§ 4019, subd. (a)(7).) And, conduct credit is applicable if a
prisoner is “confined in or committed to a state hospital or other mental health treatment
facility, or to a county jail treatment facility in proceedings pursuant to [c]hapter 6
(commencing with [s]ection 1367) of [t]itle 10 of [p]art 2.” (§ 4019, subd. (a)(8).)
Given the statute’s clear language limiting conduct credit to only certain types of
custody situations, we conclude the Legislature did not intend to extend conduct credit
for residential drug treatment programs, even if participation was a condition of bail. We
note that other courts have reached the same conclusion. (People v. Palazuelos, supra,
180 Cal.App.3d at p. 964; People v. Broad, supra, 165 Cal.App.3d at p. 884.)
We disagree with defendant that Black changes our analysis. The defendant in
Black was placed on three years’ probation after being convicted of identity theft.
(People v. Black, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 148; § 530, subd. (a).) After the defendant
violated probation, the trial court modified the probation conditions to include
participation in the drug court rehabilitation program and residential treatment. (Black, at
p. 149.) As part of the defendant’s participation in the drug court program, she agreed to
waive all section 4019 credits. (Black, at p. 152.) The defendant subsequently violated
probation again, and the trial court sentenced the defendant to three years in prison. (Id.
at p. 149.) On appeal, the defendant argued her waiver was not knowing and intelligent
because her attorney failed to discuss the implications of it, and the trial court failed to
admonish her of the consequences on the record. (Id. at p. 152.) The appellate court
disagreed and concluded her waiver was proper. (Id. at pp. 154-155.) The court agreed
with the People that the waiver only applied to any section 4019 credits that were accrued
before the defendant signed the agreement, meaning that the defendant was entitled to
section 4019 credits “for any time spent in custody after September 24, 2007,” and a
remand for calculation of credits was appropriate. (Black, at p. 155.)
We note that neither of the parties in Black addressed on appeal whether the
defendant was entitled to the credits. Instead, the Black court was focused on the effect
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of the defendant’s waiver of section 4019 credits. (People v. Black, supra,176 Cal.App.4th at pp. 152-155.) Rather than determine the issue by itself, the Black
court remanded the matter for the trial court to determine whether the defendant was
entitled to conduct credit and/or how much. (Id. at p. 156.) The Black court failed to
discuss the language of section 4019, and it did not discuss the other cases finding that a
defendant is not entitled to conduct credit for residential drug treatment programs. Given
that Black fails to address whether the defendant was actually entitled to conduct credit
for the residential treatment program, we are not persuaded that this case is instructive
here.
III
Fines And Remedy
The trial court erred in failing to award defendant 93 days of actual credit for the
time he spent in jail and at the residential drug treatment program. The appropriate
remedy is to modify the judgment. (People v. Taylor (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 628, 647
[“[a] sentence that fails to award legally mandated custody credit is unauthorized and
may be corrected whenever discovered”].) As defendant notes, he has already served his
full sentence and the 93 days of actual credit is 93 days more than the sentence imposed.
Because defendant has served days in excess of his sentence, he is entitled to a monetary
credit against his fines at a rate of $125 a day. (§ 2900.5, subd. (a).) The resulting credit
exceeds the imposed fines. Accordingly, the fines must be stricken.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified to strike the imposed fines and reflect 93 days of
custody credit. As modified, the judgment is affirmed. The trial court is directed to
prepare an amended abstract of judgment in accordance with this opinion and to forward
a certified copy to the appropriate authority.
/s/
ROBIE, Acting P. J.
We concur:
/s/
KRAUSE, J.
/s/
WISEMAN, J.*
* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District, assigned
by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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