Jones v. Hudson McDonald Properties CA1/1 ( 2023 )

Filed 12/4/23 Jones v. Hudson McDonald Properties CA1/1
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
GEZEL MAZIDUS JONES,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
A163809
v.
HUDSON MCDONALD (Alameda County
PROPERTIES, INC., Super. Ct. No. RG18925478)
Defendant and Respondent.
Plaintiff Gezel Mazidus Jones slipped and fell on a wet metal utility
vault cover located in the driveway apron of a sidewalk in front of a parking
garage that defendant Hudson McDonald Properties, Inc. (Hudson) manages
for its tenants, which includes Jones. Jones filed a complaint against Hudson
for premises liability. After the trial court granted Hudson’s motion for
summary judgment, Jones appealed.
We conclude that Jones did not raise a triable issue of material fact as
to whether Hudson owed her a duty of care to protect her against the
allegedly dangerous condition of the utility vault cover. Accordingly, we
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
At the time of the slip and fall incident, Jones lived at an apartment
complex in Berkeley that was managed by Hudson and had lived there for
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over ten years. Hudson also managed a nearby parking garage for tenants of
the apartment complex. The entrance to the parking garage has two gates.
Tenants can open the gates by using a remote (or “clicker”) from their car or
by swiping a key fob near a “key reader” box adjacent to the gates.
The undisputed facts show that shortly after midnight on March 13,
2018, Jones returned home from Kaiser Hospital. It was raining. She
parked her vehicle in the driveway of the parking garage. Her clicker was
not working, so to open the garage gates, she exited her vehicle to swipe her
key fob in front of the key reader. As she returned to her vehicle, she slipped
and fell on a metal embossed utility vault cover located in the driveway
apron. The parties agree that the utility vault cover did not present a
tripping hazard.
Several months later, Jones sued Pacific Gas and Electric Company
and several Doe defendants for premises liability. In an amended complaint,
Jones identified Hudson as a Doe defendant. The amended complaint
asserted that Hudson is liable for maintaining “premises near or adjacent to”
the parking garage in a dangerous condition, which proximately caused Jones
to “trip and fall” on the “sidewalk surface while walking.”
Hudson moved for summary judgment. It argued that it did not have a
duty to inspect, maintain, or repair the subject utility cover because it did not
own or control the utility cover. Hudson also argued that Jones could not
establish that it caused her injuries or that it had notice of the allegedly
dangerous condition of the utility cover. Finally, it argued that the utility
cover was not defective, and even if it was, the defect was trivial as a matter
of law.
Hudson supported its motion with excerpts from the deposition of Jones
and declarations from its resident manager and a slip and fall expert,
2
Hanhtrinh Le. Le conducted “slip resistance testing” on the utility cover
using an “English XL Variable Incidence Tribometer,” a device used to
measure the slip resistance of walkway surfaces. Le concluded from the
testing that the utility cover did not present a “significant slip risk in dry or
wet conditions,” as there was a less than 6% probability of slipping while
walking on the utility cover.
In opposition, Jones argued there were triable issues of material fact
regarding whether Hudson fulfilled its duty of care to her because of evidence
showing that Hudson was aware that tenants had occasional problems with
the parking garage remote controls, requiring them to get out of their car and
swipe a key fob to the key reader box. Jones contended that she “would not
have encountered the slippery utility cover had Defendant fulfilled its duty of
care with respect to the process by which tenants were to open the garage
gate when seeking to enter the parking garage.” (Italics added.) She also
argued that there was a triable issue of material fact regarding whether
Hudson had actual and constructive notice of the dangerous condition and
whether the “slippery condition” of the utility cover was trivial as a matter of
law.
The declaration of Jones’s slip and fall expert, Zachary M. Moore,
showed that he also conducted wet slip resistance testing on the utility cover,
and found that its “average slip resistance index,” when accounting for the
slope of the driveway, was 0.30, which was below the “industry standard” of
0.50. He concluded that the utility vault cover constituted a “substantial”
slip hazard when wet. Jones also supported her opposition with the
declaration of Bahman Mehdizadeh, a property manager and landowner, who
stated that the “industry custom and practice requires landowners and
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property managers to provide tenants with a safe means of ingress and
egress into parking garages/facilities.”
Hudson filed numerous objections to the Moore and Mehdizadeh
declarations. It also filed a reply declaration from Le, who claimed that
Moore, in forming his opinion, ignored the “margin of safety” included in the
0.5 industry safety standard he relied on.
Following briefing and a hearing, the trial court sustained 21 of
Hudson’s 27 objections to the Moore declaration. It also sustained the
objections to the Mehdizadeh declaration as irrelevant. The court granted
summary judgment on the grounds that Hudson did not own or control the
utility vault cover that Jones slipped on and that the alleged defect in the
utility vault cover was trivial as a matter of law and thus did not constitute a
dangerous condition.
Following the entry of judgment, Jones timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
The elements of a premises liability claim such as the one at issue in these
proceedings are: a legal duty of care; breach of that duty; and proximate
cause resulting in injury. (See Kesner v. Superior Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th
1132, 1158.) Here, Jones argues that the trial court erred in granting
Hudson’s summary judgment motion on the ground that Hudson did not owe
her a duty of care with respect to the utility cover because it did not own or
control the utility cover. Additionally, Jones asserts she raised a triable issue
of material fact as to whether the utility cover presented a dangerous
condition.
Because a landowner or occupier may have a limited duty of care with
respect to a hazardous condition on adjacent land where the owner or
occupier had actual notice of the hazard (Alcaraz v. Vece (1997) 14 Cal.4th
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1149, 1157 (Alcaraz)), and because the parties and the trial court did not
expressly address how notice affected the scope of Hudson’s duty of care in
that context, we asked for supplemental briefing on the issue.1 (Code Civ.
Proc., § 437c, subd. (m)(2).) In its supplemental brief, Hudson argues that no
triable issue of material fact exists as to its lack of notice of the alleged defect
in the utility cover, and that a landowner or occupier does not owe a duty of
care with respect to an “unknown” and “latent” condition on land it does not
own or control unless the owner or occupier has created the hazard.
Accordingly, it contends, it did not owe Jones a duty of care with respect to
the utility cover because it did not create the “slipping hazard.” Jones’s
supplemental brief did not address the questions presented.
We agree with Hudson that its lack of control and ownership over the
utility cover and its lack of notice of the allegedly dangerous condition of the
utility cover are dispositive as to the scope of the duty of care it owed Jones.
We therefore affirm.
1 “Even if the grounds entitling the moving party to a summary
judgment were not asserted in the trial court, we must affirm if the parties
have had an adequate opportunity to address those grounds on appeal.”
(Garrett v. Howmedica Osteonics Corp. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 173, 181.)
Accordingly, we requested supplemental briefing from the parties as to (1)
whether there was a triable issue of material fact regarding Hudson’s notice
of the dangerous condition of the utility vault and (2) the scope of a land
possessor’s duty of care with respect to a latent property condition which is
on adjacent land not owned or controlled by the land possessor and which is
unknown to the land possessor, citing Alcaraz, supra, 14 Cal.4th 1149 and
Hamilton v. Gage Bowl, Inc. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1706 (Hamilton), which we
discuss in more detail below. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (m)(2).) We
also note that Hudson raised the issue of its lack of actual and constructive
notice of the dangerous condition of the utility vault in the trial court, albeit
in the context of arguing that it did not breach any duty of care it owed Jones.
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A. Basis for Summary Judgment and Standard of Review
Summary judgment is properly granted if “there is no triable issue as
to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) “A defendant seeking
summary judgment must show that the plaintiff cannot establish at least one
element of the cause of action.” (Regents of University of California v.
Superior Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 607, 618; see Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd.
(p)(2).) If the defendant makes this showing, “the burden shifts to the
plaintiff . . . to show that a triable issue of one or more material facts exists
as to the cause of action or a defense thereto.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd.
(p)(2).)
A defendant moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of
production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable
issue of material fact. (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th
826, 850.) “A prima facie showing is one that is sufficient to support the
position of the party in question. . . . No more is called for.” (Id. at p. 851.) A
defendant moving for summary judgment against a plaintiff who bears the
burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence must present evidence
that would require a reasonable trier of fact not to find any underlying
material fact more likely than not. (Ibid.)
On appeal, we independently review an order granting summary
judgment, “ ‘ “ ‘considering all the evidence set forth in the moving and
opposing papers except that to which objections were made and sustained.’ ”
[Citation.] We liberally construe the evidence in support of the party
opposing summary judgment and resolve doubts concerning the evidence in
favor of that party.’ ” (Hartford Casualty Ins. Co. v. Swift Distribution, Inc.
(2014) 59 Cal.4th 277, 286.) Moreover, “[w]e must affirm a summary
6
judgment if it is correct on any of the grounds asserted in the trial court,
regardless of the trial court’s stated reasons.” (Garrett v. Howmedica
Osteonics Corp., supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 181.)
B. Jones’s Evidentiary Challenges
Jones argues that the trial court committed prejudicial error by
sustaining almost all of Hudson’s objections to the declarations of Moore and
Mehdizadeh. Jones does not present arguments specific to most of the
objections, but rather generally states that the trial court abused its
discretion in ruling on the objections. In support of this argument, she
contends that the various theories Hudson asserted in support of its
objections—for example, lack of foundation, hearsay, inadmissible
speculation—were without merit, and cites some examples.
It is not enough for Jones to assert generally that none of these theories
provide a basis for objecting to her evidence. “One cannot simply say the
[trial] court erred, and leave it up to the appellate court to figure out why.”
(Niko v. Foreman (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 344, 368.) “It is the responsibility
of the appellant . . . to support claims of error with meaningful argument and
citation to authority.” (Allen v. City of Sacramento (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th
41, 52, citing Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).) Nor can we be
expected to search the record for support for Jones’s wide sweeping
contentions. (See Mansell v. Board of Administration (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th
539, 545–546.) Although Jones makes specific arguments for why the trial
court erred in sustaining three of Hudson’s objections, those objections were
directed at evidence concerning whether the utility cover presented a
dangerous condition, an issue we need not reach in this appeal.
On this record and based on the briefs before us, we decline to address
each of the objections sustained by the trial court to determine whether the
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ruling was correct. Instead, to the extent that we find that evidence to which
an objection was sustained is relevant to our holding, we will address the
evidentiary objections in the sections that follow.
C. Hudson Met Its Initial Burden by Presenting Evidence Showing It
Did Not Owe Jones a Duty Regarding the Utility Cover.
In reviewing a ruling on summary judgment, we first identify the
issues framed by the pleadings, “since it is these allegations to which the
motion must respond by establishing a complete defense or otherwise
showing there is no factual basis for relief on any theory reasonably
contemplated by the opponent’s pleading.” (AARTS Productions, Inc. v.
Crocker National Bank (1986) 179 Cal.App.3d 1061, 1064.)
Jones’s amended complaint broadly asserted that Hudson is liable on a
premises liability theory because it negligently “maintained, controlled,
possessed, repaired, inspected, operated, designed, built, managed and
cleaned certain premises located near and adjacent to” the parking garage “in
a dangerous condition” so as to cause Jones to “trip and fall on the sidewalk
surface . . . .” The complaint further alleged that Hudson knew or should
have known about the dangerous condition in “adequate time for a
reasonable [sic] prudent person to have corrected the dangerous condition, or,
to have properly warned persons” of the condition.
It is undisputed that Jones was injured as a result of slipping and
falling on a wet utility vault cover located within the driveway entrance to
the parking garage managed by Hudson. Hudson argued that Jones’s
premises liability claim fails as a matter of law because it had no duty to
inspect, maintain or repair a utility cover it did not own or control and no
notice of the alleged defect in the utility cover. To meet its initial summary
judgment burden, Hudson presented evidence that it received no complaints
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regarding the condition of the driveway, that there was no apparent defect in
the utility cover, that it did not own or control the utility cover, and that it
took no action regarding the premises “adjacent to” the parking garage that
contributed to the allegedly dangerous condition of the utility cover. This
evidence satisfies Hudson’s initial burden to negate the duty element of
Jones’s premises liability claim.
Every person has a duty to exercise, “in the management of his or her
property or person,” reasonable care for the safety of others. (Civ. Code,
§ 1714, subd. (a); see also Vasilenko v. Grace Family Church (2017) 3 Cal.5th
1077, 1083.) “Those who own, possess, or control property generally have a
duty to exercise ordinary care in managing the property in order to avoid
exposing others to an unreasonable risk of harm.” (Annocki v. Peterson
Enterprises, LLC (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 32, 37.) The existence and scope of
a duty is a question of law for the court to decide. (Barnes v. Black (1999) 71
Cal.App.4th 1473, 1478.)
“The following factors determine the scope of the landowner’s duty of
care under the relevant circumstances: the foreseeability of harm to the
injured party; the degree of certainty he or she suffered injury; the closeness
of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered;
the moral blame attached to the defendant’s conduct; the policy of preventing
future harm; the extent of the burden to the defendant and the consequences
to the community of imposing a duty of care with resulting liability for
breach; and the availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance for the risk
involved.” (Barnes v. Black, supra, 71 Cal.App.4th at p. 1478, citing Rowland
v. Christian (1968) 69 Cal.2d 108, 113 (Rowland)2.)
2 Rowland “was partially superseded by statute on a different issue as
stated in Calvillo-Silva v. Home Grocery (1998) 19 Cal.4th 714, 722, . . .
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“In most instances, where there is no control over the premises, there is
no duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent injury. [Citation.] Generally, ‘a
landowner has no right to control and manage premises owned by
another.’ [Citation.] Thus, usually a landowner has no duty to prevent injury
on adjacent property. [Citations.] Similarly, an adjacent landowner has no
duty to warn of dangers outside of his or her property if the owner did not
create the danger.” (Annocki v. Peterson Enterprises, LLC, supra, 232
Cal.App.4th at p. 37; see also Lopez v. City of Los Angeles (2020) 55
Cal.App.5th 244, 256 [“courts have identified two situations in which an
owner or occupier of private land has engaged in affirmative or positive
action sufficient to hold them liable for a hazard located on abutting, publicly
owned property: (1) when the owner or occupier has created that hazard . . . ,
or, (2) . . . when the owner or occupier has ‘dramatic[ally] assert[ed]’ dominion
and control” over the abutting property].)
In Hamilton, supra, 6 Cal.App.4th 1706, for example, the plaintiff was
injured in the defendant’s parking lot when an adjoining property owner’s
sign affixed to that party’s wall fell on her. (Id. at p. 1708.) Without asking
for permission from the adjoining property owner, the defendant had painted
a “small portion of the . . . wall to cover graffiti” and had refurbished a
different sign on the wall which advertised the defendant’s business. (Id. at
pp. 1709–1710.) The plaintiff sued the defendant for premises liability. (Id.
at p. 1708.) The defendant moved for a nonsuit, which the trial court
granted. (Id. at p. 1710.)
disapproved on a different issue in Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25
Cal.4th 826, 853 . . . .” (Smith v. Freund (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 466, 473, fn.
5.)
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The Second District affirmed, rejecting the plaintiff’s argument that the
defendant had exercised sufficient control over the wall of the adjacent
building to justify imposition of a duty on the defendant to inspect the sign.
(Hamilton, supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1712–1713.) The court reasoned that
the dangerous condition of property was the sign itself, “or more accurately,
the means by which the sign was affixed.” (Ibid.) Absent any evidence that
the defendant exercised control over the sign that fell, the court concluded
that the defendant had no duty to discover the dangerous condition of the
sign. (Id. at pp. 1712–1713.) The court considered the Rowland factors,
noting that the accident was not foreseeable because the appearance of the
sign did not give any indication that it was improperly fastened to the wall,
and that the closeness of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and
the plaintiff’s injuries was lacking because the facts did not suggest that the
defendant was aware of the possibility that the sign would come loose and fall
into its parking lot below. (Id. at pp. 1713–1714; see also Marshall v. United
Airlines (1973) 35 Cal.App.3d 84, 90–91 [airline had no duty to warn where
defect of the airport stairs it did not own or control was hidden].)
Although our high court later held that the “duty to maintain land in
one’s possession in a reasonably safe condition exists even where the
dangerous condition on the land is caused by an instrumentality that the
landowner does not own or control[,]” it distinguished Hamilton on the
ground that the landlord defendants in the case before it had “actual notice”
of the defective condition of a meter box it did not own or control but which
was located on a strip of land the defendants may have controlled. (Alcaraz,
supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1157.) “The issue, therefore, is not whether
defendants had a duty to inspect or repair the meter box, but whether, in
light of their alleged knowledge of the dangerous condition of the meter box,
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they had a duty to persons entering the strip of land to protect them from, or
warn them of, the hazard.” (Ibid.; see also Contreras v. Anderson (1997) 59
Cal.App.4th 188, 198, fn. 10 [“it appears the duty recognized in Alcaraz is
limited to hazards on adjacent property of which the defendant landowner is
actually aware or should be aware because of ‘actual notice’ ”].) The court
noted that if the defendant in Hamilton had received “actual notice” that the
sign hanging over its parking lot was in danger of falling, it would have had a
duty to persons using its parking lot to warn them of or protect them from the
dangerous sign. (Alcaraz, at p. 1157.)
Here, Hudson’s evidence shows that it did not own or control the utility
cover, and thus it had no duty to inspect it for defects and discover its
allegedly dangerous condition. (See Hamilton, supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at p.
1713.) It is further undisputed that the driveway “remained substantially
the same for the entire 10 years” of Jones’s tenancy, that Hudson had not
conducted any repairs or work “to the area outside of the parking garage,
inclusive of the utility cover,” and that Jones did not complain about the
driveway. Hudson’s resident manager also stated in her declaration that she
had not received any complaints about a dangerous condition on the
sidewalk, driveway, or utility cover. Photographs confirm that the purported
defect in the utility cover—its unsafe slip resistance—is not apparent and
that the driveway is an ordinary driveway.3 Together, this evidence
demonstrates that Hudson did not have actual notice of the alleged defect in
3 Both parties presented as evidence photographs of the utility cover
and the driveway. In determining that the alleged defect in the utility cover
is not overt, we rely mainly on the photographs provided by Jones, as they
are of higher quality. Gaps in a party’s evidentiary showing may be filled by
the opposing party’s evidence. (Villa v. McFerren (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 733,
751.)
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the utility cover such that it would have a duty to individuals coming onto its
premises to warn them of, or protect them from, the hazard. (See Alcaraz,
supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1157.) This evidence also indicates that Hudson did
not build or maintain the premises it owned or controlled in a way that
created the purported slipping hazard. Hudson therefore met its initial
burden to make a prima facie showing negating the duty of care element of
Jones’s premises liability claim.
D. Jones Failed to Present Evidence Establishing a Triable Issue of
Material Fact.
On appeal, Jones does not dispute that Hudson did not own or control
the utility cover and did not cause the allegedly unsafe slip resistance of the
utility cover. Nonetheless, she argues Hudson owed a duty of care with
respect to the adjoining property because it knew its tenants would use the
driveway to occasionally access the key reader as a means of ingress and
egress to the garage and could encounter the utility cover.4 As we will
explain, this contention fails to create a triable issue of material fact.
4 During oral argument, Jones’s counsel argued that the Berkeley
Municipal Code created a legal duty for Hudson to inspect and maintain the
utility vault cover. Jones did not raise the Berkeley Municipal Code until her
supplemental brief, and even then, she presented no cogent argument that
the cited provision imposes liability on Hudson for injuries resulting from
defects in the utility cover. We therefore treat the point as forfeited. (See
Paulus v. Bob Lynch Ford, Inc. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 659, 685 [“[c]ourts will
ordinarily treat the appellant’s failure to raise an issue in his or her opening
brief as a waiver of that challenge”]; EnPalm, LLC v. Teitler (2008) 162
Cal.App.4th 770, 775 [issue deemed waived where it is not supported by
“argument, discussion, analysis, or citation to the record”].) Further, Jones’s
characterization of that provision is not fully accurate as it requires an owner
of real property to maintain a sidewalk in good repair so as not to endanger
persons using the sidewalk but does not and could not alter the nature of the
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1. Hudson’s Notice of the Alleged Defect in the Utility Cover
In the trial court, Jones argued that there was a triable issue of
material fact regarding whether Hudson had actual or constructive notice of
the dangerous condition of the utility cover based on Moore’s declaration, in
which he concluded that Hudson “knew or should have known of the unsafe
condition” of the utility cover. Moore, in turn, relied on evidence that Hudson
conducted daily inspections of the parking garage and that it knew there
were occasional problems with the remote garage opener that required
tenants to exit their vehicles on the driveway where the utility vault was
located.
However, this evidence does not establish that Hudson had notice of
the purportedly unsafe slip resistance of the utility cover when wet, only that
Hudson knew that tenants may encounter the utility cover. This is
insufficient to demonstrate that Hudson was aware of or should have been
aware of “an unreasonable risk of harm” or “the existence of a dangerous
condition.” (Jones v. Awad (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 1200, 1210.) As previously
explained, the allegedly unsafe slip resistance of the utility cover when wet
was not apparent from a visual examination of the cover, a fact which Jones
concedes in her reply brief. Moreover, the trial court properly sustained
Hudson’s objections to Moore’s opinions regarding notice, as they amount to
improper legal conclusions. (See, e.g., Martinez v. County of Los Angeles
(1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 334, 348.)
2. Hudson’s Duty of Care
Turning to Jones’s arguments regarding the duty of care element of her
premises liability claim, she contends that a triable issue of fact exists as to
ownership interests in the utility vault, nor does it negate the fact that
Hudson had no notice of the dangerous condition of the utility cover.
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Hudson’s duty of care because Hudson “knew that its tenants would
encounter that surface when accessing the parking garage,” and because the
utility cover is “located on premises which [Hudson] provided to its tenants as
a means of ingress and egress to the parking garage.” She notes that if a
resident’s remote control was not working, the resident would have to exit
their vehicle and use the key reader on the right-side of the building,
meaning the resident “could potentially” step on the utility cover, and that
Hudson knew the remote controls did not always function. In her trial brief,
Jones suggested that Hudson’s duty of care required it to change the type of
remote control or key reader it used.5
In response, Hudson argues that it owed no duty of care regarding the
utility cover based in part on the Rowland factors. As previously mentioned,
those factors include “the foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of
certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury, the closeness of the connection
between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered, the moral blame
attached to the defendant’s conduct,” and “the extent of the burden to the
defendant . . . of imposing a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for
breach . . . .” (Rowland, supra, 69 Cal.2d at p. 113.) We conclude that
Hudson has the better argument.
To begin with, Jones does not support most of her factual assertions
with citations to evidence in the record. In a summary judgment appeal, “[a]s
with an appeal from any judgment, it is the appellant’s responsibility to
affirmatively demonstrate error and, therefore, to point out the triable issues
5 The Mehidizadeh declaration was stricken by the trial court as
irrelevant. As the declaration constituted impermissible lay opinion, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion. (See e.g. People v. DeHoyos (2013) 57
Ca.4th 79, 106-107; Evid. Code, §800.)
15
the appellant claims are present by citation to the record and any supporting
authority.” (Lewis v. County of Sacramento (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 107, 116,
italics added, disapproved of on another ground as recognized in Kaufman &
Broad Communities, Inc. v. Performance Plastering, Inc. (2005) 133
Cal.App.4th 26, 41–42.)
Moreover, considering the undisputed evidence that Hudson did not
have actual notice of the dangerous condition of the utility cover, imposing a
duty of care on Hudson in this case simply because it was foreseeable that its
tenants would walk on the driveway apron and might step on the wet utility
cover would essentially create a rule requiring a landowner or occupier to
inspect property it does not own or control to discover latent defects that its
visitors might encounter in entering its premises. We decline to create such a
rule, as it would go beyond the limits of any existing case law and would
impose potentially boundless liability on landowners and occupiers like
Hudson.
Application of the Rowland factors support this conclusion. While it
was foreseeable that Jones would be injured if she slipped and fell on the
utility cover, it was not foreseeable that such an accident would occur, as
nothing in the evidence suggests that Hudson should have been aware of the
possibility that the utility cover was unsafe to walk on in the rain. (See
Hamilton, supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1713–1714.) The closeness of the
connection between Hudson’s conduct and Jones’s injury is lacking. Were we
to hold Hudson liable in this case, we would be doing so when it did no more
than put a standard driveway to its ordinary use. Hudson’s failure to
discover and remedy an alleged defective condition of the utility cover when
wet is not particularly blameworthy because it had no knowledge of the
utility cover’s allegedly unsafe slip resistance and no right to conduct tests on
16
a utility cover it did not own or control to determine its slip resistance. And
the burden of imposing a duty on landowners to inspect adjacent premises for
latent defects would be substantial considering factors of cost and authority
to access, examine and remedy the adjacent property. In sum, these factors
weigh against the imposition of a duty on Hudson to have inspected the
utility cover and discover, and protect tenants from, its unsafe slip resistance
when wet.
The cases relied on by Jones are inapposite. Dudum v. City of San
Mateo (1959) 167 Cal.App.2d 593 and Bonanno v. Central Contra Costa
Transit Authority (2003) 30 Cal.4th 139 (Bonanno), for example, concern a
public entity’s placement of a stop sign and a bus stop, respectively. In
Dudum, the plaintiffs sued the city after they were injured when another
defendant collided with their car. (Dudum v. City of San Mateo, supra, at p.
595.) They claimed that the stop sign at the intersection where the accident
occurred was obscured by a tree. (Ibid.) This court reversed summary
judgment in favor of the city, rejecting the city’s argument that it was not
liable because the tree was privately owned. (Id. at pp. 595–596, 598.) The
court reasoned that the evidence could be construed “to show that the tree
obscures the sign only because of the location chosen for the sign by the city.”
(Id. at p. 597.) Similarly, the Bonanno court concluded that the public entity
could be liable for the dangerous condition created by the location of a bus
stop—users would have to cross a dangerous uncontrolled crosswalk to reach
the bus stop—noting that the existence of the bus stop and sign attracted
patrons, and the bus stop easily could have been moved to a less dangerous
location. (Bonanno, at pp. 151–152.) However, liability of a public entity for
its intentional placement of public property in a way that increases risk
because it invites or encourages people into foreseeably dangerous situations
17
is far removed from the liability of a private landowner for an adjacent
danger he or she does not control and is unaware of.
The other public entity cases cited by Jones also involve the presence of
known hazardous conditions adjacent to the public entity’s property. (See
Branzel v. City of Concord (1966) 247 Cal.App.2d 68, 75 [“While the City did
not maintain or control the power lines, it did maintain the flying field in a
location so close to them that in the light of the known use of the field the
involvement of the field with the lines could be reasonably anticipated”];
Jordan v. City of Long Beach (1971) 17 Cal.App.3d 878, 880–881 [concluding
that while the protruding water pipe that allegedly caused plaintiff’s fall was
located on private property, its location “exposed persons using the [adjacent]
city-owned property to a substantial risk of injury”].)
In Marsh v. City of Sacramento (1954) 127 Cal.App.2d 721 (Marsh), the
plaintiff sued the city after he was injured when he fell from the edge of a city
sidewalk, which had an 8-foot drop to private property below. (Id. at p. 722.)
There was no guard rail or anything else to warn persons using the sidewalk
or prevent them from falling, and it was undisputed that the city had
knowledge of the dangerous condition created by the location of the sidewalk.
(Ibid.) The Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment in favor of the plaintiff,
concluding that the sidewalk itself was in a dangerous condition because “the
probability that persons using it might fall or be jostled off was apparent.”
(Id. at pp. 722, 724.)
Holmes v. City of Oakland (1968) 260 Cal.App.2d 378 concerned a six-
year-old boy who was injured in a railroad right-of-way on a public street
near his school. (Id. at p. 381.) He appealed a trial court order sustaining
the city’s demurrer to his complaint on the ground that he failed to state a
cause of action against the city. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal held that even if
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the city did not control the right-of-way, the public street was in a dangerous
condition because of its adjacency to “unguarded railroad tracks.” (Id. at pp.
389, 391.) The court compared the case to Marsh, noting that in Marsh,
liability was held to exist because the city had “ample notice of the
unguarded condition and opportunity to remedy it.” (Id. at pp. 391–392.)
In all these cases, the issue was whether there was a known or
apparent “ ‘dangerous condition’ ” of public property within the meaning of
the Government Code; they did not involve a question of duty under Civil
Code section 1714 and did not apply the Rowland factors. (Bonanno, supra,
30 Cal.4th at p. 144; Jordan v. City of Long Beach, supra, 17 Cal.App.3d at p.
882; Branzel v. City of Concord, supra, 247 Cal.App.2d at p. 171 & fn. 5;
Marsh, supra, 127 Cal.App.2d at pp. 722–724; Holmes v. City of Oakland,
supra, 260 Cal.App.2d at p. 381; Dudum v. City of San Mateo, supra, 167
Cal.App.2d at p. 595.)
Finally, Jones cites Schwartz v. Helms Bakery, Ltd. (1967) 67 Cal.2d
232, Johnston v. De La Guerra Properties, Inc. (1946) 28 Cal.2d 394(Johnston), and Henderson v. McGill (1963) 222 Cal.App.2d 256 for the
proposition that “the premises” for which a landowner or occupier has a duty
of care “may include such means of ingress and egress as a customer may
reasonably be expected to use.” But again, those cases are inapposite. Each
addresses a duty of an invitor to an invitee with respect to a known or readily
apparent dangerous condition on property for which some degree of control
was exercised by the invitor.
In Schwartz, the plaintiff was a four-year-old who was hit by a car at
dusk when rushing to a street vendor’s truck to buy a doughnut. Knowing
the child lived across a busy street, the vendor told the child to meet him “ ‘up
the street.’ ” The court concluded that street vendors have a high duty of care
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to children purchasing their wares, and after directing the child where to
meet him, a triable question of fact existed as to whether the driver’s conduct
as the “invitor” was reasonable and whether he had a duty to warn of dangers
associated with ingress and egress to his truck. (Schwartz v. Helms Bakery
Ltd., supra, 67 Cal.2d at pp. 235–240.)
In Johnston, the court reversed a judgment of nonsuit favoring a
defendant restaurant owner. (Johnston, supra, 28 Cal.2d at pp. 396, 402.)
Plaintiff was a prospective customer injured when stepping down from an 18-
inch wall that separated the property from an adjacent parking lot owned by
a third party. The wall bordered a dimly lit common walkway that led to one
of the restaurant’s entrances but that was not covered by the restaurant
owner's lease. (Id. at p. 401.) The businesses knew that its patrons
frequently used this adjacent parking lot and traveled the informal pathway.
Finding evidence that the tenant had installed a neon sign with the name of
his restaurant and had connected the sign to the only light placed on the
outside wall, the court concluded that the evidence supported a finding that
the tenant “had a limited right of control over this portion of the premises”
and thus had a duty to warn the plaintiff of the dangerous condition of the
walkway. (Ibid.)
Finally, Henderson v. McGill is also distinguishable because the
dangerous condition there—a faucet obviously protruding four to six inches
from the ground—was located in an area commonly used as a walkway from
the parking lot by patrons to access the coffee shop. Despite the obvious
dangerous condition of the faucet, the court found substantial evidence
supported the jury’s verdict because the shop knew of the condition and
invitees could be distracted from seeing it by the business’s adjacent window.
(Henderson v. McGill, supra, 222 Cal.App.2d at pp. 258, 262.)
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In each of these cases cited by Jones, the invitor knew of a dangerous
condition or the dangerous condition was readily apparent. These facts do
not exist in this case. In sum, Jones has not demonstrated a triable issue of
material fact regarding whether Hudson owed her a duty of care with respect
to a latent defect involving the slip-resistance of the utility cover when wet
when that utility cover was owned and controlled by a third party.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Defendant shall recover its costs on appeal.
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GETTY, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUMES, P. J.
MARGULIES, J.
A163809N

Judge of the Solano County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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