Jones v. City of Los Angeles CA2/5 ( 2023 )


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  • Filed 12/15/23 Jones v. City of Los Angeles CA2/5
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
    not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
    has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION FIVE
    ANTWON JONES,                                                    B313095
    Plaintiff and Respondent,                              (Los Angeles County
    Super. Ct. No.
    v.                                                     BC577267)
    CITY OF LOS ANGELES,
    Defendant and Respondent;
    MICHAEL J. LIBMAN et al.,
    Appellants.
    APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los
    Angeles County, Elihu M. Berle, Judge. Affirmed in part,
    reversed in part and remanded.
    Law Offices of Michael J. Libman and Michael J. Libman
    for Appellants.
    Kabateck, Brian S. Kabateck, Anastasia K. Mazzella and
    Hugo B. Flores for Plaintiff and Respondent.
    Annaguey McCann and Kathryn L. McCann; Ellis George
    Cipollone O’Brien and Eric M. George; Hydee Feldstein Soto, City
    Attorney, Kathleen A. Kenealy and Julie C. Riley Deputy City
    Attorneys for Defendant and Respondent.
    ______________________
    Attorney Michael J. Libman and Law Offices of Michael J.
    Libman, APC (collectively Libman), purported to represent
    ratepayer Antwon Jones, individually and on behalf of a class, in
    consolidated class action lawsuits that were brought against the
    City of Los Angeles based on inaccurate billing by the Los
    Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). As part of a
    settlement with the City that was approved by the trial court,
    Libman was awarded attorney fees of $1.65 million plus costs.
    Following revelations that some of the attorneys who negotiated
    the settlement represented both the City and the class, the trial
    court instituted proceedings to reevaluate whether the settlement
    was fair and reasonable, including the award of attorney fees. As
    a result of these proceedings, the court entered an order requiring
    Libman to disgorge all of the fees that he received. The court
    entered a second order imposing monetary sanctions of
    approximately $116,000 and nonmonetary sanctions based on
    Libman’s discovery misconduct during the proceedings. Libman
    appeals from both orders.1 Ultimately, we affirm the
    nonmonetary sanctions imposed and the disgorgement of $1.65
    1 The motions seeking discovery sanctions and
    disgorgement were filed by Jones alone. On appeal, the City filed
    a brief as a purported respondent joining in the contentions made
    by Jones.
    2
    million in attorney fees, but reverse the monetary sanctions of
    approximately $116,000, as explained below.
    With respect to the sanctions order, Libman contends on
    appeal that: (1) the court’s inherent supervisory authority does
    not include the power to award attorney fees as a sanction; (2)
    the Civil Discovery Act (Discovery Act: Code Civ. Proc.,
    § 2016.010 et seq.)2 does not authorize sanctions against a
    nonparty; (3) the trial court abused its discretion by awarding
    both non-monetary and monetary discovery sanctions against
    Libman for asserting a constitutional privacy right; and (4) the
    trial court abused its discretion by imposing both non-monetary
    and monetary sanctions for lost electronically stored information.
    We conclude that nonmonetary sanctions were properly
    imposed under the trial court’s inherent authority to control the
    proceedings before it, but the trial court did not have the power to
    impose monetary sanctions in this case pursuant to its inherent
    authority or the discovery statutes. The sanctions order must be
    modified to delete the award of monetary sanctions, and as
    modified, we affirm.
    With respect to the disgorgement order, Libman contends
    on appeal that: (1) the disgorgement order exceeded the trial
    court’s authority to order injunctive relief; (2) the disgorgement
    order is not supported by substantial evidence that Libman
    violated the California Rules of Professional Conduct;3 (3) denial
    of discovery violated his due process rights; (4) the disgorgement
    order is an excessive fine; (5) the trial court lacked authority
    2 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil
    Procedure, unless otherwise stated.
    3 All further references to rules are to these rules.
    3
    under Code of Civil Procedure sections 128 and 664.6 to order
    disgorgement; and (6) the trial judge should have recused
    himself.
    Because Libman failed to set aside the order imposing
    nonmonetary sanctions, which included striking his opposition to
    the motion for disgorgement and entering his default, the issues
    that he may raise on appeal from the disgorgement order are
    correspondingly limited. Even were we to consider the issues on
    the merits, however, we would affirm. The disgorgement order is
    a money judgment, not injunctive relief, and it is supported by
    substantial evidence of egregious violations of the rules for
    ethical conduct. It is not an excessive fine. The trial court
    properly exercised its authority in ordering disgorgement, and we
    find no basis for the trial court’s recusal. Therefore, we affirm
    the disgorgement order.
    4
    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    Background4
    In 2013, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
    (LADWP) implemented a new billing system designed by
    PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) which resulted in thousands of
    inaccurate billing statements to LADWP customers. LADWP
    customers began filing lawsuits against the City of Los Angeles
    in December 2014 in connection with the billing errors. On
    December 9, 2014, LADWP customer Antwon Jones entered into
    a written attorney-client fee agreement with attorney Paul
    Paradis of Paradis Law Group.
    Paradis and attorney Paul Kiesel met with an attorney at
    the City, after which the City agreed to retain Paradis and Kiesel
    as special counsel to represent the City against PWC in
    connection with the billing program.
    In January 2015, Paradis sent Jones a draft for a class
    action complaint against PWC (the draft complaint). Paradis,
    Kiesel, and attorney Gina Tufaro were listed as counsel for Jones
    in the draft complaint. Jones was not aware that Paradis and
    Kiesel were also acting as special counsel for the City. The draft
    complaint was never filed.
    Paradis was unable to obtain a conflict waiver from the
    4 In accordance with the standard of review, we state the
    facts in the light most favorable to the judgment. (Meister v.
    Mensinger (2014) 
    230 Cal.App.4th 381
    , 387 (Meister).) Many of
    the background facts are drawn from the October 2019 report of
    ethics attorney Ellen Pansky to the Los Angeles City Attorney’s
    Office, which both parties relied on in their briefs on appeal.
    5
    City to represent both the City and a ratepayer. In February
    2015, Paradis suggested Ohio attorney Jack Landskroner could
    represent Jones. Kiesel suggested Libman to serve as local
    counsel in California.
    On March 3, 2015, Kiesel informed Libman that Paradis
    was drafting a complaint for Jones’s class action against the City.
    He asked for Libman’s state bar number to add to the complaint.
    Lawsuits Filed
    On March 6, 2015, Paradis, Kiesel, and several of the City’s
    attorneys filed a lawsuit on behalf of the City against PWC (the
    PWC action). The complaint alleged claims arising out of the
    billing system that PWC designed for the LADWP. The PWC
    action was assigned to Judge Elihu M. Berle.
    On March 24, 2015, Paradis sent a draft of a claim notice
    for Jones to Kiesel, asking him to send it to Libman to sign.
    Kiesel sent the notice to Libman with a reminder to sign it.
    Paradis introduced Jones to Landskroner. Jones believed
    Paradis and Landskroner were filing a complaint for him against
    the City. Landskroner provided a final draft of Jones’s class
    action complaint to Libman with directions to file it.
    On April 1, 2015, Libman filed Jones’s class action
    complaint against the City, listing Libman and Landskroner as
    counsel for Jones and alleging claims arising from the inaccurate
    bills (the Jones class action). The Jones class action was also
    assigned to Judge Berle.
    After the Jones class action complaint was filed, Jones
    communicated solely with Landskroner. Jones never met
    Libman or understood Libman to be his counsel.
    6
    The other class actions filed against the City were found to
    be related to the Jones class action, and the Jones class action
    was designated as the lead case (collectively referred to as the
    class action).
    In July 2015, Libman associated Kiesel as cocounsel in an
    unrelated personal injury lawsuit. Libman and Kiesel conducted
    a trial in the personal injury case between August 10 and
    August 20, 2015. They obtained a $2.5 million verdict, after
    which the parties in that case reached a confidential settlement.
    Kiesel received at least $500,000 for his work on the case.
    In August 2015, four months after the Jones class action
    was filed, a proposed settlement was reached with the City. The
    trial court did not initially approve the settlement, however,
    because of concerns expressed by the court and the counsel in the
    related cases.
    In September 2015, Libman associated Kiesel as cocounsel
    in a case against a home repair store, which went to trial a few
    weeks later and resulted in a $1.415 million verdict.
    In December 2015, Paul L. Bender was appointed as the
    independent court monitor in the class action.
    In May 2017, Jones filed a motion for final approval of the
    settlement and an award of attorney fees. Jones executed a
    declaration in support of the motion that referred to Landskroner
    as “class counsel” and to Libman as “liaison counsel.” Jones
    declared that he approved of his class counsel’s request for
    attorney fees and costs based on the high quality work that class
    counsel performed and the benefits of the settlement for the
    Jones class.
    7
    Libman Declaration Supporting Request for Attorney
    Fees
    Libman submitted a declaration in support of his request
    for attorney fees for his work as class counsel. He declared that
    his firm expended 1,444 hours in the litigation, and he personally
    worked 1,340 hours. He attached monthly time reports of the
    work that his firm performed, as well as charts dividing the work
    into different categories. He represented that his firm prepared
    the charts from contemporaneous daily time records that the firm
    maintained.
    He submitted his firm resume. Under the title “Wage and
    Hour and Consumer Class Actions (Co [ ] Counseled with
    Kingsley and Kingsley),” Libman listed 32 cases and stated:
    “Since 2005 the Libman firm successfully collaborated and
    co [ ]counsel[ed] with Kingsley & Kingsley in class actions and
    consumer protection litigations.”
    Libman’s billing litigation summary for work attributable
    to the Jones class action showed Libman worked 31.75 hours in
    November 2013, and 25.5 hours in December 2013, at a rate of
    $575 per hour. In 2013, his paralegal performed 2.5 hours in
    November and 1.5 hours in December. The tasks that Libman
    listed having performed in 2013 were factual investigation and
    communication with the client/class member.
    Libman’s billing summary for 2014 listed 43.5 hours in
    January, 23.25 hours in February, 12 hours in March, and
    approximately 20 hours per month thereafter, for a total of
    253.75 hours expended in 2014. 229.75 of those hours were spent
    on factual investigation, 5.5 hours were spent drafting the initial
    8
    and amended complaint, and 18.5 hours were spent
    communicating with the client/class member. His paralegal also
    spent 3.5 hours drafting the initial and amended complaint in
    2014.
    His 2015 summary similarly listed a total of 256.25 hours
    worked. He claimed his time was spent on a wider variety of
    tasks in 2015, including 23 hours drafting the initial and
    amended complaint. In 2016, he listed 478.5 hours expended,
    including 22.75 hours working with the independent court
    monitor on confirmatory discovery. For the first five months of
    2017, he listed 294.25 hours.
    Libman did not disclose his working relationship with the
    City’s special counsel Kiesel to the trial court or to Jones.
    Entry of Judgment in the Class Action
    The motion for approval of the settlement and an award of
    attorney fees was heard on July 7, 2017, by Judge Berle. Libman
    identified himself at the hearing as appearing for Jones and as
    class liaison. The court explained that although the burden was
    on the proponent of the settlement to establish that the
    settlement was fair and reasonable, there was a presumption of
    fairness when the settlement was reached through outside
    bargaining, the investigation and discovery were sufficient to
    allow counsel and the court to act intelligently, counsel was
    experienced in similar litigation, and the percentage of objectors
    was small. In ruling that the settlement was entitled to a
    presumption of fairness, the court relied on the fact that the
    settlement negotiations and the mediation were undertaken in
    good faith and at arm’s length at all times. The court also
    9
    concluded that the settlement was fair and reasonable in part
    because the plaintiffs understood there would be risk involved in
    continuing the litigation, and class counsel believed the
    settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate.
    On July 20, 2017, the trial court entered an order
    approving the class action settlement and awarding a total of $19
    million in attorney fees to counsel for the various class actions.
    The City paid $19,241,003.99 to Landskroner, from which
    attorney fees and costs were distributed to the other attorneys in
    the consolidated cases. Libman received $1.65 million for
    attorney fees and $3,370.01 for expenses.
    During discovery proceedings in the PWC case, Paradis’s
    simultaneous representation of Jones and the City was revealed.
    Ultimately, in March 2019, Landskroner filed a motion to be
    relieved as class counsel in the Jones class action.
    Appointment of New Class Counsel and Discovery Orders
    At a hearing in the Jones class action in April 2019, the
    trial court appointed attorney Brian S. Kabateck as the new class
    counsel. The trial court informed Libman that if he wished to
    withdraw as liaison counsel, he should file a motion and submit
    an accounting of all sums that he received from the class action
    litigation. The trial court ordered Kabateck to prepare written
    orders based on the court’s rulings.
    In May 2019, the trial court entered a written order
    appointing Kabateck as class counsel. The order directed
    Kabateck, among other duties, to educate himself on how the
    settlement was reached, and after evaluating whether the
    settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate under all of the
    10
    circumstances, if he should deem it necessary to protect the
    interests of the class, to seek appropriate relief on behalf of the
    class.
    On July 3, 2019, in the class action, the trial court entered
    an order directing Libman to provide an accounting to the court
    for the funds that he had received, including cash receipts and
    disbursements, debits and credits, and full dates and recipients of
    all funds. In addition, Libman was ordered to produce all
    documents in connection with the class action and related
    matters reflecting the following information: sums that he
    received and sums received by anyone, disbursements made from
    any sums that Libman received and disbursements made to
    anyone, all time records submitted for compensation, actual time
    expended by Libman, expenses incurred and expense
    reimbursements submitted, attorney-client agreements, and
    agreements among Landskroner, Paradis, Kiesel, Libman, and
    their related companies. Libman was directed to deliver the
    accounting and the documents to the trial court by July 12, 2019.
    In addition, Libman was ordered to produce to Kabateck by
    July 12, 2019, all of the original correspondence, pleadings,
    deposition transcripts, expert reports and other writings
    reasonably necessary to the representation of Jones and the
    class, all original documents reflecting Libman’s work product,
    the original and complete file in the class action and in the PWC
    action, and all original retainer and fee sharing agreements in
    connection with the PWC action.
    On July 22, 2019, in the PWC action, PWC took Libman’s
    deposition. Asked how many potential class members he spoke
    with before the Jones class action was filed, he said more than 20
    people.
    11
    At a hearing in the PWC action on July 25, 2019, Libman
    stated that he began investigating the LADWP billing errors in
    2013. Kiesel suggested that Libman act as local counsel, because
    Kiesel knew Libman had been investigating the billing problem a
    year before anyone else started work on the case. Although
    Libman had stated in court and in the mediation that he
    represented Jones, he admitted that he never met Jones, did not
    have a written attorney-client agreement with Jones, did not
    have Jones’s consent to represent him, and did not have Jones’s
    consent to any fee arrangement. He asserted that he represented
    Jones indirectly through Landskroner and did not need the
    client’s consent to be paid, only the court’s approval of the fees.
    The trial court noted that in response to the court’s order
    for an accounting, Libman provided an envelope containing some
    time sheets, copies of checks, and invoices. The submission did
    not qualify as an accounting. The court explained that an
    accounting was a compilation of debits and credits, cash receipts
    and disbursements, with explanations of the items. Libman
    stated that he thought he was supposed to produce the
    documents supporting the accounting that was already done, not
    to create a new accounting. The trial court explained the order
    was to create a new accounting and gave Libman an opportunity
    to correct the situation by submitting a full accounting by
    August 30, 2019.
    Kabateck requested copies of the documents in the
    envelope. He noted Libman provided 5 boxes of documents, but
    had not provided a privilege log. The court directed Libman to
    provide a privilege log.
    At a hearing in the PWC action in August 2019, Libman
    acknowledged the court’s order for a new revised accounting and
    12
    asked for additional time due to an impending trial. The court
    granted an extension to September 25, 2019, to file the
    accounting.
    On three occasions, Jones asked Libman for an acceptable
    date to take his deposition. Libman did not respond to any of the
    requests. At a status conference on September 24, 2019, the
    court ordered Libman to cooperate with Jones to schedule his
    deposition.
    Initial Motion Seeking Disgorgement and Continuing
    Effort to Obtain Discovery
    On September 26, 2019, the City filed a request to dismiss
    the PWC action with prejudice. That same day, Jones and the
    City filed a joint application in the class action for an order to
    show cause regarding issuance of a preliminary injunction
    requiring disgorgement of approximately $11,755,000 in attorney
    fees received by Landskroner and Libman.
    On September 27, 2019, Libman filed an accounting in the
    class action consisting of a single page that listed four dates and
    a total amount of $1,655,805 received from Landskroner for fees
    and expenses.
    Jones sent two emails to Libman asking for deposition
    dates without receiving a response. On October 9, 2019, Jones
    sent a notice of deposition and production of documents to
    Libman. Libman asked Jones to take the deposition off calendar,
    stating that he would provide information voluntarily. Jones
    discussed dates with Libman’s attorney, but ultimately concluded
    Libman’s offer for an inadmissible confidential meeting was not
    sufficient.
    13
    Libman filed a response to the motion for an order to show
    cause regarding a preliminary injunction. Jones and the City
    each filed a reply. A hearing was held on the motion on
    December 2, 2019. The trial court found there was sufficient
    evidence to issue an order to show cause regarding a preliminary
    injunction requiring disgorgement of fees against Landskroner
    and Libman.
    Jones sent another email to Libman requesting dates for
    his deposition that went unanswered. In December 2019, Jones
    issued a subpoena to take Libman’s deposition on January 15,
    2020, which required the production of documents. The
    deposition subpoena expressly stated that Libman was not a
    party to the action.
    Initial Motion for Contempt and Continuing Effort to
    Obtain Discovery
    On January 8, 2020, Jones filed an ex parte application for
    an order to show cause regarding contempt, fines, incarceration,
    and sanctions against Libman for failing to provide a complete
    accounting and privilege log. In opposition to the ex parte
    application, Libman filed his own declaration. The trial court
    deemed the ex parte application to be a motion for contempt,
    ordered a briefing schedule, and set a hearing date in March
    2020.
    That same day, Libman filed an ex parte application
    seeking to take the depositions of Kabateck and two of the City’s
    attorneys. He argued the attorneys had submitted executed false
    and misleading documents in support of the order to show cause
    regarding a preliminary injunction. He claimed they had
    14
    knowledge and evidence that other people were responsible for
    Libman’s predicament based on Kabateck’s statement, “I suggest
    you turn your anger and angst toward the fellows who got you
    into this fine mess.” The trial court denied the request for
    depositions.
    On January 30, 2020, Jones, the City, Landskroner, and
    Libman filed a stipulation to stay further proceedings on the
    order to show cause regarding a preliminary injunction for
    disgorgement of attorney fees and to vacate the scheduled
    hearing, without prejudice to the City and/or Jones refiling an
    application for an order to show cause, or similar motion for
    disgorgement, at a later date.
    Libman filed a motion to quash the subpoena for his
    deposition, which was heard on February 14, 2020. The trial
    court found that a subpoena to compel the appearance of a
    nonparty at a deposition must be personally served. Because
    Libman was not served personally, the court granted the motion
    quashing service of the subpoena.
    The trial court noted that Libman continued to be liaison
    counsel in the class action for limited purposes, with fiduciary
    duties to the class and to the court. Based on those duties, the
    court ordered Libman to produce to the court all of his records for
    any time expended in connection with the class action by
    February 24, 2020. The court ordered Kabateck to prepare an
    order reflecting the court’s ruling. Kabateck asked whether the
    order included that Libman must appear for his deposition. The
    court stated that Kabateck needed to personally serve Libman
    with a subpoena, and if Libman didn’t comply with the subpoena,
    Kabateck needed to bring a motion to compel.
    On February 24, 2020, Libman submitted the very same
    15
    time records to the court that he provided with his application for
    attorney fees in 2017. Jones sent a meet and confer letter
    notifying Libman that the submission of his time records was
    inadequate.
    On March 16, 2020, Jones personally served Libman with a
    deposition subpoena that is not part of the record on appeal. Due
    to the coronavirus pandemic, the subpoena was withdrawn in
    April 2020. After issues created by the pandemic could be
    resolved through the use of remote depositions, Jones twice asked
    Libman for dates to hold his deposition and Libman failed to
    respond.
    The motion for contempt was continued and heard on
    July 9, 2020. Kabateck described Libman’s inadequate
    submissions in response to the court’s orders to provide an
    accounting and the various attempts to schedule Libman’s
    deposition, concluding that holding Libman in contempt was the
    only way to get the information from him.
    The court asked the status of Libman’s deposition.
    Kabateck stated that Libman had been served with a subpoena
    and twice asked to provide dates for his deposition, but Libman
    failed to respond. Kabateck acknowledged that he had to take
    further action with respect to the deposition.
    The court asked Libman about appearing for deposition
    and whether it would be helpful to explain matters in a
    deposition. Libman, in explaining why he did not want to sit for
    his deposition, stated that he began working on the DWP
    problem before Jones became involved. In 2013 and 2014, his
    mother-in-law was a prospective client. The billing for her house
    started Libman’s investigation.
    Kabateck noted that Libman’s mother-in-law passed away
    16
    in 2012. Kabateck requested that the court hold Libman in
    contempt and charge him $1,000 per day until he produced an
    accounting showing where the money went that he received for
    fees.
    The trial court told Libman, “These are very serious
    charges made by Mr. Kabateck. I would like to give you an
    opportunity to explain all those charges . . . and give you an
    opportunity to explain in detail all of your receipts and
    disbursements, all your credits and debits, the accounting. [I]
    want to give you an opportunity to explain all the time entries,
    explain all the emails in response to Mr. Kabateck’s charges.
    [I’m] going to give you an opportunity to present all evidence of
    any fraud that you claim. [¶] The court is going to order your
    deposition.” The court ordered Libman’s deposition be taken
    within 30 days, which would include the production of
    documents. The court offered to participate if necessary to make
    rulings on any objections.
    Based on the court’s statement that he could present all
    evidence of fraud at his deposition, Libman served subpoenas on
    Kabateck personally and as the person most knowledgeable for
    his law firm, seeking testimony concerning the drafting and filing
    of a post-appointment report in June 2020. Kabateck filed a
    motion to quash the subpoenas.
    At the same time, Libman filed a motion to revoke the trial
    court’s July 9, 2020 order compelling his deposition. He argued
    that the March 2020 deposition subpoena had been withdrawn
    and no motion to compel Libman’s deposition had been filed
    before the July 9, 2020 hearing. He was not provided any
    statutory notice that his deposition would be compelled during
    the July 9, 2020 hearing. In addition, he argued that the court
    17
    lacked jurisdiction to compel his deposition, as he is not a party
    to the case and there was no authority for this type of deposition.
    In response to the motion to revoke the deposition order,
    Jones argued that the court exercised its inherent power to order
    Libman’s deposition. The court deferred ruling on the contempt
    motion by ordering alternatively for Libman’s deposition.
    On September 23, 2020, a hearing was held on several
    matters in the class action. The court considered the motion to
    quash Kabateck’s deposition subpoenas. The court clarified that
    by ordering Libman’s deposition, the court did not authorize
    Libman to serve subpoenas and start taking discovery. Kabateck
    was acting as class counsel, while Libman was a percipient
    witness who submitted an application for fees, was paid, and had
    percipient knowledge with regard to the hours worked, services
    provided, and monies received. The trial court quashed the
    subpoenas for Kabateck’s deposition personally and as person
    most qualified for his law firm.
    The court considered Libman’s motion to revoke the July 9,
    2020 order compelling his deposition. The court stated that in
    deferring a ruling on the contempt motion, the court ordered
    Libman’s deposition as an alternative. The court concluded it
    had inherent power to enforce order in the proceedings before the
    court, or before a person who was under the court’s authority to
    conduct a judicial investigation, and to compel attendance in a
    proceeding pending before the court under section 128. A
    deposition was one of the court’s proceedings and Libman was a
    person connected to the proceedings over whom the court had
    jurisdiction and may exercise control, as Libman was the liaison
    counsel for the class and continued in a limited capacity to fulfill
    his duties with regard to providing an accounting. The court
    18
    stated that it had invoked its inherent power to control the
    proceedings and under these circumstances, had authority to
    order Libman to have his deposition taken in connection with
    Kabateck’s efforts to investigate the settlement and in connection
    with the order to show cause for contempt. The court had already
    ordered an accounting and Libman’s deposition related to the
    accounting and supporting documents. Based on the evidence,
    Libman was a percipient witness with firsthand knowledge of the
    facts and circumstances relevant to the issues being investigated
    by Kabateck. The court denied Libman’s motion to revoke the
    order compelling his deposition. The court ordered Libman’s
    deposition be taken on October 23, 2020, and the court would be
    available to rule on objections.
    Libman’s Deposition
    The first date of Libman’s deposition was held on
    October 23, 2020. The trial court was intermittently present to
    rule on objections. Libman stated he was not listed as an
    attorney of record on any of the 32 class action cases that he
    listed in his firm resume in support of the award of fees. He did
    not recall the names of the cases that he described in the firm
    resume. Libman refused to answer questions about the work
    that he performed on the cases on the grounds of privilege. The
    trial court overruled his objections. Libman objected that he was
    not a party, simply a witness, and asked to adjourn so that he
    could file a writ. The trial court overruled his objection. Asked
    further questions about his purported collaboration with the
    Kingsley law firm on the cases listed, Libman repeatedly stated
    that he could not recall.
    19
    Kabateck asked about the contemporaneous daily time
    records that were used to create the charts submitted to the court
    in 2017. Libman stated that in March 2018, he had a data
    breach of his computer network that paralyzed the hardware and
    software. He produced a declaration from computer technician
    Tony Clark that he had filed in March 2018 in a different case.
    In the declaration, Clark stated that as a result of hardware and
    software malfunctions, some data on Libman’s server was
    missing, and Clark was in the process of retrieving the data.
    Libman testified that he continued to experience attempted data
    breaches.
    Kabateck established that Libman’s mother-in-law passed
    away in 2012. Libman stated that his wife and father-in-law
    were having a billing problem with LADWP, which alerted
    Libman to the matter. Libman refused on privacy grounds to
    provide the name of any class representative other than a family
    member who Libman had talked to before being introduced to
    Jones in 2015. The court gave Libman an opportunity to conduct
    research on the issue and submit a brief at the next deposition
    session.
    The second date of Libman’s deposition was held on
    November 13, 2020. The trial court was intermittently present.
    Asked where he deposited the $1.6 million that he received from
    Landskroner, Libman refused to answer on the ground that it
    was private information. The trial court found the information
    did not invade Libman’s personal finances and ordered Libman to
    answer the question. Libman stated that it was deposited into a
    business account and refused to answer the question further.
    Asked for the name of the bank where he has his personal
    accounts, Libman refused to answer on the ground that the
    20
    information was private and implicated the privilege of his other
    clients. The court found the name of the bank did not involve any
    confidential information, overruled the objections, and ordered
    Libman to answer the question to provide the name of his bank.
    Libman refused. The court informed Kabateck that he could take
    appropriate action to enforce the court’s orders.
    Libman testified that his firm has an accountant. Asked
    for the name of the accountant, he refused to answer based on his
    privacy rights. The trial court overruled his objection and
    ordered Libman to answer the question. Libman continued to
    refuse to answer and the court informed Kabateck that he could
    take appropriate action. Libman stated that the
    contemporaneous daily time records that he used to prepare his
    fee application were lost or corrupted as a result of hacking in
    2018.
    Jones asked Libman to provide the names of individuals
    that he spoke with as a potential class representative. Libman
    objected on the grounds of privacy for himself and third parties,
    requesting an opportunity to contact the third parties to consider
    whether they wanted to be identified. The trial court overruled
    the objection and ordered Libman to answer the question.
    Libman refused and the trial court informed Kabateck that he
    could take appropriate action. Jones attempted to ask Libman
    about certain email messages and he refused to answer on the
    basis of the agreement governing the email service. The trial
    court overruled his objection and ordered him to answer. Libman
    refused.
    Jones asked Libman when he had last spoken to Paradis.
    Libman refused to answer on the grounds of work product
    privilege and ongoing investigation. The trial court overruled the
    21
    objection and ordered him to answer the question. Libman
    refused to answer despite the court’s order.
    On November 18, 2020, Jones served a notice of deposition
    for Libman’s computer technician Clark to be held on
    December 17, 2020.
    Motions for Contempt, Discovery Sanctions, and
    Disgorgement
    On January 4, 2021, Jones filed three motions against
    Libman. The first was an amended motion for an order of
    contempt based on violation of the court’s orders to produce a
    comprehensive accounting and related information in the class
    action, including documents showing the money he received and
    disbursement of those sums, as well as the names of his bank and
    his business accountant. The motion described the deposition
    questions that the trial court ordered Libman to answer, which
    he refused to answer. Jones requested attorney fees of
    $44,012.50 in connection with the contempt motion.
    Second, Jones filed a motion for disgorgement of attorney
    fees in the amount of $1.65 million pursuant to sections 128 and
    664.6 based on violations of rules 1.1.5, 1.7, and 3.3. The
    disgorgement motion was based on evidence of the following
    conduct: Jones never retained Libman; Libman failed to obtain
    Jones’s written consent to divide attorney fees with Landskroner;
    Libman failed to disclose and obtain written consent from Jones
    as to Libman’s relationships with Paradis and Kiesel; and
    Libman violated his duty of candor to the trial court by
    intentionally falsifying his declaration in support of an attorney
    fees award and failing to disclose material information, including
    22
    conflicts of interest, to the trial court prior to final approval.
    Although the motion was based on the same statutory sections as
    the prior joint application, it did not seek disgorgement by way of
    a preliminary injunction. Jones sought a judgment against
    Libman to recover $1,650,000 in attorney fees and order the
    disgorged fees be deposited into an escrow account in the names
    of Jones’s counsel and the City’s counsel.
    Third, Jones filed a motion for discovery sanctions against
    Libman for violating the trial court’s orders to produce a full
    accounting and respond to deposition questions. The sanctions
    motion was based on the court’s inherent authority and sections
    128, 2023.010, 2023.030, 2025.450, and 2025.480. Jones sought
    monetary sanctions of $116,647.29 and non-monetary sanctions
    in the form of issue preclusion, evidentiary sanctions, and
    terminating sanctions.
    Jones provided the declaration of class counsel Serena
    Vartazarian in support of all three motions. Jones also provided
    the declaration of the independent court monitor Bender. Bender
    declared that although Libman’s billing summary included hours
    worked in conjunction with the independent court monitor, in
    Bender’s role as independent court monitor, he never had contact
    with Libman.
    Jones submitted the declaration of attorney Eric B.
    Kingsley. Kingsley stated that he was the managing partner of
    Kingsley and Kingsley. Libman rented office space from his firm,
    but was never an employee and did not trade services for rent.
    Libman was not cocounsel on any of the 32 cases identified in his
    firm resume. He did not collaborate with Kingsley or anyone at
    his firm on any of those cases. Libman did no legal work on any
    of the cases listed, and he did not receive any fees or
    23
    compensation on those cases. Libman did work, however, on one
    class action case with the firm, and Kingsley’s father, who was
    his former partner and since retired, was cocounsel for several
    personal injury cases with Libman.
    Kabateck filed his declaration in support of the motion for
    disgorgement. He requested the motion for disgorgement replace
    and supersede the prior joint application for a preliminary
    injunction as to Libman only.
    Opposition to Motions and Clark’s Deposition
    Libman filed a special appearance to challenge the court’s
    jurisdiction and a “preliminary opposition” to the three motions.
    Among other arguments, Libman asserted that he was not a
    party to the action and had been relieved of his position as liaison
    counsel, so an order to show cause regarding contempt could not
    be served on him by email.
    Among other arguments in response, Jones stated that
    Libman was put on notice of the disgorgement motion in 2019
    and had been on notice of the contempt proceedings since
    January 2020. Both parties and nonparties must be personally
    served with a contempt affidavit, but personal service was not
    necessary for an amended motion.
    At a hearing on January 27, 2021, the trial court found the
    pending motion for contempt was a continuation of the contempt
    proceedings filed in January 2020. In addition, the court found
    Libman had notice of the intent to seek disgorgement in 2019.
    The trial court permitted Libman to take Kingsley’s deposition.
    The court reiterated that Libman was not entitled to take
    Kabateck’s deposition.
    24
    Libman, on behalf of his computer technician Clark, had
    filed a motion to quash Clark’s deposition subpoena. The trial
    court denied the motion to quash because Clark’s testimony had
    direct bearing on Libman’s claims that his records were
    permanently destroyed in a cyberattack. Despite the court order,
    Libman and Clark failed to appear for Clark’s deposition.
    On February 22, 2021, Libman filed oppositions to the
    sanctions motion, the disgorgement motion, and the contempt
    motion. In opposition to the motion for discovery sanctions,
    Libman argued that section 128 did not provide unlimited
    authority to create new discovery rules contrary to the discovery
    statutes or to award attorney fees to punish attorney misconduct.
    He argued that sanctions under the discovery statutes were
    authorized only to the extent provided by a particular discovery
    procedure, each of which referred to a motion to compel, which
    Kabateck had not sought. It was an abuse of discretion to impose
    discovery sanctions solely for punishment. He argued that an
    order must be in writing and he complied with the court’s
    discovery orders. There was no finding that he disobeyed a court
    order. He also argued that the trial court judge should recuse
    himself from deciding the motion.
    In support of the oppositions, he filed his own declarations.
    He also filed the declaration of Clark. He filed the declaration of
    attorney Scott A. Miller, who stated that he worked on half of the
    cases listed in Libman’s firm resume in collaboration or cocounsel
    arrangements with the Kingsley firm, had often spoken with
    Libman about the cases, and had also seen Libman frequently
    speak with the Kingsley firm attorneys.
    Jones filed a reply to the opposition to the motion for
    discovery sanctions. Jones stated the motion for discovery
    25
    sanctions was not substantively a second motion for contempt,
    but an alternative vehicle for holding Libman accountable for
    disregarding court orders and the judicial process. Libman
    abused the discovery process by failing to comply with the court’s
    July 3, 2019 order to provide an accounting. Jones argued that
    section 2025.480, subdivision (a), allowed a party to move the
    court for an order compelling an answer or production, but did
    not require a motion to compel before a court could issue
    sanctions under the discovery statutes. Section 2023.040
    required only that the motion for sanctions identify the party
    and/or attorney against whom the sanctions were sought and
    specify the sanctions. Moreover, Jones argued, a court may issue
    sanctions under the discovery statutes on its own if it concludes a
    party abused the discovery process, as long as the party receives
    notice and an opportunity to be heard.
    Jones also filed replies to the motion for disgorgement of
    attorney fees and to the opposition to the amended motion for an
    order of contempt. Jones filed additional evidence in support of
    the replies, including excerpts from Kingsley’s deposition.
    Hearing and Trial Court Rulings
    All three motions were heard on March 4, 2021. Libman
    made an oral motion for the trial court judge to recuse himself
    due to bias against Libman, but the court found Libman’s
    statements to be without foundation and denied the motion for
    recusal.
    With respect to the motion for discovery sanctions, the trial
    court asked, in the event that monetary sanctions were imposed
    only, whether Libman would comply with the court’s orders
    26
    requiring an accounting and answers to the deposition questions
    that he had previously refused to answer. Libman was unable to
    state that he would comply with the court’s orders. If evidentiary
    sanctions were imposed, the court asked if Libman would comply
    with the court’s orders requiring an accounting and answers to
    the deposition questions. Libman equivocated and refused to
    state that he would comply with the court’s order. The court
    asked if issue sanctions were imposed, would Libman comply
    with the orders previously made in the case for an accounting
    and answers to the deposition questions. Libman insisted that he
    had already provided an accounting on three occasions, the
    court’s order was not clear, and he did provide answers. The
    court interpreted Libman’s response as refusing to comply.
    A. Ruling on Motion for Disgorgement
    The trial court addressed the motion for disgorgement first.
    Libman’s failure to disclose a conflict of interest supported
    disgorgement of fees. In addition, Libman understood the court
    was relying on the representations in his declaration in support
    of his application for attorney fees, yet he intentionally
    misrepresented substantial portions of his declaration involving
    his credentials, the time that he devoted to working on the Jones
    class action, the nature of the work performed, and his
    paralegal’s time. He failed to disclose crucial information about
    his working relationship with opposing counsel. Had Libman
    made truthful statements, the information would have had a
    substantial impact on the court’s assessment of whether the fees
    requested were reasonable or fair. Based on the evidence, the
    court granted the motion and ordered Libman to disgorge all
    27
    attorney fees in the Jones class action. The court also ordered
    disgorgement of undeserved fees paid to Libman by the City.
    B. Ruling on Motion for Discovery Sanctions
    The trial court ruled on the motion for monetary and non-
    monetary sanctions next. The court noted that Jones sought
    $116,647.29 for reasonable expenses necessitated by Libman’s
    delays and discovery abuse, including investigating facts,
    conducting research, preparing and arguing multiple motions,
    preparing multiple meet-and-confer letters, preparing for and
    taking two deposition sessions, and preparing a comprehensive
    sanctions motion. In addition and alternatively, Jones requested
    non-monetary sanctions.
    The trial court summarized the actions taken to obtain
    discovery from Libman and concluded that California’s discovery
    law authorized a range of penalties for conduct that amounted to
    misuse of the discovery process. The court stated, “Given the
    revelation that the Jones settlement might have been a product
    of collusive conduct, this court exercised its authority by
    appointing attorney Kabateck as new class counsel and by
    fashioning and overseeing an investigatory procedure, which
    inherently and expressly involved the use of typical discovery
    tools. [¶] The court further ordered Mr. Libman to produce a full
    accounting of records reflecting disbursements to and from his
    firm bank account and [ ] detailed time records. [¶] These
    procedures are fashioned in the discovery process, and the issued
    orders are well within the court’s authority.”
    The court found that Libman failed to produce the full
    accounting ordered by the court and refused to answer relevant
    28
    questions or produce relevant documents, despite his objections
    being overruled. As a result of ignoring court orders, Libman
    continuously delayed and impeded the proceedings, resulting in
    class counsel sending numerous meet-and-confer letters,
    attending numerous hearings, and filing numerous motions to
    obtain court-ordered documents and responses. Libman refused
    to submit to authorized methods of discovery in violation of
    section 2023.010, subdivision (d); made unmeritorious objections
    in violation of section 2023.010, subdivision (e); provided evasive
    responses in violation of section 2023.010, subdivision (f); and
    disobeyed court orders to provide discovery in violation of section
    2023.010, subdivision (g). This conduct amounted to an abuse of
    discovery under section 2023.010.
    The court concluded that it was authorized to impose a
    monetary sanction under 2023.030. The court stated, “[S]ection
    2023.030 provides that a court may impose a monetary sanction
    ordering that one engaging in the misuse of the discovery process,
    or any attorney advising their conduct, or both, to pay the
    reasonable expenses, including attorneys’ fees incurred by anyone
    as a result of that conduct. [¶] In this case, the fees and costs
    incurred by class counsel relate to more than a year of class
    counsel’s efforts to obtain the documents and information that
    the court ordered Mr. Libman to produce on numerous occasions.
    [¶] In a supporting declaration, Mr. Kabateck, class counsel, has
    set forth the type of fees and costs incurred, which include,
    among other things, attorneys’ fees relating to investigation,
    researching, drafting, filing multiple motions, including the
    instant motion for sanctions, as well as preparing and arguing
    the discovery issues, . . . reviewing Mr. Libman’s document
    production, and preparing for and taking two sessions of Mr.
    29
    Libman’s deposition. [¶] So based on all the argument submitted
    and the argument of counsel, the court will award . . . monetary
    sanctions in the amount of $116,647.29, to go to class counsel,
    against Mr. Libman and the Law Office of Michael J. Libman.”
    The court found sanctions were reasonable and warranted,
    and within the court’s authority under section 128 and the
    discovery statutes. The court ordered as an evidentiary sanction
    that Libman could not rebut the presumption that no evidence
    exists where he refused to answer deposition questions
    pertaining to (1) his accounting, including bank records and the
    name of his accountant, (2) his detailed time records, (3) his work
    that he claims he did with the Kingsley law firm, and (4) the
    names of any potential class representatives Libman claimed to
    have spoken with prior to 2015.
    The court imposed an issue sanction that it be taken as
    established that Libman performed no substantive work in the
    Jones matter and served as local counsel for the purpose of filing
    the complaint and performing minor administerial tasks only.
    The court imposed an issue sanction that it be taken as
    established that Libman did not act as cocounsel or perform work
    in the 32 class action cases listed in his firm resume.
    The court imposed an issue sanction that it be taken as
    established that Libman did not talk to any potential class
    representative prior to 2015.
    The court also imposed an issue sanction that Libman
    could not refute an email showing that he routinely transferred
    questions to Landskroner, rather than perform substantive work
    in the Jones class action.
    In addition, the court ordered that Libman’s flagrant
    conduct merited terminating sanctions. The court found it was
    30
    just to strike Libman’s opposition to the motion for disgorgement
    and enter his default on the motion for disgorgement. Libman
    refused to comply with the court’s orders in the event that only
    monetary and issue sanctions were imposed, and therefore, the
    court found it must additionally impose terminating sanctions.
    The court granted the motion for monetary and non-monetary
    sanctions, including evidentiary, issue, and terminating
    sanctions.
    C. Ruling on Motion for Contempt
    On the motion for contempt, the trial court found it had
    jurisdiction. Class counsel presented evidence supporting a
    contempt citation and contempt was warranted. The court
    ordered Libman held in contempt of court and ordered him to pay
    $44,012.50 as attorney fees under section 1218, subdivision (a), to
    class counsel. The trial court’s ruling on the contempt motion is
    not at issue on appeal.
    D. Written Orders and Appeal
    On March 24, 2021, the trial court entered written orders
    granting the motions for disgorgement, discovery sanctions, and
    contempt. The order granting the motion for disgorgement
    ordered that Jones and the City were entitled to judgment
    against Libman and recovery of $1,650,000, with interest until
    paid. The judgment was immediately enforceable upon entry.
    The discovery sanctions order stated it was made pursuant
    to sections 2023.030, 2025.450, and/or 2025.480. In addition to
    ordering monetary sanctions of $116,647.29 paid to Kabateck, the
    31
    sanctions order set forth the issue and evidence sanctions, and
    ordered terminating sanctions striking Libman’s opposition and
    entering default on the motion for disgorgement. Libman filed
    timely notices of appeal from the disgorgement order and the
    sanctions order.
    DISCUSSION
    Discovery Sanctions
    Libman contends the trial court had no authority to impose
    sanctions against him. First, he asserts, the court cannot award
    monetary sanctions pursuant to the court’s inherent supervisory
    authority, which is codified in the general provisions of section
    128. Second, he contends that he was not a party to the action,
    and under the discovery statutes, sanctions against a nonparty
    are limited to contempt.
    In response, Jones contends the trial court had authority
    under section 128 to fashion its own discovery procedures. Jones
    does not contend that Libman was a party to the proceedings.
    Instead, Jones asserts that under the discovery statutes, Libman
    was the attorney for a party, rather than a nonparty. Jones
    further contends that regardless of Libman’s specific role in the
    matter, the trial court was authorized to impose monetary and
    nonmonetary sanctions for misuse of the discovery process under
    sections 2023.010 and 2023.030.
    We conclude the court properly awarded nonmonetary
    sanctions pursuant to its inherent authority, but did not have
    inherent authority to award monetary sanctions. An attorney for
    a party may be treated as a nonparty under certain statutes, and
    32
    during the discovery proceedings, Libman was treated as a
    nonparty. We conclude that monetary sanctions were not
    authorized under the discovery statutes governing oral
    depositions in California and could not be imposed based solely
    on the sanctions provisions of sections 2023.010 and 2023.030
    alone.
    A. Standard of Review
    “We review an order imposing discovery sanctions under
    the abuse of discretion standard. [Citation.] An abuse of
    discretion occurs if, in light of the applicable law and considering
    all of the relevant circumstances, the court’s decision exceeds the
    bounds of reason and results in a miscarriage of justice.
    [Citations.] The abuse of discretion standard affords considerable
    deference to the trial court, provided that the court acted in
    accordance with the governing rules of law.” (New Albertsons,
    Inc. v. Superior Court (2008) 
    168 Cal.App.4th 1403
    , 1422 (New
    Albertsons).)
    “The trial court’s findings of fact that underlie a discovery
    sanction are reviewed for substantial evidence. [Citation.] ‘In
    this regard, “the power of an appellate court begins and ends
    with the determination as to whether, on the entire record, there
    is substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which
    will support the determination [of the trier of fact].” ’ ” (Victor
    Valley Union High School Dist. v. Superior Court (2023) 
    91 Cal.App.5th 1121
    , 1137.)
    Although appellate review is deferential, a trial court
    ruling that does not follow the applicable statutes and legal
    principles is an abuse of discretion. (New Albertsons, supra, 168
    33
    Cal.App.4th at p. 1422.) “Statutory interpretation involves
    purely legal questions to which we apply the independent
    standard of review. [Citation.] Thus, ‘where the propriety of a
    discovery order turns on statutory interpretation, an appellate
    court may determine the issue de novo as a question of law.
    [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Haniff v. Superior Court (2017) 
    9 Cal.App.5th 191
    , 198.)
    “[O]ur fundamental task is to ascertain the Legislature’s
    intent so as to effectuate the purpose of the statute. [Citation.]
    We begin with the language of the statute, giving the words their
    usual and ordinary meaning. [Citation.] The language must be
    construed ‘in the context of the statute as a whole and the overall
    statutory scheme, and we give “significance to every word,
    phrase, sentence, and part of an act in pursuance of the
    legislative purpose.” ’ [Citation.]” (Smith v. Superior Court
    (2006) 
    39 Cal.4th 77
    , 83.)
    “In other words, ‘ “we do not construe statutes in isolation,
    but rather read every statute ‘with reference to the entire scheme
    of law of which it is part so that the whole may be harmonized
    and retain effectiveness.’ [Citation.]” ’ [Citation.] If the
    statutory terms are ambiguous, we may examine extrinsic
    sources, including the ostensible objects to be achieved and the
    legislative history. [Citation.] In such circumstances, we choose
    the construction that comports most closely with the
    Legislature’s apparent intent, endeavoring to promote rather
    than defeat the statute’s general purpose, and avoiding a
    construction that would lead to absurd consequences. [Citation.]”
    (Smith v. Superior Court, 
    supra,
     39 Cal.4th at p. 83.)
    34
    B. Inherent Authority of the Court
    California courts have broad inherent equitable,
    supervisory, and administrative powers, including inherent
    power to control the litigation before them. (Stephen Slesinger,
    Inc. v. Walt Disney Co. (2007) 
    155 Cal.App.4th 736
    , 758
    (Slesinger).) Although the court’s supervisory and administrative
    powers are codified in section 128, they exist apart from the
    statutory authority. (Bauguess v. Paine (1978) 
    22 Cal.3d 626
    ,
    635–636 (Bauguess).)5 The court’s inherent authority includes
    the power to impose evidentiary sanctions as a remedy for
    litigation misconduct and to dismiss an action for pervasive
    litigation abuse. (Slesinger, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 758.)
    “When a plaintiff’s deliberate and egregious misconduct in the
    course of the litigation renders any sanction short of dismissal
    inadequate to protect the fairness of the trial, California courts
    necessarily have the power to preserve their integrity by
    dismissing the action.” (Id. at p. 762.)
    The courts cannot, however, award attorney fees as a
    sanction for misconduct unless authorized by statute or contract.
    (Slesinger, supra, at p. 761.) In Bauguess, the Supreme Court
    explained that courts have sufficient power to punish misconduct
    5 Section 128 provides in pertinent part:     “Every court shall
    have power: [¶] . . . [¶] 3. To provide for the orderly conduct of
    proceedings before it, or its officers; [¶] 4. To compel obedience to
    its judgments, orders, and process, and to the orders of a judge
    out of court, in an action or proceeding pending therein; [¶] 5. To
    control in furtherance of justice, the conduct of its ministerial
    officers, and of all other persons in any manner connected with a
    judicial proceeding before it, in every matter pertaining thereto.”
    35
    as contempt, which is buffered by legislative safeguards.
    (Bauguess, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 637–638.) Approving an
    inherent power to impose sanctions in the form of attorney fees
    for misconduct could jeopardize the independence of the bar,
    undermine the adversary system, and give courts a power
    without procedural limits, potentially subject to abuse. (Id. at
    pp. 638–639.)6
    6 We recognize that in Fairfield v. Superior Court (1966)
    
    246 Cal.App.2d 113
    , 115–116 (Fairfield), which was decided
    before the Supreme Court’s decision in Bauguess, the appellate
    court referred to the court’s inherent supervisory power when it
    interpreted certain discovery statutes to authorize monetary
    sanctions. The plaintiff in Fairfield served interrogatories on two
    defendants. One defendant provided responses that the plaintiff
    considered inadequate and the other did not respond. The
    plaintiff moved the court for an order compelling further answers,
    an order holding the other defendant in contempt, and sanctions.
    Under the discovery statutes in effect at the time, if a party
    answered interrogatories or stated objections, the proponent
    could seek an order requiring further responses under former
    section 2020, but there was no mention of sanctions. (Fairfield,
    supra, at p. 119) If a party refused to answer an interrogatory,
    however, the discovery statutes provided the proponent could file
    a motion for an order compelling an answer under former section
    2034 and the court could impose a monetary sanction, and if the
    responding party failed to comply with the order compelling
    responses, the court could impose further sanctions. (Id. at
    pp. 118–19.) The Fairfield court relied on the court’s inherent
    power to compel obedience to its orders and the plain intent of
    the Legislature to interpret the discovery statutes to authorize
    sanctions in the nature of those provided under section 2034
    when a party failed to comply with an order made under section
    2030.
    36
    Although Libman raises challenges to the nonmonetary
    sanctions awarded in this case, which are discussed further
    below, he does not challenge the proposition that the trial court’s
    inherent authority includes the power to impose nonmonetary
    sanctions. He simply contends that the trial court’s inherent
    authority does not include the power to award monetary
    sanctions. On that specific point, we agree. Unless the award of
    monetary sanctions was authorized under the discovery statutes,
    monetary sanctions must be stricken from the sanctions order.
    (See Slesinger, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 763 [power to impose
    sanctions under Discovery Act supplements inherent power to
    deal with litigation abuse].)
    C. Statutory Scheme Governing Discovery
    The Discovery Act provides for six methods of civil
    discovery in separate chapters: depositions, interrogatories,
    inspections, medical examinations, requests for admission, and
    exchanges of expert witness information. (§ 2020.010.) The
    statutes governing each discovery method authorize the court to
    impose specific types of sanctions under chapter 7 (the sanctions
    chapter, commencing with § 2023.010) under specific
    The Bauguess court acknowledged the holding in Fairfield
    had relied on the court’s inherent supervisory power, but the
    Bauguess court limited the holding to its unique facts.
    (Bauguess, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 637.) We additionally note the
    Fairfield court did not simply conclude monetary sanctions were
    authorized under the court’s inherent supervisory power, but
    rather, interpreted certain discovery statutes as authorizing
    monetary sanctions under the circumstances of that case.
    37
    circumstances.
    Chapter 6 allows limited discovery to be obtained from
    nonparties, including oral depositions under chapter 9.
    (§ 2020.010.) A party who wants to take the oral deposition of
    any person must give notice in writing. (§§ 2025.220, subd.(a);
    2020.010.) A deposition subpoena for a nonparty may require
    testimony, as well as the production of documents, electronic
    information, and tangible things. (§ 2020.020, subd. (c).) A
    nonparty deponent who disobeys a deposition subpoena under
    section 2020.220, subdivision (c), may be punished for contempt
    under the sanctions chapter without the necessity of a prior order
    of court directing compliance by the witness. (§ 2020.240.) The
    nonparty deponent is also subject to forfeiture of a sum and
    payment of damages provided in section 1992, which may be
    recovered in a civil action. (§§ 1992 and 2020.240.)
    Chapter 9 governs oral depositions in California. If a
    deponent fails to answer any question or to produce any
    document, electronic information, or tangible thing specified in
    the deposition notice or subpoena, the party seeking discovery
    can make a motion to compel the answer or production.
    (§ 2025.480, subd. (a).) The court must impose a monetary
    sanction under the sanctions chapter against any party, person,
    or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion to
    compel an answer or production, unless the court finds there was
    substantial justification or it would be unjust. (§ 2025.480, subd.
    (j).)
    If any deponent fails to obey an order to compel entered
    under section 2025.480, that failure may be considered a
    contempt of court. (§ 2025.480, subd. (k).) If the disobedient
    deponent is a party to the action, or an officer, managing agent,
    38
    or employee of a party, the court may make additional orders
    against the party with whom the disobedient deponent is
    affiliated, including issue sanctions, evidence sanctions, or a
    terminating sanction under the sanctions chapter. (§ 2025.480,
    subd. (k).) The court may also impose a monetary sanction under
    the sanctions chapter against the party with whom the deponent
    is affiliated. (§ 2025.480, subd. (k).)
    Section 2023.010 describes general categories of discovery
    misconduct, but does not specifically authorize the court to
    impose sanctions for the conduct listed. Section 2023.010 states
    in relevant part: “Misuses of the discovery process include, but
    are not limited to, the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (d) Failing to respond
    or to submit to an authorized method of discovery. [¶] (e)
    Making, without substantial justification, an unmeritorious
    objection to discovery. [¶] (f) Making an evasive response to
    discovery. [¶] (g) Disobeying a court order to provide discovery.
    [¶] (h) Making or opposing, unsuccessfully and without
    substantial justification, a motion to compel or to limit discovery.
    . . .” (§ 2023.010.) Unlike provisions of the Discovery Act that
    direct the court to impose specific types of sanctions under
    specific circumstances, there is no language in section 2023.010
    authorizing the court to impose a sanction under Chapter 7 or
    specifying the type of sanction to impose. (City of Los Angeles v.
    PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLC (2022) 
    84 Cal.App.5th 466
    , 500,
    review granted Jan. 25, 2023, S277211 (City of Los Angeles).)
    Section 2023.030 describes the types of sanctions that are
    available when another provision authorizes sanctions, but
    section 2023.030 does not independently authorize the court to
    impose sanctions for discovery misconduct. (City of Los Angeles,
    supra, 84 Cal.App.5th at p. 502, review granted.) Section
    39
    2023.030 provides in pertinent part: “To the extent authorized by
    the chapter governing any particular discovery method or any
    other provision of this title, the court . . . may impose the
    following sanctions against anyone engaging in conduct that is a
    misuse of the discovery process: [¶] (a) The court may impose a
    monetary sanction ordering that one engaging in the misuse of
    the discovery process, or any attorney advising that conduct, or
    both pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees,
    incurred by anyone as a result of that conduct. . . . If a monetary
    sanction is authorized by any provision of this title, the court
    shall impose that sanction unless it finds that the one subject to
    the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other
    circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust. [¶] (b)
    The court may impose an issue sanction ordering that designated
    facts shall be taken as established in the action in accordance
    with the claim of the party adversely affected by the misuse of
    the discovery process. The court may also impose an issue
    sanction by an order prohibiting any party engaging in the
    misuse of the discovery process from supporting or opposing
    designated claims or defenses. [¶] (c) The court may impose an
    evidence sanction by an order prohibiting any party engaging in
    the misuse of the discovery process from introducing designated
    matters in evidence. [¶] (d) The court may impose a terminating
    sanction by one of the following orders: [¶] (1) An order striking
    out the pleadings or parts of the pleadings of any party engaging
    in the misuse of the discovery process. [¶] . . . [¶](4) An order
    rendering a judgment by default against that party. [¶] (e) The
    court may impose a contempt sanction by an order treating the
    misuse of the discovery process as a contempt of court.”
    40
    D. Libman’s Role in the Litigation
    In the trial court, Libman was not treated as a party to the
    proceedings. He was considered an attorney of a party, but not a
    party. He continually objected that he was not a party to the
    litigation. The deposition subpoena that Jones issued for Libman
    stated that Libman was not a party. And the trial court ruled
    that Libman must be personally served with the deposition
    subpoena because he was a nonparty. Jones has not argued in
    the trial court or on appeal that Libman was a party to the
    proceedings. (Cabatit v. Sunnova Energy Corp. (2020) 
    60 Cal.App.5th 317
    , 322 [“If a party fails to raise an issue or theory
    in the trial court, we may deem consideration of that issue or
    theory forfeited on appeal”].)
    Libman was acting as an attorney for the class in a limited
    capacity, not as a party to any litigation, when the court
    originally ordered him to produce an accounting and to cooperate
    in scheduling his deposition. At the time that the initial
    discovery orders were made, no motion had been filed against
    Libman. Proceedings on the initial motion related to
    disgorgement were stayed, and the operative motion for
    disgorgement was filed along with the motion for discovery
    sanctions. Based on the facts of this case and the arguments of
    the parties, we cannot conclude that Libman was a party. (Cf.
    Bauguess, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 634, fn. 3 [sanctioned attorney
    was not a party in the main action, but was made a party of
    record in a collateral matter by sanctions order].)
    Libman is also not an “officer, director, managing agent, or
    employee of a party.” When the Legislature intended a provision
    to apply to a party’s attorney, the statutes clearly state that
    41
    relationship. For example, section 2025.480, subdivision (j),
    requires the court to impose monetary sanctions against any
    “party, person, or attorney” who unsuccessfully makes or opposes
    a motion to compel under that section. Section 2023.030,
    subdivision (a), allows the court to impose monetary sanctions
    under certain circumstances against “one engaging in the misuse
    of the discovery process, or any attorney advising that conduct.”
    In this case, no argument has been made that Libman is the
    “employee of a party.” Libman was an attorney of a party and
    himself a nonparty.
    E. Application of the Discovery Act
    Libman is correct that the discovery statutes at issue do
    not authorize the court to impose monetary sanctions against a
    disobedient nonparty deponent under the circumstances of this
    case, even if the nonparty is the attorney of a party.
    A nonparty who disobeys a deposition subpoena may be
    punished for contempt under the sanctions chapter. (§ 2020.240.)
    The disobedient nonparty deponent is also subject to forfeiture
    and payment of damages under section 1992, which may be
    recovered in a civil action. (§§ 1992 and 2020.240.) There is no
    provision in the statutes governing nonparties that allows
    monetary sanctions to be imposed under the sanctions chapter.
    The sanctions order in this case states that it was brought
    pursuant to section 2025.480. Under that statute, if a deponent
    fails to answer a question or produce a document, the party
    seeking discovery can move to compel the answer or production,
    in which case the court must impose a monetary sanction under
    the sanctions chapter against any party, person, or attorney who
    42
    unsuccessfully makes or opposes the motion without substantial
    justification. (§ 2025.480, subds. (a) and (j).) In this case,
    however, no motion to compel was made or opposed. The trial
    court simply ordered Libman to answer questions and produce
    documents without requiring a motion to compel. Monetary
    sanctions were not authorized on the basis that Libman
    unsuccessfully opposed a motion to compel.
    If any deponent fails to obey an order to compel entered
    under section 2025.480, that failure may be considered a
    contempt of court. (§ 2025.480, subd. (k).) Additional sanctions
    under section 2025.480, subdivision (k), for failing to obey an
    order to compel may only be imposed against a party.
    (§ 2025.480, subd. (k).) There is no provision of section 2025.480
    that authorizes the trial court to impose monetary sanctions
    under the sanctions chapter against a nonparty, including the
    attorney of a party, for failing to obey a court order compelling
    answers or production of documents.
    The other discovery statute listed as a basis for the
    sanctions order, section 2025.450, is clearly inapplicable. Section
    2025.450 provides: “If, after service of a deposition notice, a
    party to the action or an officer, director, managing agent, or
    employee of a party, or a person designated [as the most qualified
    to testify] by an organization that is a party . . . fails to appear for
    examination, or to proceed with it, or to produce for inspection
    any document, electronically stored information, or tangible thing
    described in the deposition notice, the party giving the notice may
    move for an order compelling the deponent’s attendance and
    testimony, and the production for inspection of any document,
    electronically stored information, or tangible thing described in
    43
    the deposition notice.” (§ 2025.450, subd. (a).)7 In this case,
    there was no service of a deposition notice, and Libman does not
    fall into any of the categories described. He was not a party, he
    was not an officer, director, managing agent, or employee of a
    party, and he was not a person designated as the most qualified
    to testify on behalf of a party.
    On appeal, Jones concedes that due to the unique facts and
    procedural posture of this matter, the parties did not follow the
    process set forth in the discovery statutes to compel discovery,
    including serving a deposition subpoena, filing a motion to
    compel, or obtaining an order under section 2025.480. Instead,
    Jones contends the court had inherent and statutory authority to
    order Libman to produce discovery, and when Libman failed to
    comply with the court’s discovery orders, the court had authority
    to issue monetary and non-monetary sanctions against Libman
    under section 2023.030.
    We disagree. Sections 2023.010 and 2023.030 do not
    7 If a motion under section 2025.450, subdivision (a), is
    granted, the court must impose a monetary sanction under the
    sanctions chapter in favor of the party who noticed the deposition
    and against the deponent or the party with whom the deponent is
    affiliated, unless the court finds there was substantial
    justification or it would be unjust. (§ 2025.450, subd. (g)(1).) If
    that party or party-affiliated deponent fails to obey an order
    compelling attendance, testimony, and production, the court may
    make those orders that are just, including imposition of issue
    sanctions, evidence sanctions, or a terminating sanction under
    the sanctions chapter against that party deponent or against the
    party with whom the deponent is affiliated. (§ 2025.450, sub.
    (h).) The court may also impose a monetary sanction under the
    sanctions chapter against the party with whom the party
    deponent is affiliated. (§ 2025.450, subd. (h).)
    44
    independently authorize the trial court to impose monetary
    sanctions for discovery abuse, and a sanctions order based solely
    on sections 2023.010 and 2023.030 without regard to any other
    provision of the Discovery Act is outside the bounds of the court’s
    statutory authority. Under Jones’s interpretation of the
    discovery statutes, careful distinctions in the statutes between
    sanctions available against parties and nonparties would be
    irrelevant surplusage, because the court could impose monetary
    sanctions against any person or entity disobeying a discovery
    order regardless of whether a party or nonparty. The award of
    monetary sanctions must be stricken from the sanctions order.8
    F. Financial Privacy
    Libman contends it was an abuse of discretion to impose
    any sanctions against him, monetary or nonmonetary, for
    refusing to answer questions about his bank records and his
    8 Because we conclude monetary sanctions must be stricken
    from the sanctions order, we need not address Libman’s
    contention that the monetary sanctions awarded were duplicative
    of monetary sanctions awarded in connection with the contempt
    order. We also reject Libman’s contention on appeal that Jones
    brought his sanctions motion only as an alternative to the motion
    for contempt, and therefore imposition of sanctions in addition to
    those imposed in connection with the contempt proceedings were
    improper. This is incorrect. The sanctions motion sought
    sanctions to enforce the discovery orders, which are different
    sanctions than those that were sought and imposed for contempt.
    The trial court had authority to impose cumulative sanctions to
    enforce the discovery orders; Libman has not shown otherwise.
    45
    accountant based on his constitutional right to privacy. We
    disagree.
    “Although the scope of civil discovery is broad, it is not
    limitless.” (Calcor Space Facility v. Superior Court (1997) 
    53 Cal.App.4th 216
    , 223.) In general, “any party may obtain
    discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to
    the subject matter involved in the pending action or to the
    determination of any motion made in that action, if the matter
    either is itself admissible in evidence or appears reasonably
    calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” (§
    2017.010.)
    Information that is otherwise discoverable, however, may
    be protected by a constitutional or statutory privilege, such as the
    right to privacy. “The party asserting a privacy right must
    establish a legally protected privacy interest, an objectively
    reasonable expectation of privacy in the given circumstances, and
    a threatened intrusion that is serious. [Citation.] The party
    seeking information may raise in response whatever legitimate
    and important countervailing interests disclosure serves, while
    the party seeking protection may identify feasible alternatives
    that serve the same interests or protective measures that would
    diminish the loss of privacy. A court must then balance these
    competing considerations.” (Williams v. Superior Court (2017) 
    3 Cal.5th 531
    , 552.)
    We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
    determination that Libman’s right to privacy did not outweigh
    the parties’ legitimate interest in obtaining disclosure of the
    requested financial information in this case. The order did not
    seek discovery of the private information of third parties as was
    at issue in Board of Registered Nursing v. Superior Court (2021)
    46
    
    59 Cal.App.5th 1011
    , 1039–1040.
    G. Electronically Stored Information
    Libman also contends the trial court abused its discretion
    by imposing any sanctions based on electronic information that
    he purported to have lost. We conclude substantial evidence
    supports the trial court’s finding that electronically stored
    evidence was not lost or damaged.
    Section 2023.030, subdivision (f)(1), provides:
    “Notwithstanding subdivision (a), or any other section of this
    title, absent exceptional circumstances, the court shall not
    impose sanctions on a party or any attorney of a party for failure
    to provide electronically stored information that has been lost,
    damaged, altered, or overwritten as the result of the routine,
    good faith operation of an electronic information system. [¶] (2)
    This subdivision shall not be construed to alter any obligation to
    preserve discoverable information.” (§ 2023.030.)
    The trial court found Libman’s evidence not credible that
    there was responsive electronically stored information that was
    lost or damaged. When the trial court ordered Libman to produce
    an accounting and supporting documents in 2019, he did not
    claim that his electronic evidence had been lost or damaged in
    2018. He waited more than a year, despite repeated orders by
    the court to produce discovery, before belatedly claiming the
    evidence had been destroyed long ago. He failed to make a
    computer technician who purportedly examined Libman’s
    computer available for deposition. The trial court’s conclusion
    that Libman could not produce the requested discovery because
    he did not work the hours that he claimed, rather than that the
    47
    evidence was lost or destroyed, was supported by reasonable
    inferences from the evidence.
    Disgorgement Order
    A. Scope of Review Following Terminating
    Sanctions
    Having concluded that the trial court properly imposed
    nonmonetary sanctions, including striking Libman’s responsive
    pleadings and entering Libman’s default to the motion for
    disgorgement, the contentions remaining for consideration on
    appeal are correspondingly limited. We typically review the trial
    court’s finding of a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct
    under the substantial evidence standard and the trial court’s
    conclusion that the violation was sufficiently egregious to require
    forfeiture of fees for an abuse of discretion. (Mardirossian &
    Associates, Inc. v. Ersoff (2007) 
    153 Cal.App.4th 257
    , 278
    (Mardirossian).)
    Libman’s default to the motion for disgorgement and the
    resulting judgment against him are analogous to other default
    judgments. Default judgments are reviewable on appeal, but
    contentions going to the merits are substantively and
    procedurally barred. (Steven M. Garber & Associates v.
    Eskandarian (2007) 
    150 Cal.App.4th 813
    , 823.) The default
    operates as an express admission of well-pleaded factual
    allegations. (Ibid.) The only issues that the defaulted party may
    raise on appeal from a default judgment are questions related to
    the court’s jurisdiction, the sufficiency of the pleadings, whether
    the relief awarded exceeded the relief requested in the pleading,
    48
    and related procedural issues. (Id. at p. 824.)
    “[W]hen a party repeatedly and willfully fails to provide
    certain evidence to the opposing party as required by the
    discovery rules, preclusion of that evidence may be appropriate,
    even if such a sanction proves determinative in terminating the
    plaintiff's case.” (Biles v. Exxon Mobil Corp. (2004) 
    124 Cal.App.4th 1315
    , 1327.) “The ratio decidendi behind such cases
    appears to be on the theory that a persistent refusal to comply
    with an order for the production of evidence is tantamount to an
    admission that the disobedient party really has no meritorious
    claim or defense to the action.” (Kahn v. Kahn (1977) 
    68 Cal.App.3d 372
    , 381–382, emphasis added.)
    “An action or proceeding is uncontested when no answer or
    opposition is filed. [Citation.] Appellant’s default having been
    duly entered, the action was uncontested. By failing to answer
    the complaint, defendant admitted the material allegations; no
    fact necessary to support the judgment was disputed.” (E.N.W. v.
    Michael W. (1983) 
    149 Cal.App.3d 896
    , 899.)
    B. Nature of Claim for Disgorgement
    Libman contends trial court acted in excess of jurisdiction
    by entering the disgorgement order, because the requirements for
    an injunction were not met. We conclude the disgorgement order
    is a money judgment, not injunctive relief.
    “In certain circumstances, a violation of the Rules of
    Professional Conduct may result in a forfeiture of an attorney’s
    right to fees. [Citations.] Although the breach of a rule of
    professional conduct may warrant a forfeiture of fees, forfeiture is
    not automatic but depends on the egregiousness of the violation.”
    49
    (Mardirossian, supra, 153 Cal.App.4th at p. 278.)
    “As California courts have often noted, the rule governing
    attorney forfeiture derives primarily from the general principle of
    equity that a fiduciary’s breach of trust undermines the value of
    his or her services. [Citations.] ‘The remedy of fee forfeiture
    presupposes that a lawyer’s clear and serious violation of a duty
    to a client destroys or severely impairs the client-lawyer
    relationship and thereby the justification of the lawyer's claim to
    compensation.’ [Citation.] Forfeiture also serves as a deterrent
    to misconduct, and it avoids putting clients to the task of proving
    the harm stemming from the lawyer’s conflict of interest when
    the extent of the harm may be difficult to measure. [Citation.]”
    (Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, LLP v. J-M
    Manufacturing Co., Inc. (2018) 
    6 Cal.5th 59
    , 89–90 (Sheppard,
    Mullin).)
    “The degree to which forfeiture is warranted as an
    equitable remedy will necessarily vary with the equities of the
    case.” (Sheppard, Mullin, 
    supra,
     6 Cal.5th at p. 90.) “When a
    law firm seeks compensation in quantum meruit for legal
    services performed under the cloud of an unwaived (or improperly
    waived) conflict, the firm may, in some circumstances, be able to
    show that the conduct was not willful, and its departure from
    ethical rules was not so severe or harmful as to render its legal
    services of little or no value to the client. Where some value
    remains, the attorney or law firm may attempt to show what that
    value is in light of the harm done to the client and to the
    relationship of trust between attorney and client. Apprised of
    these facts, the trial court must then exercise its discretion to
    fashion a remedy that awards the attorney as much, or as little,
    as equity warrants, while preserving incentives to scrupulously
    50
    adhere to the Rules of Professional Conduct.” (Ibid.)
    “Disgorgement as a remedy is broader than restitution or
    restoration of what the plaintiff lost. [Citations.] There are two
    types of disgorgement: restitutionary disgorgement, which
    focuses on the plaintiff's loss, and nonrestitutionary
    disgorgement, which focuses on the defendant’s unjust
    enrichment. [Citation.] ‘Typically, the defendant’s benefit and
    the plaintiff’s loss are the same, and restitution requires the
    defendant to restore the plaintiff to his or her original position.’
    [Citation.] However, ‘[m]any instances of “liability based on
    unjust enrichment . . . do not involve the restoration of anything
    the claimant previously possessed . . . includ[ing] cases involving
    the disgorgement of profits . . . wrongfully obtained. . . .”
    [Citation.] “[T]he public policy of this state does not permit one
    to ‘take advantage of his own wrong’ ” regardless of whether the
    other party suffers actual damage. [Citation.] Where “a benefit
    has been received by the defendant but the plaintiff has not
    suffered a corresponding loss or, in some cases, any loss, but
    nevertheless the enrichment of the defendant would be unjust . . .
    the defendant may be under a duty to give to the plaintiff the
    amount by which [the defendant] has been enriched.” ’
    [Citations.]” (Meister, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p. 398.)
    “ ‘The emphasis is on the wrongdoer’s enrichment, not the
    victim’s loss. In particular, a person acting in conscious
    disregard of the rights of another should be required to disgorge
    all profit because disgorgement both benefits the injured parties
    and deters the perpetrator from committing the same unlawful
    actions again. [Citations.] Disgorgement may include a
    restitutionary element, but it “ ‘may compel a defendant to
    surrender all money obtained through an unfair business practice
    51
    . . . regardless of whether those profits represent money taken
    directly from persons who were victims of the unfair practice.’ ”
    [Citation.] Without this result, there would be an insufficient
    deterrent to improper conduct that is more profitable than lawful
    conduct.’ [Citation.]” (Meister, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at
    pp. 398–399.)
    In this case, the legal relief sought was a judgment for a
    specific amount of money. Jones was not required to allege or
    prove that the class suffered any harm as a result of Libman’s
    egregious violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct.
    Libman’s contentions based on his assumption that the motion
    for disgorgement sought injunctive relief are inapplicable.
    C. Rule Violations
    As a consequence of the terminating sanctions in this case,
    Libman has admitted the allegations of the motion and cannot
    raise issues contesting the merits for the first time on appeal.
    Even were we to address the merits of Libman’s contentions,
    however, we would find no abuse of discretion.
    1. Former Rule 2-200
    Libman argues that he did not violate former 2-200,
    subdivision (A) (current rule 1.5.1, subdivision (a)), which
    prohibits attorneys who are not in the same law firm from
    dividing fees without obtaining the client’s written consent,
    because the fees were divided pursuant to a court order in
    accordance with current rule 1.5.1., subdivision (b). It is
    undisputed, however, that subdivision (b) of rule 1.5.1 was not in
    52
    effect at the time that attorney fees were awarded in the Jones
    class action, and the version of the rule in effect at the time of the
    attorney fees award in this case did not contain a similar
    provision. No abuse of discretion has been shown.
    2. Former Rule 3-310
    On appeal, Libman contends the trial court did not properly
    analyze the conflicts of interest in the Jones class action under
    former rule 3-310 (current rule 1.7). Former rule 3-310,
    subdivision (b), prohibits an attorney from representing a client
    without providing written disclosure to the client when the
    attorney has a legal, business, financial, professional, or personal
    relationship with another person or entity that the attorney
    knows or reasonably should know would be affected substantially
    by resolution of the case. As one example in this case, Libman
    invited Kiesel, who was acting as special counsel for the City, to
    join him as cocounsel on other trials without disclosing this
    business and financial relationship to Jones or the trial court. No
    further analysis was necessary and no abuse of discretion has
    been shown.
    3. Former Rule 5-200
    Libman contends there is no substantial evidence to
    support the trial court’s finding that he knowingly made a false
    statement of fact to the court in violation of former rule 5-200
    (current rule 3.3). We conclude there is ample evidence to
    support the trial court’s finding. As just one example, Libman
    listed himself as cocounsel with Kingsley and Kingsley on 32
    53
    class action lawsuits. The evidence showed that he was not in
    fact cocounsel on any of the cases that he listed.
    4. Revision of Rules
    For the first time in his reply brief, Libman contends that
    he was prejudiced because the trial court relied on the current
    version of the rules, rather than the version that was in effect at
    the time that the attorney fees award was entered. Because
    Libman failed to raise this argument below or in his opening
    brief, he has forfeited it on appeal. In addition, although he has
    described differences in the language between the former and
    current rules, he has not shown that the outcome in this case
    would have been different under the former version of the rules.
    It is clear that the trial court’s findings would have been the
    same under either version of the rules at issue.
    D. Denial of Discovery
    Libman contends the trial court’s denial of his requests to
    take depositions of current counsel for the Jones class, the City’s
    former outside counsel, former City attorney Jim Clark,
    Kingsley’s retired partner, and the independent court monitor,
    denied him due process. We find no abuse of discretion. Libman
    has not shown on appeal that any of the requested discovery was
    relevant to the issues in this proceeding concerning the fee
    application that Libman submitted and the fees awarded to
    Libman in 2017. Moreover, any error was harmless, because
    Libman’s opposition to the motion for disgorgement was stricken
    and his default entered for failing to comply with his own
    54
    discovery obligations, as affirmed in this appeal.
    E. Excessive Fine
    Libman contends the disgorgement order is an
    unconstitutionally excessive fine. It is not an excessive fine. It is
    restitution of the same amount that he received in order to
    prevent unjust enrichment. As stated above, the egregious
    nature of Libman’s ethical violations in this case supported
    complete forfeiture of the fees that he received.
    F. Trial Court’s Authority
    Libman contends the trial court exceeded its authority
    under sections 128 and 664.6 by awarding attorney fees to punish
    misconduct. Libman mischaracterizes the court’s award. The
    disgorgement order is not an award of attorney fees or monetary
    sanctions to Jones. The trial court ordered disgorgement of the
    fees that Libman had received to prevent Libman from being
    unjustly enriched. The trial court had inherent authority under
    sections 128 and 664.6 to provide for the orderly conduct of the
    proceedings and to order disgorgement of fees awarded in
    connection with the settlement based on false statements of
    material fact and egregious violations of ethical rules.
    G. Recusal
    Libman contends that the trial court should have recused
    itself from this matter. We have reviewed the record thoroughly.
    There is no evidence that the trial court was biased or retaliated
    55
    against Libman. In fact, even after Libman failed to obey
    multiple discovery orders, the trial court continued to provide
    him with opportunities to explain his statements in deposition
    and to present evidence to support his position. There is no
    evidence supporting his contentions on appeal concerning
    recusal.
    DISPOSITION
    The March 24, 2021 sanctions order is modified to delete
    the award of monetary sanctions, and as modified, the sanctions
    order is affirmed. The March 24, 2021 disgorgement order is also
    affirmed. Respondent Antwon Jones is awarded his costs on
    appeal.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
    MOOR, J.
    I concur:
    RUBIN, P. J.
    56
    B313095
    Libman v. City of Los Angeles and Antwon Jones
    GRIMES, J., Concurring.
    I concur with the majority opinion in the disposition of this
    case. Specifically, I agree the trial court’s disgorgement order
    should be affirmed, and I agree that nonmonetary sanctions were
    properly imposed under the trial court’s inherent authority to
    control the proceedings before it.
    I write separately to express my continued disagreement with
    the majority’s view that Code of Civil Procedure sections 2023.010
    and 2023.030 “do not independently authorize the trial court to
    impose monetary sanctions for discovery abuse” (maj. opn., ante, at
    pp. 44-45; see City of Los Angeles v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLC
    (2022) 
    84 Cal.App.5th 466
    , 475, review granted Jan. 25, 2023,
    S277211). As I explained at length in that case, I find “no basis in
    statutory law, case law, or common sense” to conclude, as the
    majority did, that sections 2023.010 and 2023.030 “ ‘do not
    authorize the court to impose sanctions in a particular case.’ ”
    (PricewaterhouseCoopers, at p. 526 (dis. opn. of Grimes, J.).) I
    instead read those statutes “just as other courts, up to now, have
    universally done” (ibid.), concluding that where “monetary
    sanctions are authorized in the various discovery statutes for the
    kinds of discovery violations the trial court found to have occurred,”
    no more is required to enable the trial court to award monetary
    sanctions under section 2023.030 for “egregious and ongoing
    misuses of the discovery process” (PricewaterhouseCoopers, at p.
    530 (dis. opn. of Grimes, J.)).
    This case, however, presents an additional factor not present
    in PricewaterhouseCoopers: the monetary sanctions were awarded
    against former class counsel of record who, as the majority properly
    1
    concludes, was a nonparty and was treated as a nonparty during
    the discovery proceedings at issue here. In his brief, Mr. Jones
    argued (among other points) that monetary sanctions in the form of
    attorney fees were proper under Code of Civil Procedure
    section 2023.030 for Mr. Libman’s abuse of the discovery process
    and refusal to comply with court orders.
    But at oral argument, current counsel for Mr. Jones and the
    class essentially conceded, under questioning by the court, that the
    discovery statutes do not empower the trial court to award
    monetary discovery sanctions against a nonparty. Counsel
    indicated this case was different from PricewaterhouseCoopers. He
    agreed the trial court had no authority to order attorney fees as
    sanctions under its inherent powers, either statutorily or its
    independent inherent powers. Setting aside the
    PricewaterhouseCoopers issue, counsel stated he could not identify
    any other discovery statute authorizing monetary sanctions against
    a nonparty. Counsel stated he was not prepared to argue the issue
    of the court’s authority to award monetary sanctions and did not
    want that issue to drive the case.
    Under these circumstances, where counsel has effectively
    abandoned the contention that Code of Civil Procedure
    sections 2023.010 and 2023.030 are a proper basis for a monetary
    sanctions award against a nonparty—even nonparty class counsel
    over whom the court retained jurisdiction—I see no reason to weigh
    2
    in on the point. Accordingly, I concur in the majority’s disposition
    of the issue in this case.
    GRIMES, J.*
    *     Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District,
    Division Eight, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI,
    section 6 of the California Constitution.
    3
    

Document Info

Docket Number: B313095

Filed Date: 12/15/2023

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 12/15/2023