Vlaovic v. Vlaovic CA1/5 ( 2023 )


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  • Filed 12/21/23 Vlaovic v. Vlaovic CA1/5
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
    publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
    ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
    DIVISION FIVE
    STEVAN VLAOVIC,
    Appellant,
    A165784
    v.
    KRISTINA D. VLAOVIC,                                                   (San Mateo County
    Super. Ct. No. 16FAM01503)
    Respondent.
    Plaintiff and appellant Stevan Vlaovic (appellant) appeals from the
    trial court’s denial of his request to modify child support to defendant and
    respondent Kristina D. Vlaovic (respondent). Because the court properly
    concluded it lacked authority to modify the support award, we affirm.
    In the present case, a Judgment of Dissolution was filed in 2020 with
    an attached Marital Settlement Agreement (MSA). Among other things, the
    MSA provided that neither party owed spousal support; that the parties
    would share custody of their twin boys; and that child support was payable
    annually and calculated in the following year. The MSA provided: “Neither
    Party shall pay child support to the other on a monthly basis, but they shall
    complete an annual true-up to determine if any child support is owed by one
    party to the other for the prior year. By March 1st of each year, the parties
    shall exchange income information, including year-end paystubs, W-2s,
    1
    1099s, and other documents evidencing income and itemized deductions used
    for calculating guideline child support. . . . The amount of any child support
    owed by one party to the other shall then be calculated and any child support
    due and owing shall be paid in full on or before April 30th. . . .” As the MSA
    makes clear, the amount of support to be paid on or before April 30 is support
    due for the prior year and is based on income earned by the parties in the
    prior year.
    Importantly, the MSA expressly addresses how and when stock options
    granted by an employer are counted as income for child support purposes.
    The MSA states, “In the case of stock options, the party who has received
    such option shall have income for the purposes of child support at the
    following two points. First, income is available for support when the option
    vests and once any legal restrictions on the exercise and/or sale of the options
    are removed, at which point the income available for support shall be
    calculated as the delta between the fair market value and the strike price to
    exercise the options. The fair market value shall be equal to the price at the
    close of the day on which the options are exercisable (this may be the day the
    options vest or the day on which restrictions on the exercise of the options are
    lifted). Thereafter, there shall be income available for support when the
    stock is sold, at which point the income shall be calculated as the delta
    between the sales price and the higher of the strike price or the price used to
    calculate support at the time of vest or lifting of any restrictions on exercise.”
    On December 29, 2021, appellant filed a request for modification of
    2021 child support (Request). In a declaration, he averred he had a one-time,
    dramatic increase in income in 2021. In particular, his 2021 income
    increased from $931,892 in 2020 to over $21 million due to the sale of stock
    granted by a former employer. Appellant requested that the court find that
    2
    an award under the MSA for 2021 would “exceed the needs of the children”
    and that his child support for the year should be capped at 50% of $13,688
    per month (or $6,844 per month, due to the shared custody). Appellant
    submitted an expert declaration estimating 2021 child support under the
    MSA would be $104,985 per month (calculated based on respondent’s 2020
    earnings).
    Appellant served the Request on respondent on January 3, 2022.
    Respondent argued appellant’s Request constituted a prohibited request for
    retroactive modification of child support. At the hearing on the Request, the
    parties stipulated that, “The agreement of the parties was they would run a
    calculation in 2022 after they exchanged their information for 2021. Until
    April 30, 2022, it was impossible for them to know how much child support
    was owing for 2021.” At the conclusion of the hearing and in a subsequent
    written order, the trial court denied the Request, concluding it did not have
    “jurisdiction” to modify support before January 3, 2022—the date of service of
    the Request on respondent. The written order explained, “the child support
    obligation accrued on the date the income was earned and . . . it was just
    subject to a true-up following the end of the year to determine how much each
    party owed to each other, but the amount was owed . . . on the date the
    income was earned.” The present appeal followed.
    Subject to certain limitations, “a support order may be modified or
    terminated at any time as the court determines to be necessary.” (Fam.
    Code, § 3651.)1 As relevant in the present case, “a support order may not be
    modified or terminated as to an amount that accrued before the date of the
    filing of the notice of motion or order to show cause to modify or terminate.”
    1 All undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.
    3
    (§ 3651, subd. (c)(1);2 see also S.C. v. G.S. (2019) 
    38 Cal.App.5th 591
    , 598–599
    [“ ‘ “[t]he Legislature has established a bright-line rule that accrued child
    support vests and may not be adjusted up or down. [Citations.] If a parent
    feels the amount ordered is too high—or too low—he or she must seek
    prospective modification.” ’ ”]; § 3692 [“a support order may not be set aside
    simply because the court finds that it was inequitable when made, nor simply
    because subsequent circumstances caused the support ordered to become
    excessive or inadequate” (italics added)].) On appeal, appellant contends the
    trial court erred because, under the MSA, the 2021 child support did not
    accrue until the support was actually due later in 2022.
    Both parties acknowledge the relevant definition of the term “accrue” is
    found in the decision in Hangen v. Hangen (1966) 
    241 Cal.App.2d 11
    (Hangen). That case involved an appeal from an order that reduced monthly
    spousal and child support payments. (Id. at p. 11.) Although the case was
    decided before the enactment of the Family Code and section 3651, it
    involved parallel language in former Civil Code section 137.2, providing that
    a support order “may be modified or revoked at any time during the pendency
    of the action except as to any amount that may have accrued prior to the
    order of modification or revocation.” (See § 2 [“A provision of this code,
    insofar as it is substantially the same as a previously existing provision
    relating to the same subject matter, shall be considered as a restatement and
    continuation thereof and not as a new enactment”]; see also In re Marriage of
    2 In his opening brief, appellant mistakenly cites to similar language in
    section 3603, which applies to support orders during the pendency of
    dissolution proceedings. Respondent also argues section 3653 and section
    666(a)(9) of title 42 of the United States Code prohibited the Request.
    Because we conclude the Request was a prohibited retroactive request for
    modification of support under section 3651, we need not consider those
    additional statutes.
    4
    Fellows (2006) 
    39 Cal.4th 179
    , 186.) The Hangen court observed that “the
    word ‘accrue’ means ‘To come into existence as an enforceable claim; to vest
    as a right.’ ” (Hangen, at p. 14.) The court further observed that, under the
    support order at issue in the case, the support was “ ‘payable’ ” on the first
    day of each month, which meant that the “monthly support payments accrued
    on the first of each month.” (Id. at pp. 13–14.) The lower court had erred in
    reducing support retroactive to the start of the month the order was made.
    (Id. at p. 14.)
    Appellant argues that, under the reasoning of Hangen, no 2021 support
    amount had accrued by the time appellant filed and served the Request,
    because no amount was due until months later under the terms of the MSA.
    However, as respondent points out, appellant disregards the second part of
    the definition of “accrue” in Hangen: “ ‘to vest as a right.’ ” (Hangen, supra,
    241 Cal.App.2d at p. 14.)3 As explained by the Supreme Court in In re
    Marriage of Skaden (1977) 
    19 Cal.3d 679
    , 685, “a ‘vested’ right may be either
    ‘matured’ or ‘immature.’ If payment is subject to one or more conditions . . .
    the right is said to be ‘vested’ but ‘immature.’ If on the other hand it is
    subject to no conditions and constitutes an ‘unconditional right to immediate
    3 Appellant points out that, for its definition of “accrue,” Hangen cited
    both a dictionary and a prior decision that cited a longer version of the same
    dictionary definition. In particular, in Leahey v. Department of Water &
    Power (1946) 
    76 Cal.App.2d 281
    , the court stated, “The term ‘accrue’ means:
    ‘To come into existence as an enforceable claim; to vest as a right; as, a cause
    of action has accrued when the right to sue has become vested.’ ” (Id. at
    p. 286.) Appellant points out that the third clause included in Leahey
    contemplates an immediately enforceable right. However, it appears that
    third clause is just an example of the use of the word “accrued,” rather than a
    narrowing of the definition. In any event, Hangen did not choose to include
    the third clause in defining “accrue” in the context of modification of support.
    5
    payment,’ it is said to be ‘matured.’ ” Interpreting the child support provision
    of the MSA in light of Hangen and Skaden, we affirm.
    Under the express language of the MSA, each party “shall have [stock
    option] income for the purposes of child support” at two points in time. First,
    the “income is available for support when the option vests” and there are no
    restrictions on sale of stock. And, second, “there shall be income available for
    support when the stock is sold.” Both of those events occurred in 2021, and,
    under the MSA, appellant had income available for support when the stocks
    first vested and whenever shares of stock were sold. Thus, under the MSA,
    respondent had a vested right to support based on the income from
    appellant’s stock options when the options vested and when the stocks were
    sold. Each such event occurred soon after the execution of the MSA in
    December 2020.4 And each event occurred before the filing of the Request on
    December 29, 2021.5 The inclusion of such express provisions regarding stock
    options in the MSA demonstrates unambiguously that the parties intended
    that the full value of any options that vested in 2021 would be available in
    the calculation of 2021 support. At the time of the drafting of the MSA,
    Hangen was the leading authority on the meaning of “accrue,” and appellant
    and respondent both currently acknowledge it as such. Thus, during the
    drafting process, the parties should have been aware that the MSA accorded
    4 The first sale of vested stock by appellant occurred about two months
    after the execution of the MSA.
    5 Respondent argues that, in the alternative, appellant’s “support
    obligation vested on December 31, 2021 when all the variables needed to
    determine the amount were fixed.” Because the trial court properly
    concluded respondent’s right to support vested at earlier points in 2021 under
    the express language of the MSA, we do not address respondent’s alternative
    argument.
    6
    vested rights that would affect the timing of requests for modification of
    support.
    In his briefing on appeal, appellant makes no substantial rebuttal to
    these points. He argues the Legislature referred to “accrued” support rather
    than “vested” support, but Hangen defined “accrued” support to include
    vested rights. (Hangen, supra, 241 Cal.App.2d at p. 14.) When the
    Legislature enacted section 3651 it made no attempt to narrow the definition
    adopted in Hangen. In these circumstances, we may rely on the proposition
    that “ ‘ “[t]here is a strong presumption that when the Legislature reenacts a
    statute which has been judicially construed it adopts the construction placed
    on the statute by the courts.” ’ [Citation.] That is because, ‘ “[w]hen the
    Legislature amends a statute without changing those portions . . . that have
    previously been construed by the courts, the Legislature is presumed to have
    known of and to have acquiesced in the previous judicial construction.” ’
    [Citation.]” (Sharon S. v. Superior Court (2003) 
    31 Cal.4th 417
    , 433–434;
    accord Ixchel Pharma, LLC v. Biogen, Inc. (2020) 
    9 Cal.5th 1130
    , 1151.)
    Furthermore, appellant identifies no reason why respondent did not have a
    vested right to child support based on appellant’s income from his stock
    options when the income became “available for support” as defined by the
    MSA. In particular, he identifies no reason why respondent’s vested right to
    child support under the MSA turned on a calculation of the precise amount
    due. At most, appellant argues only that respondent’s right to support was
    “immature,” because the payment obligation depended on satisfaction of a
    condition—the “true-up” process described in the MSA.6
    6 We agree with appellant’s observation that interest on the 2021
    support did not start to accumulate until after the support became due, but
    appellant cites no authority that interest must begin to run on support in
    order to consider the support accrued.
    7
    We conclude appellant seeks to retroactively modify support. In
    Hangen, the support payment became payable (mature) and vested on the
    same date—the first day of the month. (Hangen, supra, 241 Cal.App.2d at
    pp. 13–14.) In the present case, under the plain language of the MSA, the
    date the 2021 support payment was due and the dates respondent became
    entitled to support based on appellant’s 2021 stock option income were not
    the same dates. Because respondent had a vested, albeit “immature,” right to
    child support based on appellant’s 2021 income from the stock options before
    appellant filed and served the Request, the trial court did not err in
    concluding the Request improperly sought retroactive modification of accrued
    support. (§ 3651, subd. (c)(1).)7
    DISPOSITION
    The trial court’s order is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to
    respondent.
    SIMONS, J.
    We concur.
    JACKSON, P. J.
    CHOU, J.
    (A165784)
    7 Because we conclude the trial court did not err, we need not address
    respondent’s contention that appellant has not shown prejudice.
    8
    

Document Info

Docket Number: A165784

Filed Date: 12/21/2023

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 12/22/2023