Doe v. Marysville Joint Unified Sch. Dist. ( 2023 )


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  • Filed 12/21/23
    CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
    (Yuba)
    ----
    JOHN HR DOE et al.,
    Plaintiffs and Appellants,                          C095446
    v.                                                       (Super. Ct. No.
    CVPO2100697)
    MARYSVILLE JOINT UNIFIED SCHOOL
    DISTRICT,
    Defendant and Respondent.
    APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Yuba County, Debra L.
    Givens, Judge. Affirmed.
    MANLY, STEWART & FINALDI, John C. Manly, Morgan A Stewart, Saul E.
    Wolf, Cristina J. Nolan; ESNER, CHANG, BOYER & MURPHY, Shea S. Murphy,
    Kevin K. Nguyen, and Holly N. Boyer for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
    SPINELLI, DONALD & NOTT and Lynn A. Garcia for Defendant and
    Respondent.
    John HR Doe filed and dismissed a state court action against the Marysville Joint
    Unified School District (the School District). Other Does filed and dismissed their own
    1
    state court action against the School District. After that, John HR Doe and the other Does
    (collectively the Doe plaintiffs) filed and dismissed a federal court action. And then the
    Doe plaintiffs filed the instant state court action, their third action against the School
    District. All of the lawsuits alleged that William Babcock, a counselor at an elementary
    school in the School District in the 1990’s and 2000’s, committed sexual misconduct
    causing the Doe plaintiffs to sustain injury and damages.
    In this third action, the trial court sustained the School District’s demurrer and
    dismissed the Doe plaintiffs’ complaint. The trial court ruled that, under rule 41(a)(1)(B)
    of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C.),1 the Doe plaintiffs’ dismissal of the
    second action in federal court constituted res judicata.
    In their original briefing on appeal, the Doe plaintiffs asserted that the trial court
    erred in sustaining the demurrer based on res judicata. They did not dispute that they
    dismissed their federal action or that rule 41(a)(1)(B) provides that such a dismissal, a
    second voluntary dismissal, operates as an adjudication on the merits. Rather, they
    contended that, because the School District argued in the federal court that the Eleventh
    Amendment to the United States Constitution provided immunity on most of the Doe
    plaintiffs’ claims, it divested the federal court of subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate
    the claims on the merits.
    After the original briefing was completed, the Doe plaintiffs filed a letter
    identifying new case authority, and we directed the parties to file supplemental letter
    briefs addressing the effect of the authority on the res judicata issue. In their
    supplemental letter brief, the Doe plaintiffs argued that, in considering the effect of rule
    41(a)(1)(B) in this context, California state law controls, under which a second voluntary
    1 Undesignated rule references are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C.).
    2
    dismissal does not constitute res judicata. They contend rule 41(a)(1)(B) does not
    support dismissal of this third action.
    Finding no merit in the Doe plaintiffs’ contentions, we will affirm the judgment.
    BACKGROUND
    On February 20, 2020, John HR Doe (HR) filed a complaint in Yuba County
    Superior Court against the School District, Babcock, and a church. Because Babcock and
    the church are not parties to this appeal, we will summarize the procedure only with
    respect to the School District. As to the School District, the complaint alleged causes of
    action for negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, sexual harassment,
    breach of fiduciary duty, constructive fraud, and failure to perform a mandatory duty.
    The School District demurred to HR’s complaint, and the trial court sustained the
    demurrer with leave to amend as to some causes of action but without leave to amend as
    to others. On October 9, 2020, HR filed a first amended complaint in Yuba County
    Superior Court. However, he subsequently filed a request for a voluntary dismissal
    without prejudice, which was entered as requested on November 12, 2020.
    Meanwhile, on July 20, 2020, the other Does filed a similar complaint against the
    School District in Yuba County Superior Court. The School District demurred to the
    complaint and the trial court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend as to some
    causes of action but without leave to amend as to others. The other Does filed a request
    for a voluntary dismissal without prejudice, which was entered as requested on
    November 12, 2020.
    On the same day the requests for dismissal were entered in the two Yuba County
    Superior Court actions, the Doe plaintiffs filed a complaint against the School District in
    the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. The complaint
    asserted the causes of action that had previously been alleged in the superior court but
    also added causes of action under title VIII of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
    3
    (
    20 U.S.C. § 7926
    ) (Title VIII), Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
    (
    20 U.S.C. § 1681
    (a) et seq.) (Title IX), and 42 U.S.C § 1983.
    On January 13, 2021, the School District moved to dismiss the Doe plaintiffs’
    federal complaint. The motion argued the Eleventh Amendment to the United States
    Constitution provided immunity in the federal court on most of the claims against the
    School District. However, the School District acknowledged that the Eleventh
    Amendment did not provide such immunity on the Title IX claim. On February 18, 2021,
    the Doe plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their federal complaint under rule 41(a).
    On March 11, 2021, the Doe plaintiffs filed the instant action against the School
    District in Ventura County Superior Court. The complaint asserted causes of action for
    negligence, negligent supervision, and negligent hiring; it did not assert any federal
    claims. The parties stipulated that the action should have been filed in Yuba County
    Superior Court, and the action was transferred to that court. After the transfer, the Doe
    plaintiffs filed a peremptory challenge disqualifying the judge who sustained the
    demurrer in the original action, and the action was assigned to a different judge.
    The School District demurred to the complaint, asserting that the action was
    barred by res judicata because of the Doe plaintiffs’ second voluntary dismissal of the
    complaint in federal court. The trial court sustained the demurrer and dismissed the
    complaint. It ruled that res judicata barred the action because the dismissal in federal
    court operated as an adjudication on the merits.
    DISCUSSION
    I
    The Doe plaintiffs contend their dismissal of the federal action did not constitute
    an adjudication on the merits because the federal court did not have subject matter
    jurisdiction over their claims.
    Federal courts have two different sources of subject matter jurisdiction as relevant
    here. Diversity jurisdiction arises when opposing parties are citizens of different states
    4
    (
    28 U.S.C. § 1332
    ), and federal question jurisdiction gives the federal courts jurisdiction
    if the action arises under federal law (
    28 U.S.C. § 1331
    ). If the federal court has subject
    matter jurisdiction, it may also exercise supplemental jurisdiction over related claims
    that would not otherwise have been within the federal court’s jurisdiction. (
    28 U.S.C. § 1367
    .)
    In the Doe plaintiffs’ federal case, the federal court had subject matter jurisdiction
    because the Doe plaintiffs filed their federal action as a federal question case (based on
    Title VIII, Title IX, and 
    42 U.S.C. § 1983
    ) with supplemental federal jurisdiction over the
    Doe plaintiffs’ state-law claims. All parties in this action are California-based, so the
    federal court never had diversity jurisdiction.
    The Doe plaintiffs nevertheless argue that because the School District relied on the
    Eleventh Amendment in its motion to dismiss the federal complaint, it divested the
    federal court of authority to adjudicate the Doe plaintiffs’ claims on the merits. For this
    proposition, the Doe plaintiffs cite Wages v. Internal Revenue Service (9th Cir. 1990)
    
    915 F.2d 1230
    , 1234.) In that case, a person sued the Internal Revenue Service in a
    federal district court, but the district court dismissed the action because it did not have
    subject matter jurisdiction over the claims and the complaint failed to state a claim on
    which relief could be granted. (Id. at p. 1233.) The United States Court of Appeals held
    it was improper for the district court to consider whether the complaint stated a claim on
    which relief could be granted because that went to the merits, and once the district court
    determined it lacked subject matter jurisdiction it had no power to address the merits.
    (Id. at p. 1234.)
    Wages is distinguishable from this case. The federal court involved in the Doe
    plaintiffs’ action did not determine that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Rather, the
    School District acknowledged that the federal court had subject matter jurisdiction over
    5
    the Title IX claim,2 which was predicated on the same harm as the other causes of action.
    The Doe plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit.
    Under the circumstances, there is no merit to the Doe plaintiffs’ contention that the
    federal court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.
    II
    After briefing was completed in this case, the Doe plaintiffs filed a notice of
    additional citations for oral argument. In that notice, they cited a recent case relevant
    to the application of rule 41(a)(1)(B). That case is Gray v. La Salle Bank, N.A. (2023)
    
    95 Cal.App.5th 932
     (Gray) decided by the Court of Appeal for the Sixth Appellate
    District. We directed the parties to provide supplemental letter briefs on the effect
    of Gray, which held that a second dismissal in a federal district court did not, under
    rule 41(a)(1)(B), preclude filing the same claim in a third action in state court. (Gray, at
    p. 1225.) Before discussing Gray, we will describe the relevant background law and the
    legal developments preceding Gray.
    Res judicata or claim preclusion bars a second suit on the same cause of action
    when the cause of action has already been adjudicated on the merits. (Mycogen Corp. v.
    Monsanto Co. (2002) 
    28 Cal.4th 888
    , 896; Needelman v. DeWolf Realty Co., Inc. (2015)
    
    239 Cal.App.4th 750
    , 757.) “[A] single cause of action is based on the harm suffered,
    rather than on the particular legal theory asserted or relief sought by the plaintiff.
    [Citations.]” (Balasubramanian v. San Diego Community College Dist. (2000)
    
    80 Cal.App.4th 977
    , 991 (Balasubramanian); see also Hi-Desert Medical Center v.
    2 The Eleventh Amendment bars suit against a state by its own citizens in federal court
    unless the state has waived its immunity or Congress has abrogated the state’s immunity.
    (Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996) 
    517 U.S. 44
    , 54, 68 [
    134 L.Ed.2d 252
    ].)
    The latter is the situation for a Title IX action against a state by its own citizens in federal
    court. “A State shall not be immune under the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution
    of the United States from suit in Federal court for a violation of . . . title IX of the
    Education Amendments of 1972. . . .” (42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7(a)(1).)
    6
    Douglas (2015) 
    239 Cal.App.4th 717
    , 733 (Hi-Desert Medical Center).) Here, the Doe
    plaintiffs’ claims constitute a single cause of action for res judicata purposes because they
    are based on the same alleged harm: the injury and damages caused by Babcock’s sexual
    misconduct.
    Rule 41(a)(1)(A) allows a plaintiff to dismiss an action without a court order by
    filing a notice of dismissal before the defendant files an answer or motion for summary
    judgment. But rule 41(a)(1)(B) provides: “[I]f the plaintiff previously dismissed any
    federal- or state-court action based on or including the same claim, a notice of dismissal
    operates as an adjudication on the merits.” Res judicata bars any subsequent action based
    on the same alleged harm. (See Engelhardt v. Bell & Howell Co. (8th Cir. 1962)
    
    299 F.2d 480
    , 484 (Engelhardt).)
    “The preclusive effect of a federal-court judgment is determined by federal
    common law.” (Taylor v. Sturgell (2008) 
    553 U.S. 880
    , 891 [
    171 L.Ed.2d 155
    ] (Taylor).)
    If the federal court exercised diversity jurisdiction, federal common law incorporates the
    claim preclusion law of the state. (Semtek Internat., Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.
    (2001) 
    531 U.S. 497
    , 507-508 [
    149 L.Ed.2d 32
    ] (Semtek).) If the prior federal judgment
    was in a federal question case, however, federal common law requires application of
    “ ‘uniform federal rule[s]’ of res judicata,” not state law. (Taylor, at p. 891; see also
    Guerrero v. Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2018) 
    28 Cal.App.5th 1091
    ,
    1101-1102 (Guerrero) [summarizing the differences in claim preclusion in diversity and
    federal question cases].)
    With respect to the effect of a second voluntary dismissal under rule 41(a)(1)(B),
    federal law is that a second voluntary dismissal under rule 41(a)(1)(B) is claim
    preclusive. (Jian Ying Lin v. Shanghai City Corp. (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 
    329 F.R.D. 36
     (Jian
    Ying Lin); McGhee v. High Mt. Health LLC (D.Ariz. Apr. 21, 2020, No. CV-19-08145-
    PCT-DWL) 2020 U.S.Dist. Lexis 69721.)
    7
    The primary federal precedent relied on by the Doe plaintiffs in their supplemental
    letter brief, and by the Gray court, is Semtek, 
    supra,
     
    531 U.S. 497
    . In that United States
    Supreme Court case, the plaintiff filed an action in California state court, but the
    defendant removed the action to the federal court based on the federal court’s diversity
    jurisdiction. The federal district court dismissed the action based on California’s statute
    of limitations, as the action arose under California law. The plaintiff also filed an action
    in a Maryland state court, where the limitations period had not expired. The Maryland
    court concluded that, because the federal court’s dismissal was designated as “on the
    merits” under rule 41(b), the federal dismissal was res judicata and precluded the
    Maryland state action.3 (Semtek, at pp. 499-500.)
    On review in the United States Supreme Court, the plaintiff argued that the
    dismissal in the federal court did not bar the Maryland action because, under California
    procedural law, the dismissal based on the statute of limitations was not claim preclusive.
    The defendant disagreed, arguing that the dismissal in the federal court was claim
    preclusive under rule 41(b). (Semtek, supra, 531 U.S. at pp. 500-501.)
    The Semtek court reversed the Maryland judgment. It held: “Because the claim-
    preclusive effect of the California federal court’s dismissal ‘upon the merits’ of [the
    plaintiff’s] action on statute-of-limitations grounds is governed by a federal rule that in
    turn incorporates California’s law of claim preclusion . . . , the Maryland Court of Special
    Appeals erred in holding that the dismissal necessarily precluded the bringing of this
    action in the Maryland courts.” (Semtek, 
    supra,
     531 U.S. at p. 509.)
    3 Rule 41(b) deems certain involuntary dismissals in federal court “adjudication[s] on the
    merits.” Rule 41(a)(1)(B), on the other hand, deems a second voluntary dismissal in
    federal court “an adjudication on the merits.” This case involves rule 41(a)(1)(B) only,
    not rule 41(b), which was the rule relevant to the outcome in Semtek. Rule 41(b) states
    that an involuntary dismissal “operates as an adjudication on the merits” unless the
    dismissal order states otherwise.
    8
    The court in Semtek reasoned that an “adjudication on the merits” under rule 41(b)
    does not necessarily mean the judgment has claim-preclusive effect in a case involving
    diversity jurisdiction. (Semtek, supra, 531 U.S. at p. 503.) Semtek noted that in such
    cases involving diversity jurisdiction there is no need for a uniform federal rule
    concerning when a federal judgment has preclusive effect because “state, rather than
    federal, substantive law is at issue . . . .” (Semtek, 
    supra,
     531 U.S. at p. 508.) On the
    other hand, Semtek counseled that, with respect to cases involving federal question
    jurisdiction, “States cannot give those judgments merely whatever effect they would give
    their own judgments, but must accord them the effect that this Court prescribes.
    [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 507.)
    The court in Semtek determined that the words “operates as an adjudication upon
    the merits” in rule 41(b) should be interpreted in a manner consistent with rule 41(a),
    which “makes clear that an ‘adjudication upon the merits’ is the opposite of a dismissal
    without prejudice.” (Semtek, supra, 531 U.S. at p. 505.) Rule 41(a) makes that
    distinction by indicating that a second voluntary dismissal, like in this case, is an
    adjudication on the merits, i.e., has the same effect as a dismissal with prejudice.
    In the diversity context of the Semtek case, however, the court explained that
    “nationwide uniformity in the substance of the matter is better served by having the same
    claim-preclusive rule (the state rule) apply whether the dismissal has been ordered by a
    state or a federal court. This is, it seems to us, a classic case for adopting, as the federally
    prescribed rule of decision, the law that would be applied by state courts in the State in
    which the federal diversity court sits.” (Semtek, 
    supra,
     531 U.S. at p. 508, italics added.)
    The United States Supreme Court again considered the claim-preclusive effect of
    federal judgments in Taylor, 
    supra,
     
    553 U.S. 880
    , which, unlike Semtek, involved federal
    question jurisdiction. In that case, the court considered whether a prior judgment against
    the petitioner’s friend in a Freedom of Information Act case precluded the petitioner’s
    own suit. The court determined that the friend was not the petitioner’s virtual
    9
    representative, and therefore the prior judgment did not preclude the petitioner’s action.
    (Id. at pp. 884-885.) In its opinion, the court stated: “The preclusive effect of a federal-
    court judgment is determined by federal common law. See [Semtek, 
    supra,
     531 U.S. at
    pp. 507-508]. For judgments in federal-question cases . . . federal courts participate in
    developing ‘uniform federal rule[s]’ of res judicata, which this Court has ultimate
    authority to determine and declare. [Semtek], at 508.” (Taylor, at p. 891.) In a footnote
    associated with that quote regarding the preclusive effect of judgments in federal question
    cases, the Taylor court, citing Semtek, observed: “For judgments in diversity cases,
    federal law incorporates the rules of preclusion applied by the State in which the
    rendering court sits.” (Taylor, at p. 891, fn. 4.)
    In Melamed v. Blue Cross (9th Cir. 2014) 557 F.Appx. 659, a plaintiff filed and
    voluntarily dismissed two federal court actions against defendants, after which the
    plaintiff filed a third action in California state court. The defendants successfully
    removed the action to the federal district court because it involved a federal question.
    (Id. at pp. 660-661.) On the defendant’s motion, the federal district court dismissed
    under the two-dismissal rule of rule 41(a)(1)(B), and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
    affirmed. (Melamed, at pp. 661-662.) Even after Semtek, federal law provides that the
    two-dismissal rule of rule 41(a)(1)(B) has res judicata effect and bars a third action on the
    same claim.
    Under these federal cases, as well as California precedent, “federal common law
    controls the preclusive effect of a federal judgment.” (Guerrero, supra, 28 Cal.App.5th
    at p. 1100.) In federal cases based on diversity jurisdiction, the federal common law
    “effectively embeds state law into federal law unless some paramount federal interest
    calls for a departure from it.” (Ibid.) However, if “a prior federal judgment was based on
    federal question jurisdiction, the preclusive effect of the prior judgment of a federal court
    is determined by federal law.” (Louie v. BFS Retail & Commercial Operations, LLC
    10
    (2009) 
    178 Cal.App.4th 1544
    , 1553 (Louie), italics omitted, quoted in Guerrero, at
    p. 1102.)
    Despite the foregoing authorities, in Hardy v. America’s Best Home Loans (2014)
    
    232 Cal.App.4th 795
    , 806 (Hardy), which was a second action filed in the state court
    after an involuntary rule 41(b) dismissal in federal court under its federal question
    jurisdiction, a state court of appeal held that the plaintiff could refile in the state court as
    long as it alleged only state-law claims. The court came to this conclusion by citing
    Semtek and reasoning: “Here, while the federal order dismissed both federal and state-
    law claims, the claims asserted in this action involve only state claims. In that respect,
    the district court’s dismissal of the state law claims is similar to a federal court’s
    dismissal in a diversity action. Accordingly, under Semtek, the preclusive effect of the
    district court’s dismissal is determined under California law. . . . California law does not
    bar this action because the federal action was not an adjudication on the merits.” (Hardy,
    at p. 806.)
    Hardy indicated, without citation to supporting authority, that the federal court
    dismissal in that federal question case was similar to, and should be treated like, a
    dismissal in a diversity action because the federal claims were not renewed in the
    subsequent state court action. However, the United States Supreme Court has explained
    that it is in actual diversity jurisdiction cases where state law may be incorporated into
    federal law for the purpose of determining claim preclusion. (Semtek, supra, 531 U.S. at
    p. 509.) When a federal case is based on federal question jurisdiction, state law is not
    incorporated, and states cannot give those judgments the effect they would give their own
    judgments. (Id. at p. 507.)
    That brings us to the appellate decision that prompted the supplemental letter
    briefs in this case, Gray, supra, 
    95 Cal.App.5th 932
    . In framing the issue presented, the
    court noted that, in California state court, the filing and voluntary dismissal without
    prejudice of successive lawsuits does not constitute a final judgment on the merits that
    11
    would preclude a subsequent lawsuit in a California state court. The question presented
    in Gray was whether a third suit filed in California state court alleging only state-law
    claims was subject to claim preclusion under rule 41(a)(1)(B) because the plaintiff had
    previously filed two federal question lawsuits in federal court alleging federal and state
    claims and had voluntarily dismissed them without prejudice. (Gray, supra, 95
    Cal.App.5th at p. 941.)
    The court in Gray held that the plaintiffs’ voluntary dismissal of the second
    federal lawsuit was not a final adjudication on the merits barring the third case in state
    court. According to Gray, “[t]he two-dismissal rule of Rule 41(a)(1)(B) applies when
    there is a voluntary dismissal in state or federal court, a second voluntary dismissal in
    federal court, and the subsequent filing of an action in the same federal court where the
    second suit was dismissed. We hold that this rule is inapplicable here to the filing of [the
    plaintiffs’] state court lawsuit alleging state law claims only that succeeded the filing of
    voluntary dismissals without prejudice in two federal lawsuits. [The plaintiffs] are not
    precluded from asserting the claims in the present action because, under California law,
    (1) a dismissal without prejudice is not a judgment on the merits that precludes a
    subsequent action, and (2) there is no proscription against the filing of multiple actions
    that are voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff.” (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 942,
    original italics.) The Gray court relied mainly on Semtek, 
    supra,
     
    531 U.S. 497
     to support
    its conclusions. (Gray, at p. 942.)
    Gray applied California law to determine whether the second federal dismissal in a
    federal question case constituted res judicata. (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 942.)
    But its holding is contrary to authority, including Semtek, that res judicata is determined
    under federal law if the federal court jurisdiction was based on a federal question.
    (Louie, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 1553.) The court in Gray concluded rule
    41(a)(1)(B) applies only to a third filing in the same federal court and does not apply
    12
    when the third filing alleges only state law claims. (Gray, at p. 942.) While those
    conclusions have superficial appeal, they are not supported under closer scrutiny.
    According to Gray, rule 41(a)(1)(B) applies only to a third filing in the same
    federal court. (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 942.) In Semtek, the court held that
    “adjudication upon the merits” in rule 41(b) means that refiling is barred only in the same
    federal district court. (Semtek, 
    supra,
     531 U.S. at p. 506.) However, that holding in
    Semtek was dependent on its conclusion that, in a diversity jurisdiction case, state law
    controls whether the prior dismissal in federal court is claim preclusive. (Id. at pp. 506-
    507.) Semtek expressly differentiated between diversity cases and federal question cases,
    explaining that the United States Supreme Court has “long held that States cannot give
    [federal question] judgments merely whatever effect they would give their own
    judgments, but must accord them the effect that this Court prescribes. [Citations.]” (Id.
    at p. 507.) Semtek stated that, in a federal diversity case, rule 41(b) applies only to
    prevent refiling in the same federal district court; but that does not apply to cases
    involving jurisdiction based on a federal question. After Semtek, federal courts continue
    to hold that a second voluntary dismissal under rule 41(a)(1)(B) is claim preclusive, and
    not just in the federal district court where the plaintiff obtained the second dismissal.
    (See Jian Ying Lin, supra, 329 F.R.D. at p. 39 [holding that the two-dismissal rule of
    rule 41(a)(1)(B) applies to an action refiled in a different federal district court]; Kerr
    Corp. v. Westside Resources, Inc. (W.D.Wis. Sep. 27, 2007, No. 07-C-0177-C) 2007
    U.S.Dist. Lexis 72862 [two prior voluntary dismissals in California federal court barred
    refiling in Wisconsin federal court].)
    Gray also based its decision on the fact that the plaintiff alleged only state-law
    claims in the third action. (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 942.) Referencing Hardy’s
    conclusion that the federal court dismissal in Hardy was similar to a dismissal in a
    diversity action because the claims asserted in the ultimate state court action involved
    only state claims (Gray, at p. 962, citing Hardy, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 806), the
    13
    court in Gray held that whether the voluntary dismissal of the federal lawsuit was claim
    preclusive was governed by a federal rule that in turn incorporated the law of claim
    preclusion of the state where the federal lawsuit was brought. (Gray, at p. 962.) Such
    treatment of a voluntary dismissal in a federal question case is inconsistent with the
    United States Supreme Court’s declaration that a federal-court judgment in a federal
    question case must be accorded the effect the federal courts prescribe. (Semtek, supra,
    531 U.S. at p. 507.) While the United States Supreme Court allows that state law may
    determine the claim-preclusive effect in a diversity jurisdiction case, the same is not true
    in a federal question case. (Taylor, 
    supra,
     553 U.S. at p. 891; Semtek, 
    supra,
     531 U.S. at
    p. 507.)
    To support its application of state law, the court in Gray relied on the federal
    district court opinion in Project Drilling, LLC v. Ledya Oil & Gas Exploration &
    Production, SA (N.D.Okla. Feb. 11, 2022, No. 21-CV-0427-CVE-CDL) 2022 U.S.Dist.
    Lexis 25408 (Project Drilling). (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at pp. 958-960.) That
    case, however, was a diversity action. (Project Drilling, at pp. 7-8.) On the issue of
    whether the two-dismissal rule has claim-preclusive effect, the district court did not
    specify whether it was relying on Oklahoma law; instead, it merely cited Semtek. (Id. at
    pp. 18-21.) In any event, being a diversity jurisdiction case, Project Drilling is not
    authority on the effect of the two-dismissal rule in a federal question case.
    Gray also relied on the decision of the Tennessee Supreme Court in Cooper v.
    Glasser (Tenn. 2013) 
    419 S.W.3d 924
    , in which the Tennessee court held a second
    dismissal in the federal court did not have claim-preclusive effect. (Gray, supra,
    95 Cal.App.5th at p. 960.) Unlike Semtek and Project Drilling, Cooper was a federal
    question case. The court in Cooper recognized that Semtek “held that a federal district
    court exercising diversity jurisdiction should apply the claim-preclusion law of the state
    ‘in which the federal court sits.’ [Citation.]” (Cooper, at p. 927.) Nevertheless, the
    Tennessee Supreme Court applied Tennessee’s claim-preclusion law even though the
    14
    federal court’s subject matter jurisdiction was based on a federal question. (Id. at p. 930.)
    Like the decision in Gray, the decision in Cooper was inconsistent with the federal
    authority that federal law be applied to determine claim preclusion in a federal question
    case. (Taylor, supra, 553 U.S. at p. 891; see also Guerrero, supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at
    pp. 1101-1102.)
    Why should a California state court apply the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
    after a voluntary dismissal in a federal question case when that procedure will work to the
    detriment of California plaintiffs seeking to assert state claims in state court for the
    redress of alleged wrongful conduct? The first reason is that the United States Supreme
    Court requires it. As the court directed in Semtek, in cases involving federal question
    jurisdiction, “States cannot give those judgments merely whatever effect they would give
    their own judgments, but must accord them the effect that this Court prescribes.
    [Citations.]” (Semtek, supra, 531 U.S. at p. 507.) But the court also described one of the
    policy reasons for the claim-preclusive distinctions in federal question versus diversity
    cases, explaining that they avoid forum-shopping and inequitable administration of the
    laws. (Id. at pp. 508-509.) Moreover, as the court in Gray noted, the two-dismissal rule
    prevents unreasonable abuse and harassment by preventing a plaintiff from obtaining
    numerous dismissals without prejudice. (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at pp. 951-952,
    citing Sutton Place Development Co. v. Abacus Mortgage Investment Co. (7th Cir. 1987)
    
    826 F.2d 637
    , 640.)
    Because a second voluntary dismissal in federal court is claim preclusive in a
    federal question case, the plaintiff cannot strip out the federal claims and file the action in
    state court solely as a California law action. As we have explained, “a single cause of
    action is based on the harm suffered, rather than on the particular legal theory asserted or
    relief sought by the plaintiff. [Citations.]” (Balasubramanian, supra, 80 Cal.App.4th at
    p. 991; see also Hi-Desert Medical Center, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 733.) Rule
    41(a)(1)(B) speaks in terms of a “claim,” not a specific theory supporting a claim.
    15
    “Rule 41(a)(1)(B)’s two-dismissal rule would be toothless if a plaintiff could evade it
    merely by adding to his original, voluntarily dismissed complaint a new cause of action
    arising from the same operative facts . . . .” (Jian Ying Lin, supra, 329 F.R.D. at p. 40.)
    Here, the Doe plaintiffs’ claims constitute a single claim for res judicata purposes
    because they are based on the same alleged harm: the injury and damages caused by the
    school counselor’s abuse. Thus, stripping out the federal claims and refiling the state
    claims does not change the fact that a claim-preclusive judgment has already been
    entered concerning the Doe plaintiffs’ alleged harm.
    Res judicata bars the Doe plaintiffs’ claims in this action because the federal
    action was based on federal question jurisdiction, and federal law, which we are bound to
    follow in this context, deems the second dismissal claim preclusive. (See Engelhardt,
    supra, 299 F.2d at pp. 484-485 [validity and res judicata effect of the two-dismissal
    rule].)
    DISPOSITION
    The judgment is affirmed. The School District is awarded its costs on appeal.
    (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a).)
    /S/
    MAURO, Acting P. J.
    I concur:
    /S/
    WISEMAN, J.*
    * Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District, assigned
    by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
    16
    MESIWALA, J., Dissenting.
    The problem with importing res judicata principles here is it applies Federal Rules
    of Civil Procedure, rule 41 too broadly, “clos[ing]the courthouse doors to an otherwise
    proper litigant.” (Poloron Products, Inc. v. Lybrand Ross Bros. & Montgomery (2d Cir.
    1976) 
    534 F.2d 1012
    , 1017.)
    State claim preclusion law governs unless that law is incompatible with federal
    interests. (Gray v. La Salle Bank, N.A. (2023) 
    95 Cal.App.5th 932
    , 962 (Gray); see also
    Hardy v. America’s Best Home Loans (2014) 
    232 Cal.App.4th 795
    , 806; Hately v.
    Watts (4th Cir. 2019) 
    917 F.3d 770
    , 777 [when a federal court exercises supplemental
    jurisdiction over a state law claim, “[t]he federal rule of decision in such cases is to apply
    state preclusion law, unless the state preclusion law is incompatible with federal
    interests”]; Cooper v. Glasser (Tenn. 2013) 
    419 S.W.3d 924
    , 927-930; Herington v. City
    of Wichita (Kan. 2021) 
    500 P.3d 1168
    , 1176 (Herington) [“a federal court must apply
    state law to state law claims in both diversity and supplemental jurisdiction cases”];
    Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Allianz Risk Transfer AG (N.Y.Ct.App. 2018) 
    96 N.E.3d 737
    , 754-755 (dis. opn. of Wilson, J.).
    Here, Doe plaintiffs have sued in state court asserting only state law claims, and
    there is no “incompatibility between applying California claim-preclusion law with
    federal interests.” (Gray, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 962.) In these circumstances,
    California’s claim preclusion law governs, allowing plaintiffs who voluntarily dismiss an
    action without prejudice to refile, not federal law.
    The majority concludes that under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 41
    (28 U.S.C.), a second voluntary dismissal in federal court of a case involving federal
    question jurisdiction has claim preclusive effect in a third case filed in state court, relying
    on Taylor v. Sturgell (2008) 
    553 U.S. 880
    , 891 and Louie v. BFS Retail & Commercial
    Operations, LLC (2009) 
    178 Cal.App.4th 1544
    , 1553. But Taylor and Louie did not
    1
    involve Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 41 (28 U.S.C.), particularly a voluntary
    dismissal under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 41(a) (28 U.S.C.) and did not
    consider the effect of such a dismissal on a state court action asserting only state claims.
    The majority also relies on Melamed v. Blue Cross (9th Cir. 2014) 
    557 Fed.Appx. 659
     and Jian Ying Lin v. Shanghai City Corp. (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 
    329 F.R.D. 36
    . But those
    cases instruct that where a federal court is exercising federal question jurisdiction, the
    two-dismissal rule of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 41 (28 U.S.C.) bars a third
    action in federal court. They do not instruct what happens when the third action is
    brought in state court asserting only state law claims.
    “The United States Supreme Court has never addressed the issue presented
    here[,]” specifically what law governs the claim preclusive effect of a federal court
    disposition of a state law claim under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 41(a)
    (28 U.S.C.) in a case in which federal court jurisdiction over the state law claim was
    based on supplemental jurisdiction. (Herington, supra, 500 P.3d at p. 1176.)
    For these reasons, I would reverse the trial court’s judgment and allow the Doe
    plaintiffs’ claims to proceed in state court.
    /S/
    MESIWALA, J.
    2
    

Document Info

Docket Number: C095446

Filed Date: 12/21/2023

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 12/21/2023