People v. Garcia CA3 ( 2024 )


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  • Filed 10/18/24 P. v. Garcia CA3
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
    California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
    publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
    or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
    (Yolo)
    ----
    THE PEOPLE,                                                                                C098282
    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Super. Ct. No. CR20157320)
    v.
    JORGE ANDRES TORRES GARCIA,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    Defendant Jorge Andres Torres Garcia pled no contest to voluntary manslaughter
    after being charged with felony murder based on a killing occurring during a robbery.
    Defendant then testified at his codefendant’s trial, who was thereafter acquitted of all
    charges. Defendant later filed a resentencing petition under Penal Code1 section 1172.6,2
    1        Undesignated section references are to the Penal Code.
    2      Effective June 30, 2022, former section 1170.95 was recodified without
    substantive change to section 1172.6. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) Defendant filed his
    1
    which the trial court denied after holding an evidentiary hearing. On appeal, defendant
    argues the trial court erred because: (1) his codefendant’s acquittal for robbery
    undermines the basis for finding him guilty of felony murder; (2) there was no substantial
    evidence he was a major participant in the robbery who acted with reckless indifference
    to human life; and (3) the trial court failed to consider his youth. We affirm.
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    Defendant, along with codefendant Lance Richard Ornellas-Castro, was charged
    with three felonies: murder with a robbery special-circumstance allegation, attempted
    second degree robbery, and conspiracy to commit a felony.
    On January 17, 2017, defendant pled no contest to voluntary manslaughter,
    robbery, conspiracy to commit a felony (robbery), and a firearm enhancement that a
    principal was armed. The plea agreement included a stipulated term of 14 years if
    defendant agreed to truthfully testify at Ornellas-Castro’s trial.
    I
    Trial Testimony
    Defendant testified at Ornellas-Castro’s trial in February 2017. Defendant
    testified he met Ornellas-Castro when they worked at the same fast-food restaurant.
    Defendant knew Ornellas-Castro was a gang member and the two texted each other about
    stealing from other people. This included pretending to buy drugs from someone then
    rob them. Ornellas-Castro sent defendant a text saying: “[L]et’s set shit up. I want to
    take all this nigga’s shit, and then he’ll try to get some straps and I’ll catch him slippin
    and take those too, ha ha ha.” Defendant explained they planned on taking this person’s
    drugs and guns, i.e. “straps,” by pretending to want to buy drugs from him, but they never
    acted on this idea.
    petition under former section 1170.95, but we will refer to the current section 1172.6
    throughout this opinion.
    2
    In November 2015, defendant met Andrew Phauthoum at a friend’s house and
    defendant bought cannabis from Phauthoum that day. Defendant texted Phauthoum about
    a week later and they met in a parking lot so defendant could buy more cannabis.
    Defendant knew Phauthoum was associated with a gang defendant was told not to mess
    with.
    In December 2015, defendant called Phauthoum to buy more cannabis from him.
    Defendant told Ornellas-Castro about the deal and Ornellas-Castro wanted to join. On
    the drive to meet Phauthoum, Ornellas-Castro and defendant discussed increasing the
    order and Ornellas-Castro suggested they take the drugs from Phauthoum. Defendant
    then called Phauthoum and ordered a total of six ounces of cannabis and a quarter ounce
    of cocaine, worth roughly $800 total. Defendant explained they planned to tell
    Phauthoum “to get in the car and just tell him to give [them] the drugs.” If Phauthoum
    did not give them the drugs, they would show Phauthoum a small revolver in Ornellas-
    Castro’s possession. Defendant had seen Ornellas-Castro carry the gun every day. When
    the prosecutor asked defendant to reiterate their intent, defendant testified they intended
    to meet Phauthoum “[t]o rob him” by taking the drugs after flashing Ornellas-Castor’s
    gun.
    Defendant and Ornellas-Castro planned to meet Phauthoum in a grocery store
    parking lot. Defendant was driving and told Ornellas-Castro to move from the passenger
    seat to the back in case Phauthoum resisted them taking the drugs. When Ornellas-Castro
    and defendant arrived at the grocery store parking lot for the exchange, Phauthoum got
    into their car and sat in the front passenger seat next to defendant. Phauthoum handed
    defendant a box with two bags of cannabis and said he was waiting on a call for the
    cocaine. Defendant then introduced Phauthoum to Ornellas-Castro, the two began
    talking, and then defendant heard a gunshot. Defendant looked over and saw Phauthoum
    slouched with a bullet hole in his forehead. Defendant testified he didn’t think he heard
    any argument but was “zoned out” looking at the cannabis.
    3
    After the gunshot, defendant drove away. Defendant asked what happened and
    Ornellas-Castro said Phauthoum “flexed on him, like he was reaching for something.”
    Defendant reached in Phauthoum’s pockets and found a cell phone, which he threw into a
    river as they were driving over a bridge.
    Defendant and Ornellas-Castro decided to dump Phauthoum’s body in the river
    and defendant drove to a slough where he used to fish. When they got to the slough,
    Ornellas-Castro pulled Phauthoum out of the car and then defendant heard a gunshot.
    Defendant walked to the other side of the car and saw Ornellas-Castro checking
    Phauthoum and taking off his clothes. Defendant and Ornellas-Castro then carried
    Phauthoum’s body into the slough, drove back to Ornellas-Castro’s apartment, and tried
    to clean the blood from the car. Defendant then split the cannabis with Ornellas-Castro
    and went home; defendant planned to sell the cannabis.
    The jury acquitted Ornellas-Castro of all charges.
    II
    Petition For Resentencing
    On May 2, 2017, the trial court sentenced defendant pursuant to the plea
    agreement to 14 years. On January 18, 2022, defendant filed a petition for resentencing
    under section 1172.6, contending he was charged with murder but could not now be
    convicted of murder due to changes to the murder statutes. The trial court issued an order
    to show cause and held an evidentiary hearing on the petition on March 29, 2023.
    Defendant’s counsel argued at the hearing the prosecution is precluded from arguing the
    underlying robbery is valid due to the jury acquitting Ornellas-Castro of robbery.
    Defendant’s counsel argued alternatively that defendant was not a major participant who
    acted with reckless indifference to human life.
    The trial court said it had reviewed the parties’ briefing and defendant’s testimony
    at his codefendant’s trial. The trial court also reviewed defendant’s statements made to a
    law enforcement official before Ornellas-Castro’s trial that was consistent with
    4
    defendant’s testimony at trial. But in these statements, defendant also told the officer
    Ornellas-Castro told defendant he shot Phauthoum again when dumping his body because
    Phauthoum “was moving.” Defendant also explained he was afraid of Ornellas-Castro
    because “he’s kinda crazy sometimes. [¶] . . . [¶] When he’d drink[,] he’d get pretty
    loud. Always, like, kinda like aggressive.” Defendant was further afraid because he had
    heard stories of Ornellas-Castro shooting at someone at a supermarket and Ornellas-
    Castro asked defendant if he wanted to join his gang.
    The trial court first found issue preclusion inapplicable under People v. Superior
    Court (Sparks) (2010) 
    48 Cal.4th 1
     (Sparks). The trial court then found, “[T]he record
    supports a conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt that [defendant] was a major participant
    and that he acted with reckless indifference to human life. Therefore, the [c]ourt does not
    believe that he’s entitled to relief under [section] 1172.6.”
    Defendant appeals.
    DISCUSSION
    I
    Ornellas-Castro’s Acquittal Did Not Preclude Finding Defendant Ineligible
    Defendant first argues the doctrine of issue preclusion or collateral estoppel
    required finding at the section 1172.6 evidentiary hearing defendant did not participate in
    a robbery because the jury in Ornellas-Castro’s trial acquitted Ornellas-Castro of robbery.
    Defendant frames the issue as “whether the jury’s acquittal on the robbery charge
    precluded the trial court considering a post-conviction resentencing petition from finding
    beyond a reasonable doubt that the robbery occurred.” We conclude it did not.
    The trial court’s ruling and the parties dispute centers on our Supreme Court’s
    opinion in Sparks, 
    supra,
     
    48 Cal.4th 1
    . In Sparks, our Supreme Court concluded, “[A]
    verdict regarding one defendant has no effect on the trial of a different defendant. Courts
    should determine the propriety of a prosecution based on that prosecution’s own record,
    not a different record. Nonmutual collateral estoppel does not apply to verdicts in
    5
    criminal cases.” (Id. at p. 5.) The court explained finding otherwise would “have the
    unfortunate effect of making collateral estoppel’s application turn on the happenstance of
    which trial goes first,” which “would mean that, of two participants in an alleged criminal
    enterprise, the one tried first would have only one trial in which to prevail—that
    participant’s own trial; but the participant scheduled to be tried second might have two
    trials in which to prevail—either the first or the second trial. If, instead, both participants
    were tried together, neither could benefit from an inconsistent verdict. [Citation.] Such a
    system would give the appearance of arbitrariness, not integrity.” (Id. at p. 16, italics
    omitted.)
    Further, nonmutual collateral estoppel would create a “one-way ratchet” that could
    permit coconspirators tried later to benefit from an earlier coconspirator’s favorable
    verdict or choose trial for themselves if the verdict was unfavorable. (Sparks, 
    supra,
    48 Cal.4th at pp. 16-17.) “All defendants may thus receive the benefit of the most
    favorable verdict any jury might render (provided they time their trials correctly).
    Nothing in our jury system suggests such a scale-tipping is either compelled or
    beneficial.” (Id. at p. 17.) Conversely, “occasional inconsistent verdicts do not
    undermine the integrity of the justice system.” (Id. at p. 16.)
    Defendant contends Sparks is inapplicable because “the issue is not of two
    competing jury verdicts. Rather, the issue is whether the trial court—in ruling on a
    resentencing petition, not presiding over a trial—could make the finding that the
    prosecution proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the underlying felony of robbery
    occurred even where the jury found the actual killer not guilty of that robbery.” But this
    framing ignores defendant’s plea. It was defendant’s own plea that convicted him of
    robbery. And a plea “ ‘admits every element of the crime charged’ [citation] and ‘is the
    “legal equivalent” of a “verdict” [citation] and is “tantamount” to a “finding.” ’ ”
    (People v. Wallace (2004) 
    33 Cal.4th 738
    , 749.) Though Sparks dealt with jury verdicts,
    there is no language limiting its application to verdicts rendered only by juries. (See
    6
    People v. Price (2017) 
    8 Cal.App.5th 409
    , 434-435 [applying Sparks when some
    codefendants entered plea agreements].) Sparks is therefore applicable because
    defendant’s plea resulted in a guilty verdict, which consequently bars using Ornellas-
    Castro’s acquittal to undermine defendant’s robbery conviction. (Sparks, 
    supra,
    48 Cal.4th at p. 5 [“a verdict regarding one defendant has no effect on the trial of a
    different defendant”].)
    Nothing in section 1172.6 creates an exception to Sparks. Defendant contends
    “his no contest plea to robbery cannot be used to demonstrate that he committed the
    underlying felony of robbery beyond a reasonable doubt.” But defendant provides no
    authority indicating an exception to collateral estoppel or section 1172.6 applies that
    would permit resentencing the underlying felony to avoid an inconsistent verdict created
    by defendant’s own plea (and testimony) to the underlying felony. (Cf. People v. Burgess
    (2023) 
    88 Cal.App.5th 592
    , 602, 606 [evaluating an underlying felony for sufficient
    evidence following a § 1172.6 hearing when there had been a clarification of the law for
    the felony, which excused collateral estoppel, and “the clarification of the law [was]
    highly relevant to a fact finder’s determination of [the defendant’s] guilt for murder”].)
    Finding otherwise would also severely undermine Sparks’s policy considerations.
    Permitting Ornellas-Castro’s acquittal to release defendant from his plea could motivate
    future defendants to take pleas before their codefendants go to trial to get the benefit of
    the bargain, but then allow them the possibility to avoid this bargain if the codefendant is
    acquitted. And it could also create a perverse motivation to testify in a manner to benefit
    their codefendants and consequently themselves. This is a more extreme version of the
    “one-way ratchet” described and rejected in Sparks. (See Sparks, 
    supra,
     48 Cal.4th at
    pp. 16-17.)
    We consequently conclude the trial court did not err in finding Ornellas-Castro’s
    acquittal did not preclude denying defendant’s section 1172.6 petition.
    7
    II
    The Trial Court’s Factual Findings Are Supported By Substantial Evidence
    Defendant next argues the trial court’s finding that he was a major participant who
    acted with reckless indifference to human life lacked substantial evidence. We disagree.
    Section 1172.6 permits resentencing of defendants convicted of murder or
    manslaughter where malice was imputed based solely on participation in a crime.
    (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).) To deny defendant relief under section 1172.6 the trial court was
    required to find beyond a reasonable doubt defendant was the actual killer, had the intent
    to kill, or was both a major participant in the robbery and that he acted with reckless
    indifference to human life. (People v. Strong (2022) 
    13 Cal.5th 698
    , 707-708.)
    We review the trial court’s finding for substantial evidence. (People v. Njoku
    (2023) 
    95 Cal.App.5th 27
    , 41-43.) Thus, we consider the entire record in a light
    favorable to the judgment to determine “whether the evidence is such that a reasonable
    trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
    (People v. Bean (1988) 
    46 Cal.3d 919
    , 932; see People v. Clements (2022)
    
    75 Cal.App.5th 276
    , 298.) If the record reasonably justifies the trial court’s findings, we
    must affirm the conviction. (People v. Jennings (2010) 
    50 Cal.4th 616
    , 639.)
    There is no argument or evidence defendant was the actual killer or had the intent
    to kill so we review the trial court’s finding for substantial evidence defendant was both a
    major participant in the robbery who also acted with reckless indifference to human life.
    A
    Defendant Was A Major Participant
    Under our Supreme Court’s opinion in People v. Banks (2015) 
    61 Cal.4th 788
    ,
    803, to determine whether a defendant was a major participant in a robbery, a court
    considers the following factors: (1) The defendant’s role in planning the crime that led to
    the death; (2) the defendant’s use, knowledge, or production of the weapons used in that
    crime; (3) the defendant’s awareness of the dangerousness of the crime or of the violent
    8
    tendencies of his, her, or their accomplice; (4) the defendant’s presence at the scene of the
    killing, role in the death, and opportunity to prevent it; and (5) the defendant’s actions
    after lethal force was used. “[N]one of these considerations is dispositive. Rather, ‘[a]ll
    may be weighed in determining the ultimate question, whether the defendant’s
    participation “in criminal activities known to carry a grave risk of death” [citation] was
    sufficiently significant to be considered “major” [citations].’ ” (People v. Strong, supra,
    13 Cal.5th at p. 706.)
    Defendant testified he and Ornellas-Castro intended to rob Phauthoum, and
    defendant testified he was instrumental in planning this robbery. Defendant was the point
    of contact with Phauthoum and had previously purchased drugs from him; Phauthoum
    consequently would not have been at the scene of his death but for defendant. Defendant
    also said he knew Ornellas-Castro had a gun and violent tendencies, stating defendant
    was personally scared of him because of rumors Ornellas-Castro shot someone at a
    supermarket, was a member of a gang, and could be “kinda crazy sometimes.”
    Defendant was also at the scene of the crime, sitting immediately next to Phauthoum and
    in front of Ornellas-Castro. Though defendant testified he was “zoned out” while the two
    were talking, he still had the opportunity to intervene given the close proximity to and
    apparent ability to overhear his armed coconspirator and the target of their armed robbery
    sitting right next to him. After the killing, defendant immediately fled the scene of the
    crime and aided in the disposal of Phauthoum’s cell phone and body, even selecting the
    location because defendant had fished there. Defendant planned to sell the cannabis
    taken from Phauthoum. This collectively is substantial evidence supporting all factors
    for defendant being a major participant of the underlying homicidal robbery.
    Defendant argues there was evidence he and Ornellas-Castro did not intend to rob
    Phauthoum. Defendant relies on his testimony during cross-examination at Ornellas-
    Castro’s trial indicating uncertainty the two defendants intended to rob Phauthoum. But
    this testimony conflicts with defendant’s explicit testimony he and Ornellas-Castro
    9
    intended “[t]o rob him,” along with defendant’s testimony to the underlying
    conversations and preparations to effectuate this robbery. Again, from this collective
    evidence we must conclude there was substantial evidence defendant was a major
    participant in a robbery.
    B
    Defendant Acted With Reckless Indifference To Human Life
    Under our Supreme Court’s opinion in People v. Clark (2016) 
    63 Cal.4th 522
    ,
    618-623, to determine whether a defendant acted with reckless indifference to human life,
    the trial court considers the following factors: (1) The defendant’s knowledge that
    weapons would be used; (2) the defendant’s presence at the scene and ability to prevent
    the death or help the victim; (3) whether the defendant restrained the victim for a
    prolonged period; and (4) the defendant’s knowledge of his, her, or their accomplice’s
    violent tendencies. This analysis has “ ‘significant[] overlap’ ” with the major participant
    analysis because “ ‘in general, for the greater the defendant’s participation in the felony
    murder, the more likely that he[, she, or they] acted with reckless indifference to human
    life.’ ” (Id. at pp. 614-615.)
    As with the major participant analysis, there is evidence defendant knew Ornellas-
    Castro had violent tendencies and was armed for the robbery. Defendant testified to
    Ornellas-Castro’s gang involvement, possible shooting at a supermarket, and that the two
    exchanged texts about robbing another person of his guns. The robbery underlying the
    murder was of a drug dealer defendant knew was a member of a gang he was told not to
    mess with, and the gun played an important role in the robbery as the source of force.
    Even though there was no evidence defendant restrained the victim for any amount of
    time, defendant was in close proximity to the victim and the shooter, giving him a
    potential opportunity to prevent the shooting.
    Defendant’s actions after the shooting are further unfavorable. There is evidence
    the victim may have been alive after the first gunshot. Defendant told a law enforcement
    10
    officer Ornellas-Castro shot Phauthoum again because Ornellas-Castro said Phauthoum
    moved. Defendant never testified he considered trying to save Phauthoum’s life, or
    checked whether he was even alive. Defendant first instinct was to instead check
    Phauthoum’s pockets, not his pulse.
    Collectively, this evidence exhibits a risk beyond that inherent in a generic armed
    robbery. (See People v. Clark, 
    supra,
     63 Cal.4th at p. 623 [“But here there appears to be
    nothing in the plan that one can point to that elevated the risk to human life beyond those
    risks inherent in any armed robbery”].) This evidence establishes defendant was a major
    participant in an armed robbery with a potentially violent gang member, to rob another
    gang member he was told not to mess with, with defendant accepting the risk of killing
    by prioritizing hiding his involvement over potentially saving a life. This supports
    finding “defendant knowingly create[d] a serious risk of death.” (In re Taylor (2019)
    
    34 Cal.App.5th 543
    , 560.)
    We therefore conclude substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding.
    III
    We Must Assume The Trial Court Considered Defendant’s Youth
    We granted defendant’s request for supplemental briefing based on People v.
    Jimenez (2024) 
    103 Cal.App.5th 994
    . Defendant argues courts must consider youthful
    factors in considering whether the defendant was a major participant who acted with
    reckless indifference to human life, which is an evolving issue clearly established only
    after defendant’s hearing, and there is no evidence the trial court considered this issue.
    We disagree.
    The relevant line of cases begins with People v. Harris (2021) 
    60 Cal.App.5th 939
    ,
    filed February 16, 2021. In Harris, the appellate court reversed the trial court’s denial of
    a section 1172.6 petition at the prima facie stage for a defendant who had been arrested
    for his offense when he was 17 years old. (Harris, at pp. 944-945.) The court concluded
    the defendant was not ineligible for relief as a matter of law under Banks and Clark
    11
    because, in part, given the defendant’s “youth at the time of the crime, particularly in
    light of subsequent case law’s recognition of the science relating to adolescent brain
    development [citations], it is far from clear that [the defendant] was actually aware ‘of
    particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime, weapons used, or past experience or
    conduct of the other participants.’ ” (Harris, at pp. 959-960; see id. at pp. 944-945, 948-
    949.)
    In In re Moore (2021) 
    68 Cal.App.5th 434
    , 439, filed August 21, 2021, the
    appellate court had denied a writ of habeas corpus petition, from a defendant who was 16
    years old at the time of the offense, challenging a robbery-murder special-circumstance
    finding under Banks. Our Supreme Court ordered the appellate “court to consider
    ‘whether [the defendant’s] youth at the time of the offense should be one of the factors
    considered under’ Banks and Clark.” (Moore, at p. 439.) The appellate court answered
    the question in the affirmative, finding “a defendant’s youth is a relevant factor in
    determining whether the defendant acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Id.
    at p. 454.) The appellate court concluded our Supreme Court has explained, “[I]n
    determining whether a defendant acted with reckless indifference to human life, we must
    ‘consider the totality of the circumstances.’ [Citation.] Thus, the factors identified in
    Banks and Clark are ‘nonexclusive.’ ” (Moore, at p. 454.)
    In People v. Jones (2022) 
    86 Cal.App.5th 1076
    , 1090-1091, filed December 23,
    2022, the appellate court concluded substantial evidence supported the trial court’s
    finding that the defendant, who was 20 years old at the time of the offense, was a major
    participant who acted with reckless indifference to human life under Banks and Clark.
    However, the appellate court reversed because “[t]he Banks and Clark factors are not
    exclusive. . . . [T]he totality of the circumstances necessarily includes the defendant’s
    youthful age, which the record does not indicate the court considered.” (Jones, at
    p. 1091; see id. at p. 1093.) The appellate court concluded the resentencing hearing had
    taken place on March 10, 2021, and “Moore—the case holding squarely that a
    12
    defendant’s youth is one relevant factor—was not issued until months later in August
    2021.” (Jones, at p. 1092.) Even though the previous cases “were premised on scientific
    findings regarding adolescent brain development,” and the defendant was not an
    adolescent at the time of the offense, the appellate court concluded “in the interest of
    justice,” that “it is best for the trial court to have a meaningful opportunity to consider
    [the defendant’s] youth as part of the totality of the circumstances germane to
    determining whether he was a major participant who acted with reckless indifference to
    human life.” (Id. at pp. 1092-1093.) The court consequently remanded for the trial court
    to make this determination. (Id. at p. 1093.)
    In People v. Oliver (2023) 
    90 Cal.App.5th 466
    , 476-477, 485, filed March 16,
    2023, the trial court denied a section 1172.6 petition following an evidentiary hearing for
    a defendant who committed the crime when he was 23 years old because it found beyond
    a reasonable doubt defendant was a major participant who acted with reckless
    indifference to human life. The appellate court granted the defendant’s request for
    supplemental briefing based on Jones. (Oliver, at p. 485.) After summarizing Harris,
    Moore, and Jones, the appellate court “acknowledge[d] the trajectory of the legislation
    and case law recognizing the psychological and neurological differences between
    youthful and adult offenders, which both lessen the culpability of the young and increase
    the likelihood of their rehabilitation.” (Oliver, at pp. 486-488.)
    In People v. Pittman (2023) 
    96 Cal.App.5th 400
    , 409, 413, 416, 419, filed
    October 13, 2023, the appellate court reversed a denial of a section 1172.6 petition after
    an evidentiary hearing for a defendant who committed second degree murder when he
    was 21 years old. The court looked at felony-murder cases, such as Oliver and Moore,
    “to determine whether there [wa]s a reasonable possibility that the failure to consider [the
    defendant’s] youth impacted the trial court’s decision,” which “ ‘stress two areas’:
    youthful offenders’ ‘relative impulsivity’ and ‘their vulnerability to peer pressure.’ ”
    (Pittman, at pp. 417-418.) The court concluded there was such a possibility. (Id. at
    13
    p. 418.) Thus, even though the defendant was 21 years old at the time, the court
    concluded remand was appropriate because: “We do not find further factual distinctions
    between this case and the felony-murder cases sufficiently compelling to overcome ‘the
    interest[s] of justice’ served by remand.” (Ibid.)
    Finally, in People v. Jimenez, supra, 
    103 Cal.App.5th 994
    , filed on July 22, 2024,
    the trial court denied a first resentencing petition under section 1172.6 in August 2021
    and then a second petition in March 2023 at the prima facie stage finding “there was no
    legal basis entitling [the defendant] to a second petition for resentencing.” (Jimenez, at
    pp. 999-1000.) The appellate court reviewed the above case law in addition to statutory
    changes in the recent years providing ameliorative benefits to defendants who committed
    their offenses when they were under 26 years old. (Id. at pp. 1001-1004.) “Considering
    this evolving landscape, and applying de novo review,” the appellate court “reject[ed] the
    People’s contention that [the defendant’s] second petition [wa]s barred by collateral
    estoppel.” (Id. at p. 1004.) The court reasoned that even if the elements of collateral
    estoppel were met, the equitable exception barring its application if there was a
    subsequent change in law applied because of the evolution of considering youth based on
    the above cases. (Id. at p. 1005.) The appellate court also concluded the law of the case
    doctrine did not apply for similar reasons, based on “a significant intervening change in
    the law.” (Id. at pp. 1006-1007.) Thus, the court stated, “[A]s in Jones, we conclude it is
    in the interest of justice to give the trial court a meaningful opportunity to consider [the
    defendant’s] youth ‘as part of the totality of the circumstances germane to determining’
    whether he acted with malice under current law.” (Jimenez, at p. 1008.)
    Defendant contends the record is silent on whether the trial court considered his
    youth and we cannot assume the trial court did. Defendant argues, “[T]rial courts [that]
    presided over evidentiary hearings more recently did not have meaningful opportunities
    to consider young adult offenders’ youth when determining culpability” because most of
    the relevant cases “were decided shortly before [defendant’s] hearing and should be
    14
    considered recent unanticipated, changes to the law.” (Italics omitted; see People v.
    Ochoa (2020) 
    53 Cal.App.5th 841
    , 853 [finding remand appropriate where “the record is
    at the very least ambiguous as to whether the court understood its” sentencing discretion];
    People v. Panozo (2021) 
    59 Cal.App.5th 825
    , 840 [“our record necessitates remand
    because it is, at the very least, ambiguous as to whether the trial court was aware of its
    statutory obligations”].)
    Defendant’s evidentiary hearing occurred on March 29, 2023, after Harris, Moore,
    Jones, and Oliver, but before Pittman and Jimenez. Most of these early cases did involve
    defendants under the age of 18 years old, and Harris relied in part on “the science
    relating to adolescent brain development.” (People v. Harris, supra, 60 Cal.App.5th at
    p. 960.) But Moore stated its rule broadly as “a defendant’s youth is a relevant factor in
    determining whether the defendant acted with reckless indifference to human life.”
    (In re Moore, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 454.) There was no mention of adolescence
    limiting this analysis. And the court in Jones found Moore sufficiently broad to apply to
    that defendant’s case, who was 20 years old at the time of the offense, to reverse and
    remand for the trial court to consider the defendant’s “youth as part of the totality of the
    circumstances germane to determining whether he was a major participant who acted
    with reckless indifference to human life.” (People v. Jones, supra, 86 Cal.App.5th at
    pp. 1092-1093.) Even if we were to accept defendant’s premise that we cannot assume
    the trial court here was aware of Jones because it was filed “just three months” prior to
    the hearing, Jones relied on Moore, which was filed approximately 19 months before
    defendant’s evidentiary hearing. (See Jones, at pp. 1079, 1092-1093; Moore, at p. 434.)
    Thus, at the time of defendant’s evidentiary hearing there was established law that courts
    can consider youth in the Banks and Clark analysis, even for defendants over 18 years
    old. This case is dissimilar for similar reasons from Jimenez, where the relevant hearing
    there was the first one that occurred in 2021. (People v. Jimenez, supra, 
    103 Cal.App.5th 15
    at p. 1005 [“The timing of the trial court’s August 2021 ruling on [the defendant’s] first
    petition is similar to that in Jones”].)
    Defendant has failed to establish a basis for us not to apply the fundamental
    principle that trial courts are presumed to have applied the law “where the record does
    not establish on its face that the trial court misunderstood the scope of that discretion.”
    (People v. Gutierrez (2009) 
    174 Cal.App.4th 515
    , 527.) We therefore must presume the
    trial court was aware it could consider defendant’s youth when it found he was a major
    participant who acted with reckless indifference to human life.
    DISPOSITION
    The trial court’s order denying defendant’s petition for resentencing under section
    1172.6 is affirmed.
    /s/
    ROBIE, J.
    We concur:
    /s/
    EARL, P. J.
    /s/
    RENNER, J.
    16
    

Document Info

Docket Number: C098282

Filed Date: 10/18/2024

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 10/18/2024