Michael B. v. M.N. CA2/7 ( 2014 )

Filed 12/8/14 Michael B. v. M.N. CA2/7
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SEVEN
MICHAEL B., B249251
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BF042374)
v.
M.N.,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Ralph C.
Hofer, Judge. Affirmed.
Kawahito Shraga & Westrick, James Kawahito and Alison Rose for Plaintiff and
Appellant.
Law Offices of Adrien Medvei and Sebastian M. Medvei for Defendant and
Respondent.
______________________
INTRODUCTION
Appellant Michael B. filed this action to establish a parental relationship with
respondent M.N.’s daughter Olivia pursuant to the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA, Fam.
Code, § 7600 et seq.).1 The trial court found that Michael B. was Olivia’s biological
father and, among other things, directed him to pay $50,000 in attorneys’ fees and
$10,000 in accountants’ fees incurred by M.N. during the course of the proceedings.
Michael B. appeals, challenging the order requiring him to pay attorneys’ fees and
accountants’ fees. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
M.N. called Michael B. while she was pregnant with Olivia and told him that he
might be the father of her unborn child. According to Michael B., as soon as he learned
he was Olivia’s father, he became “fully committed” to her, visited with her regularly
after she was born, and voluntarily sent support payments to M.N. Michael B. felt that,
in contrast, M.N. was uncooperative regarding scheduling visitation. She also took
Olivia out of the state and out of the country without giving him prior notice.
Michael B. filed a petition to establish a parental relationship with Olivia. M.N.
filed requests for child custody, child support, pendente lite attorneys’ fees and costs,
accountants’ fees, visitation, and for permission to move to Las Vegas, Nevada.
The trial court found that Michael B. was Olivia’s biological father. The court
awarded Michael B. and M.N. joint legal and physical custody of Olivia, with a custody
plan for Olivia to spend alternate weeks with Michael B. and M.N. The court denied
M.N.’s request to move with Olivia to Las Vegas. The court also ordered Michael B. to
pay $1,629 in monthly child support. In calculating this amount, the court imputed
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.
2
minimum wage income to M.N. and monthly income of $22,600 to Michael B. The court
denied M.N.’s request for a written statement of decision,2 finding that its oral statement
of decision on the record was sufficient. Michael B. does not challenge any of these
rulings.
The trial court also granted M.N.’s request for pendente lite attorneys’ fees and
accountants’ fees and costs pursuant to section 7605, subdivision (a). The court found
“that the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by [M.N.] are reasonable.” The court ordered
Michael B. to pay M.N.’s attorneys “$50,000.00 as and for a contribution towards
[M.N.’s] attorneys’ fees and costs” and “$10,000.00 as and for [M.N.’s] accountants’ fees
and costs . . . .” Michael B. filed a timely notice of appeal.3
DISCUSSION
A. The Record Is (Now) Sufficient To Reach the Merits of Michael B.’s Appeal
As a preliminary matter, M.N. argues that Michael B. has forfeited his arguments
regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support the fee award because the appellate
record submitted by Michael B. does not contain all of the submitted evidence, and in
particular the evidence of his income, assets and liabilities, required to evaluate whether
substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings. For example, Michael B.’s
opening brief refers to “Exhibits 15, 16, and 17,” which are bank statements in the name
2 Counsel for M.N. requested a statement of decision only on the issues of child
support, custody, visitation, and M.N.’s move-away request, but not on the issue of
attorneys’ fees and accountants’ fees.
3 An order granting a motion for pendente lite attorneys’ fees is appealable. (In re
Marriage of Weiss (1996) 42 Cal. App. 4th 106, 119.)
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of Michael B. and the name of his company, PlusRed Elixir, but he did not designate
those exhibits for inclusion in the clerk’s transcript on appeal.4
It is true, as M.N. argues, that if an appellant provides an inadequate record to
resolve an issue on appeal, or fails to cite to the record, we may treat the issue as forfeited
by the appellant. (See Silas v. Arden (2012) 213 Cal. App. 4th 75, 92 [“failure to provide
an adequate record for review” forfeited argument]; see also Sanders v. Walsh (2013) 219
Cal. App. 4th 855, 873-874 [defendants’ failure to provide appellate court with all trial
exhibits created “an insufficient record to fully consider their contention”]; Hotels
Nevada, LLC v. L.A. Pacific Center, Inc. (2012) 203 Cal. App. 4th 336, 348 [“[b]y failing
to provide an adequate record, appellant cannot meet his burden to show error and we
must resolve any challenge to the order against him”].) On March 20, 2014, however, we
granted M.N.’s motion to augment the record with two volumes of evidentiary materials,
including Exhibits 15, 16, and 17. Therefore, notwithstanding the failure of Michael B.
to provide an adequate record, we will exercise our discretion to consider Michael B.’s
arguments on the merits to the extent possible using the documents submitted by M.N.,
along with the clerk’s transcript designated by Michael B. (See Beckley v. Board of
Administration etc. (2013) 222 Cal. App. 4th 691, 693, fn. 1; Gunn v. Mariners Church,
Inc. (2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 206, 212-213.) Because the relevant evidence was in M.N.’s
possession and she submitted it to this court, we assume she is sufficiently familiar with it
so that there will be no prejudice to M.N. if we consider the merits of Michael B.’s
contentions. (See DiQuisto v. County of Santa Clara (2010) 181 Cal. App. 4th 236, 259-
260; Goehring v. Chapman University (2004) 121 Cal. App. 4th 353, 363, fn. 7.)
4 The only financial information about Michael B. in the clerk’s transcript is a small
number of credit card statements. Most of the clerk’s transcript contains financial
information about M.N.
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B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Awarding Pendente Lite Attorneys’ Fees
and Accountants’ Fees
1. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
In the trial court, both Michael B. and the court cited section 2030 as the
governing law. Section 2030, however, applies to attorneys’ fees awards in marital
actions such as petitions for dissolution, legal separation, or nullity. (See Robert J. v.
Catherine D. (2005) 134 Cal. App. 4th 1392, 1400.) This is a paternity action, which is
governed by section 76055 and other provisions of the UPA.
Fortunately, section 7605 has the same language as section 2030, subdivision (a).
In Kevin Q. v. Lauren W. (2011) 195 Cal. App. 4th 633, the court recognized the
relationship between the two statutes: “[I]n 2004, the Legislature drafted section 7605
and amended section 2030 to be identical statutes, without changing section 2032 which
supplemented and controlled section 2030. These statutes require a comparative analysis
of the parties’ circumstances and/or needs and serve the common purpose (shared by all
the Fam. Code statutes that authorize attorney fee awards) of ensuring, ‘to the extent
possible, that the litigating parties are on an equal footing in their ability to present their
5 Section 7605 provides in part: “(a) In any proceeding to establish physical or
legal custody of a child or a visitation order under this part, and in any proceeding
subsequent to entry of a related judgment, the court shall ensure that each party has
access to legal representation to preserve each party’s rights by ordering, if necessary
based on the income and needs assessments, one party, except a government entity, to
pay to the other party, or to the other party’s attorney, whatever amount is reasonably
necessary for attorney’s fees and for the cost of maintaining or defending the proceeding
during the pendency of the proceeding.
“(b) When a request for attorney’s fees and costs is made under this section, the
court shall make findings on whether an award of attorney’s fees and costs is appropriate,
whether there is a disparity in access to funds to retain counsel, and whether one party is
able to pay for legal representation of both parties. If the findings demonstrate disparity
in access and ability to pay, the court shall make an order awarding attorney’s fees and
costs. A party who lacks the financial ability to hire an attorney may request, as an in pro
per litigant, that the court order the other party, if that other party has the financial ability,
to pay a reasonable amount to allow the unrepresented party to retain an attorney in a
timely manner before proceedings in the matter go forward.”
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cases . . . .’ [Citation.] Thus, sections 7605 and 2030 focus on the parties’ ‘respective
incomes and needs’ and ‘respective abilities to pay.’ (§ 7605, subd. (b) . . . ; see § 2030,
subd. (a)(2).) Section 2032 asks whether the award is ‘just and reasonable under the
relative circumstances of the respective parties.’ (Id., subd. (a) . . . .) Of these three
statutes, section 2032 is the only one that instructs the court in detail how to make a
comparative analysis; it requires the court to ‘take into consideration the need for the
award to enable each party, to the extent practical, to have sufficient financial resources
to present the party’s case adequately, taking into consideration, to the extent relevant,’
the circumstances specified in section 4320. (§ 2032, subd. (b).) Although some of the
factors listed in section 4320 relate only to marriage cases (for example, the duration of
the marriage), most of the enunciated circumstances are equally relevant to UPA cases
(for example, each party’s marketable skills and earning capacity). (§ 4320, subds. (a),
(b) & (f) . . . .)” (Kevin Q., supra, at pp. 643-644, italics omitted.) For this reason, the
Kevin Q. court found no error in the trial court’s performance of a section 2032
comparative analysis in a UPA case. (Kevin Q., supra, at p. 644.)
“Paternity actions may involve many of the same highly controversial and hotly
contested issues that arise in other family matters, such as parental rights to custody,
visitation, and child support.” (Robert J. v. Catherine D., supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1403.) Thus, “section 7605 applicable to UPA cases and amended section 2030
applying to marital dissolution proceedings, both . . . provide in relevant part: ‘[T]he
court shall ensure that each party has access to legal representation to preserve each
party’s rights by ordering, if necessary based on the income and needs assessments, one
party . . . to pay to the other party, or to the other party’s attorney, whatever amount is
reasonably necessary for attorney’s fees and for the cost of maintaining or defending the
proceeding during the pendency of the proceeding.’ (§ 7605, subd. (a) . . . ; see § 2030,
subd. (a)(1).)” (Kevin Q. v. Lauren W., supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 640, fn. omitted.)
“In determining whether to award attorney fees and costs, and the amount of any such
fees and costs, a court must consider ‘the respective incomes and needs of the parties, and
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. . . any factors affecting the parties’ respective abilities to pay.’ (§ 7605, subd. (b); see
§ 2030, subd. (a)(2).)” (Kevin Q., supra, at p. 640.)
The goal of assuring each parent has comparable access to appropriate legal
representation and accountant expertise is to make sure that each parent’s views are
equally represented to the court so that the court’s decisions will be in the best interest of
the child. “Imposing attorney fees on the wealthier party in paternity actions ‘ensure[s]
that both sides of the custody dispute are represented and are able to present evidence
bearing on the best interests of the child’ when ‘a court is determining who gets custody
of a child.’ [Citation.] [¶] . . . The fact that these custody issues are resolved in the
context of a petition to establish parental relationship rather than in a petition for
dissolution does not alter the fact that custody and visitation issues are, ultimately, to be
resolved in a manner consistent with the best interests of the children.” (Robert J. v.
Catherine D., supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 1403.)
When a party requests attorneys’ fees and costs under the applicable section, the
court must make virtually the same findings under section 7605 as under section 2030:
“[T]he court shall make findings on whether an award of attorney’s fees and costs is
appropriate, whether there is a disparity in access to funds to retain counsel, and whether
one party is able to pay for legal representation of both parties. If the findings
demonstrate disparity in access and ability to pay, the court shall make an order awarding
attorney’s fees and costs. A party who lacks the financial ability to hire an attorney may
request, as an in pro per litigant, that the court order the other party, if that other party has
the financial ability, to pay a reasonable amount to allow the unrepresented party to retain
an attorney in a timely manner before proceedings in the matter go forward.” (§ 7605,
subd. (b); see § 2030, subd. (a)(2).)
Finally, “[t]he findings of the court regarding the actual income and needs of the
parties are necessarily subject to a substantial evidence standard of review.” (Kevin Q. v.
Lauren W., supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 642.) “The determination of the amount which
is ‘reasonably necessary’ to ensure each party has access to legal representation is a
decision necessarily committed to the sound judgment of the trial court, and is,
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accordingly, subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.” (Ibid.; see In re
Marriage of Turkanis and Price (2013) 213 Cal. App. 4th 332, 345 [“[w]e review an
award of attorney fees under the Family Code for abuse of discretion, ‘and we therefore
must affirm unless no judge reasonably could make the order’”].)
2. The Award of Attorneys’ Fees Is Supported by Substantial
Evidence
The trial court’s only finding regarding attorneys’ fees and accountants’ fees and
costs was “that the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by [M.N.] are reasonable.” Based
on the absence of findings regarding the factors the trial court must consider in making a
fee award, Michael B. argues that the trial court erred in failing to consider those factors.
M.N. argues that, in the absence of a statement of decision, we must “infer ‘findings in
favor of the judgment’ on controverted issues.” (Kevin Q. v. Lauren W., supra, 195
Cal.App.4th at p. 642; see also Code Civ. Proc., §§ 632, 634.) She also contends that
Michael B. forfeited his argument that the trial court failed to make express findings by
failing to request a statement of decision regarding the fee award.
“Code of Civil Procedure section 632 requires the trial court to issue a statement
of decision ‘upon the trial of a question of fact’ when it receives a request therefor by a
party appearing at trial. In general, however, section 632 applies when there has been a
trial followed by a judgment. [Citation.] It does not apply to an order on a motion . . .
even if . . . the order is appealable. [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of Askmo (2000) 85
Cal. App. 4th 1032, 1040.) A statement of decision is not required for an order awarding
attorneys’ fees. (See In re Marriage of Falcone and Fyke (2012) 203 Cal. App. 4th 964,
981; In re Marriage of Fong (2011) 193 Cal. App. 4th 278, 293-296.) Thus, the issue here
is not whether Michael B. forfeited his right to express findings by failing to request a
statement of decision, but rather whether the trial court’s failure to make the findings
required by section 7605, subdivision (b), require reversal of the fee award.
In In re Marriage of Carlsen (1996) 50 Cal. App. 4th 212, the trial court failed to
make the express findings required by section 4072 for ordering a deduction for hardship
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expenses from child support the court had ordered a parent to pay. (Id. at p. 216.) On
appeal, the court stated that the trial court’s “failure to make prescribed findings [is not]
‘reversible per se.’” (Id. at p. 217.) “[W]e are enjoined by our Constitution from
imposing a reversible-per-se rule here. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.) Unlike statements of
decision, the Legislature has not precluded us here from implying findings. (Cf. Code
Civ. Proc., § 634.) Nor do we have the constitutional due process concerns presented by
the imposition of sanctions . . . . Thus, we determine here if the trial court’s failure to
include express findings was nonprejudicial.” (Id. at p. 218.) To determine whether the
absence of express findings was prejudicial, the Carlsen court looked to the evidence in
the record to determine if there was any evidence from which the court could “infer the
necessary findings.” (Ibid.) Because there was no such evidence, the court found that the
failure to make express findings was prejudicial. (Ibid.)
Here, in contrast to Carlsen, there is ample evidence to support each of the
findings required by section 7605, subdivision (b). There is overwhelming evidence that
an award of attorneys’ fees was required to “level the playing field” between M.N. and
Michael B. The evidence shows a great disparity between the ability of Michael B. and
the ability of M.N. to pay attorneys’ fees, and that Michael B.’s income and assets are
sufficient to give him the ability to pay for both parties’ fees.
The evidence of M.N.’s circumstances included two declarations by M.N., her
income and expense declaration, declarations from M.N.’s two attorneys, and a
declaration from her former employer, Philip Viardo. The evidence of Michael B.’s
circumstances included Michael B.’s tax returns for 2009, 2010, and 2011, the most
recent three months of statements from two bank accounts in Michael B.’s name, a
statement from a bank account in the name of PlusRed Elixir, and a declaration by
Michael B. with 22 exhibits. The evidence also included an assets and debts schedule for
Michael B., a record of a $62,148.90 IRA account of Michael B., and information about
Michael B.’s rental properties and multiple automobiles.
This evidence showed that M.N. was unemployed and that there were no regular
deposits into her bank account. According to M.N., some of the money in her bank
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account was a loan she obtained to pay living expenses. This evidence supported an
implied finding that M.N. did not have the financial resources to pay for her legal fees.
In contrast, although Michael B. claimed to have had little or no income in recent months,
his bank records showed that he added over $57,000 to one personal account in
November 2012. To another account he deposited $44,210.69 in September 2012,
$23,000 in October 2012, and $29,000 in November 2012. The bank records for his
company reflected deposits of $180,000 in September 2012, $181,700 in October 2012,
and $66,928.18 in November 2012. This evidence supported an implied finding that
Michael B. had the financial resources to pay for both his legal fees and M.N.’s.
Because the record contains substantial evidence to support implied findings under
section 7605, subdivision (b), that there was a disparity in access to funds to retain
counsel and that Michael B. was able to pay for legal representation of both parties, there
is evidence from which we may “infer the necessary findings.” Therefore, the trial
court’s failure to make express findings on the issue of attorneys’ and accountants’ fees
was not prejudicial. (See Kevin Q. v. Lauren W., supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 642; In re
Marriage of Carlsen, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at p. 218.) Moreover, given the
overwhelming evidence in the record that M.N. “demonstrated an inability to pay . . . her
attorney fees while showing [Michael B.] had the ability to pay,” the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in making a fee award in favor of M.N. (In re Marriage of Tharp
(2010) 188 Cal. App. 4th 1295, 1315.)
Michael B. argues that the trial court erred in calculating imputed income based, in
part, on funds in the PlusRed Elixir bank account. In making the child support award, the
trial court stated that it was imputing income to Michael B. based on Exhibits 15, 16, and
17, which included a statement from the PlusRed Elixir bank account. The court,
however, never stated that it used the imputed income figures in making the attorneys’
fees award, and it was not necessary for the trial court to impute income to Michael B. in
order to do so. “In making its determination as to whether or not attorney fees and costs
should be awarded, the trial court considers the respective needs and incomes of the
parties. [Citations.] Further, the trial court is not restricted in its assessment of ability to
10
pay to a consideration of salary alone, but may consider all the evidence concerning the
parties’ income, assets and abilities. [Citations.]” (In re Marriage of Sullivan (1984) 37
Cal. 3d 762, 768; accord, In re Marriage of Bendetti (2013) 214 Cal. App. 4th 863, 868.)6
Finally, Michael B.’s challenge to the award of accountants’ fees is the same as his
challenge to the award of attorneys’ fees. We reject it for the same reasons.
3. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Determining
the Amount of Attorneys’ Fee To Award
Michael B. also argues that the amount of the attorneys’ fees the trial court
awarded is unreasonable and that the court did not consider the relevant factors. Neither
argument has merit.
Section 7605 does not require express findings as to the “amount . . . reasonably
necessary for attorney’s fees and for the cost of maintaining or defending the proceeding
during the pendency of the proceeding.” (§ 7605, subd. (a).) The trial court here had
evidence of the tasks, time spent, and billing rates for M.N.’s attorneys in the form of
detailed billing records submitted in support of M.N.’s attorneys’ fees request. The court
stated that it had reviewed the attorney declarations and the itemized billing statements,
and the court found that the requested attorneys’ fees were reasonable. The record
reflects that the court considered the appropriate factors and exercised its discretion. (See
Alan S. v. Superior Court (2009) 172 Cal. App. 4th 238, 254 [“[w]hile no particular
language is required in an order awarding attorney fees under sections 2030 and 2032, the
record (including, but not limited to, the order itself), must reflect an actual exercise of
6 Michael B. also asserts that the three-month sample of his financial records the
court used was insufficient for the court to determine the relative difference in financial
circumstances of the parties. A three-month sample, however, is consistent with the
California Rules of Court, rule 5.427, which contains the requirements for a request for
need-based attorneys’ fees under section 7605. Rule 5.427 requires parties to submit
“current” income and expense declarations. The rule defines “‘[c]urrent’” “as being
completed within the past three months . . . .” (Id., rule 5.427(d)(1).)
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that discretion”].) We see no abuse of discretion. (See In re Marriage of Keech (1999)
75 Cal. App. 4th 860, 870, italics omitted [“‘when the trial court is informed of the extent
and nature of the services rendered, it may rely on its own experience and knowledge in
determining their reasonable value,’” and “‘“[t]he exercise of sound discretion by the trial
court in the matter of attorney’s fees includes also judicial evaluation of whether
counsel’s skill and effort were wisely devoted to the expeditious disposition of the
case”’”]; cf. In re Marriage of Tharp, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314 [trial court
abused its discretion by refusing to review billing records].)
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed. M.N. is to recover her costs on appeal.
SEGAL, J.*
We concur:
PERLUSS, P. J.
WOODS, J.
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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