Reniger v. Hyundai Motor America , 122 F. Supp. 3d 888 ( 2015 )

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STRIKE ....

Samuel Conti, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

I. INTRODUCTION

Now before the Court are two motions in this putative class action alleging consumer protection, fraud, and warranty claims related to alleged low-speed stalling of Hyundai Santa Fe vehicles. See ECF No. 21 (“SAC”). First, Defendants Hyundai Motor America and Hyundai Motor Company (“HMC”) (collectively, “Hyundai”) hávé moved to strike Plaintiffs’ class action allegations and allegations relating to the Kia Motor Group on the grounds that these allegations are either contrary to California and Ninth Circuit law or otherwise redundant, impertinent, and immaterial under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f). ECF No. 31 (“Mot. to Strike”). Second, Defendants move to dismiss several of the named Plaintiffs for lack of standing and to dismiss the balance of Plaintiffs’ allegations for failure to state a claim. ECF No. 33 (“MTD”).

These motions are fully briefed,¹ and appropriate for resolution without oral argument under Civil Local Rule 7-1 (b). For the reasons set forth below, the motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART and the motion to strike is DENIED.

II. BACKGROUND

The Hyundai Santa Fe is a midsized sport utility vehicle manufactured by Hyundai since 2000. ' Plaintiffs allege that model year 2010-2012 Santa Fes have a safety defect that causes the vehicle to totally lose power (or- “stall”). When an affected Santa Fe stalls, power - steering and brakes are lost as well, creating a potentially dangerous situation in which it is difficult to control the vehicle. Plaintiffs contend that Defendants had knowledge of this alleged defect through a variety of sources, including consumer complaints and similar problems experienced by Kia Motors, another automobile manufacturer, with its Kia Sorento, a midsized sport utility vehicle much like the Santa Fe.

Plaintiffs’ allegations, of knowledge and concealment of this alleged defect stem from a series of Technical Service Bulletins (“TSBs”) issued by Hyundai since 2010 “describing procedures that have been implemented by dealers to remedy the Stalling Defect without success.” SAC ¶¶ 7. These TSBs describe procedures for cleaning the “Electronic Throttle Control ... throttle body” to address idling, power, and throttle issues, and updates to the “Engine Control Module” to improve shifting at low throttle, coasting to a stop, and a “‘limp home’ condition caused by performance/power issues.” Id. at ¶¶8-10.

In 2014, Hyundai announced a “Voluntary Service Campaign,” which provides a free software update to address the risk that “during a specific set of operating conditions,” model year 20102012 vehicles can lose power or stall “when coming to a stop during braking at low speed....” Id. at ¶ 13. Hyundai notified regulators of the campaign, and states it sent a letter to all owners and lessees of Santa Fes in the affected model years notifying them of the issue and offering a free software update at dealerships to address the stalling problem. MTD at 3 (citing SAC Ex. H). However, Plaintiffs allege this is only the illusion of a fix and has, in certain cases, not been made available to the owners or lessees of all affected vehicles (including two of the named plaintiffs). See SAC: at ¶¶ 12-14,18.

The named - Plaintiffs in this putative class action are five current or former owners of new or used Santa Fes from model years 2010-2012. They seek to represent a nationwide class of owners and lessees of 2010-2012 Santa Fes and three subclasses made up of (1) New York owners and lessees, (2) California owners and lessees, and (3) California owners and' lessees who are “consumers” within the meaning of California Civil Code Section 1761(d). Plaintiffs allege nine causes of action, including violations of California and New York consumer, false advertising, and implied warranty laws; breach of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (“Mag.Moss”)j 15 U.S.C. § 2301; and common law fraud. SAC ¶¶ 107-195.

While not all of the named plaintiffs allege out-of-pocket costs associated with the - stalling defect, all allege that they owned Santa Fes from model years 2010-2012 and experienced unforeseen and sometimes dangerous stalling. One, Reni-ger, sold her Santa Fe prior .to the service campaign after her vehicle stalled on several occasions and her Hyundai dealer was unable to remedy the stalling even after paying for service she understood would help with the stalling. Id. at ¶¶ 40-44. Two other named plaintiffs, Saitta and Mancuso, brought their vehicles in for Hyundai’s service campaign, but continued to experience stalling issues thereafter. Id. at ¶ 19. Three, Mancuso, Battaglia, and Jaffe, did not receive notice of the service campaign, and own Santa Fes that are listed as ineligible for the service campaign on Hyundai’s service campaign website, https://www.hyundaiusa.com/eampaign 929/. Id. at ¶¶ 51, 58. Of these, only Man-cuso brought her vehicle in for the service campaign, and Battaglia and Jaffe’s vehicles remain unfixed and are allegedly still afflicted. Id.

Now, arguing these allegations are insufficient to confer Article III standing or state a claim upon which relief can be granted, Hyundai moves to dismiss. Hyundai also seeks to strike -Plaintiffs’ class action allegations, arguing that these (and Plaintiffs’ allegations about the Kia Sorento and Hyundai’s relationship with Kia) are “an insufficient defense or redundant, immaterial,' impertinent, or scandalous matter” within the meaning of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f). Plaintiffs oppose.

The Court ordered supplemental briefing on both (1) whether standing of a single plaintiff satisfies the. minimum needs of Article III standing and (2) whether a transaction is required vice allegations of a safety concern. Order of the Court dated June 12; 2015, ECF No. 45 (“Supp. Briefing Order”). Parties have provided all responsive briefs. ECF Nos. 48 (“Supp.Mot.”), 49 (“Supp.Opp’n”), 50 (“Supp.Reply”).

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) challenges the Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Chandler v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 598 F.3d 1115, 1122 (9th Cir.2010). Because Article III standing relates to the Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, it is properly raised on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion^ and the party asserting jurisdiction “bears the burden of proving its existence.” Id. at 1121-22.

To satisfy Article Ill’s standing requirements, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that “(1)[they] ha[ve] suffered an ‘injury in fact’ that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992)).

B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)

A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) “tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.” Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir.2001). “Dismissal can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1988). “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlément to relief.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 664, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). However, “the tenet that a couht must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of "a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”' Id. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S, 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). The allegations made in a complaint must be “sufficient allegations of underlying facts to giye.fair notice and to enable thé opposing party to defend itself effectively” and “must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief” such that “it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir.2011).

C. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)

Claims sounding in fraud are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires that a plaintiff alleging fraud “must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” See Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir.2009). “To satisfy Rule 9(b), a pleading must identify the who, what, when, where, and how of the misconduct charged, as well as what is false or misleading about [the purportedly fraudulent] statement, and why it is false.” Cafasso ex rel. United States v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (alteration in original).

D. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f)

Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states that a district court “may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” “The function of a 12(f) motion to strike is to avoid the expenditure of time and money that must arise from litigating spurious issues by dispensing with those issues prior to trial.... ” Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir.1993) (quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted), rev’d on other grounds sub nom., Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 114 S.Ct. 1023, 127 L.Ed.2d 455 (1994).

IV. DISCUSSION

Article III standing is a threshold issue. See Bates v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir.2007). As a result, the Court addresses Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion first, before turning

to the balance of the motion to dismiss and, finally, the motion to strike.

A. Rule 12(b)(1) Motion

Hyundai contends that four of the five named plaintiffs—Reniger, Battaglia, Sait-ta, and Mancuso—all lack Article III III standing. Hyundai does not challenge the standing of the fifth named plaintiff, Jaffe.

Article III standing has three elements. First, Plaintiffs must have suffered an “injury in fact,” which is an actual or imminent, concrete, and particularized “invasion of a legally protected interest....” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130. Second, that injury must be “fairly traceable” to the Defendants’ conduct. Id. (ellipses and alterations omitted). Finally, Plaintiffs must show that a favorable decision will likely redress their injuries. Id. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130. Although the burden of showing standing is on the Plaintiff, “general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suffice” at the pleading stage. Id. “[I]n an era of frequent litigation[ and] class actions, ... courts must be more careful to insist on the formal rules of standing, not less so.” Ariz. Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125, 131 S.Ct. 1436, 1449, 179 L.Ed.2d 523 (2011).

“In a class action, standing is satisfied if at least one named plaintiff meets the requirements.” Lowden v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 512 F.3d 1213, 1215 n. 1 (9th Cir.2008); see also Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 979 (9th Cir.2011) (noting that “[b]ecause only one named Plaintiff must meet the standing requirements, the district court did not err in finding that Plaintiffs have standing.”).² Here, there can be no serious doubt that (at least) Jaffe has standing — indeed, Defendants did not even challenge Jaffe’s Article III standing in their original MTD. Plaintiffs allege that Jaffe owned a used 2011 Santa Fe, experienced multiple stalls, and paid $412.54 out-of-pocket in several attempts to remedy the stalling. SAC ¶¶ 33, . 54-59. Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege that despite Jaffe’s repeated stalling issues, Jaffe’s vehicle is listed as ineligible for Hyundai’s service campaign, and his vehicle continues to suffer from the alleged stalling defect. Id. at ¶ 58.

Supplemental briefing as ordered by the Court does not alter this analysis. See Supp. Briefing Order. Hyundai cites numerous authorities that confirm the need for Article III standing, that there must be a named plaintiff with such standing, and that if none of the named plaintiffs have standing then the case should be dismissed for lack of standing. Supp. Mot. at 1-6. However, the cases Hyundai cites do not contemplate where there are both a named plaintiff with standing to proceed on each and every claim against each and every defendant and still other named plaintiffs who might lack standing as to some or all of the claims.

While Hyundai stresses context for the Ninth Circuit cases underlying those cited by the Court’s Supp. Briefing Order, Hyundai fails to appreciate the language and context of the cases to which Hyundai itself cites. For example, Defendants partially cite In re Carrier IQ, Inc., Consumer Privacy Litig., 78 F.Supp.3d 1051, 1069, 2015 WL 274054, at *9 (N.D.Cal.2015). The full quote is:

[Another case] stands for the unremarkable proposition that for a class action to proceed between the named parties, each named plaintiff must have standing to sue at least one named defendant; to hold each defendant in the case, there must be at least one named plaintiff with standing to sue said defendant.

Id. (emphasis added, reflecting the limited portion quoted by Hyundai). While out of context the portion Hyundai quoted may appear to support Hyundai’s argument, the quote in context clearly indicates that Judge Chen is discussing what is necessary to hold a defendant in the case— namely at least one named plaintiff who has a claim against the named defendant. Other citations by Hyundai similarly or even more glaringly misconstrue the context of the quoted source. See Supp. Mot. at 5 n.4.

Here, Lowden, Ellis, and the cases collected by Plaintiffs persuade the Court that it is proper to summarily find that Article III standing exists where a .single named plaintiff is found to have standing. The Court thus holds that where there are multiple defendants and multiple claims, there must exist at least one named plaintiff with Article III standing as to each defendant and each claim — but a single named plaintiff who meets these criteria can suffice, even though it is not necessary that Article III standing be established via a single vice multiple named plaintiff(s).³

Because the Court need “consider only whether at least one named plaintiff satisfies the standing requirements” of Article III and Jaffe satisfies said standing requirements, Hyundai’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion is DENIED. See Bates, 511 F.3d at 985.

B. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion

Defendants make eight arguments as to why Plaintiffs’ claims fail as pleaded: (1) that HMC should be dismissed from the case for lack of any transaction; (2) that the Unfair Competition Law (Cal. Bus. & Prof. C. § 17200. et seq.) (“UCL”), Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”) (Cal. Civ.Code § 1750 et seq.), and Fraud Claims fail for assorted reasons; (3) that False Advertising Law (Cal. Bus. & Prof. C. § 17500 et seq.) (“FAL”) claims fail to identify an advertisement; (4) that certain named plaintiffs fail to allege a breach of implied warranty within the warranty period; (5) that New York implied warranty claims fail for lack of privity; (6) that the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (Civ.Code § 1790 et seq.) (“Song-Beverly”) and Mag.-Moss require damages that were not pleaded; (7) that Mag.-Moss claims without a viable underlying state-law claim should 'be dismissed; and (8) that the Court should defer to the “primary jurisdiction” of the National' Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) rather than decide this case. The Court addresses each in turn.

1. Transactions with Hyundai Motor Company

First, Defendants argue that HMC (as opposed to Hyundai Motor America) should be dismissed because Plaintiffs have failed to allege a “transaction” with HMC, and thus have not shown that HMC had a duty to disclose the alleged stalling defect to Plaintiffs. The Court requested and received supplemental briefing on this issue due to concern that a “transaction” may not- be required where a party alleges a safety concern posed by the defect. See Supp. Briefing Order at 2; see also Supp. Mot. at 7-10; Supp. Opp’n at 610; Supp. Reply at 3-5.

While there are four distinct circumstances in California law in which “-nondisclosure or concealment may constitute actionable fraud,” LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal.App.4th 326, 336, 60 Cal. Rptr,2d 539 (Cal.Ct.App.1997), several cases have concluded that “no duty to disclose can arise in the absence of either a fiduciary duty or a transaction between the parties.” See Fulford v. Logitech, Inc., No. C-08-2041 MMC, 2009 WL 837639, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 26, 2009) (citing LiMandri, 52 Cal.App.4th at 336-37, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539); see also Cirulli v. Hyundai Motor Co., No. SACV 08-0854 AG (MLGx), 2009 WL 4288367, at *4 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 9, 2009) (dismissing CLRA claims against HMC — as opposed to Hyundai Motor America — for failing to plead a “transaction” with HMC). Thus, even if Plaintiffs argue that HMC had “exclusive knowledge of material facts not known to the plaintiff[s],” and “actively concealed] some material fact[s],” MDT Opp’n at 15, Defendants contend Plaintiffs still must plead a transaction or other relationship between the Plaintiffs and HMC. See LiMandri, 52 Cal.App.4th at 336, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539; see also Los Angeles Mem’l Coliseum Comm’n v. Insomniac, Inc., 233 Cal.App.4th 803, 831, 182 Cal.Rptr.3d 888 (2015).⁴

However, “a duty to disclose may also arise when a defendant possesses or exerts control over material facts not readily available to the plaintiff[,]” at least when those material facts concern allegedly concealed safety risks known only to the manufacturer. See Jones v. ConocoPhillips, 198 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1198-99, 130 Cal.Rptr.3d 571 (Cal.Ct.App.2011) (stating that the general rule that “ ‘manufacturers have a duty to warn consumers about the hazards inherent in their products’” is “equally pertinent to the scope of the defendants’ duty to disclose”) (quoting Johnson v. Am. Standard, Inc., 43 Cal.4th 56, 74 Cal.Rptr.3d 108, 179 P.3d 905, 910 (2008)); see also O’Shea v. Epson Am., Inc., No. CV 09-8063 PSG (CWx), 2011 WL 3299936, at *7-9 (C.D.Cal. July 29, 2011) (noting that. “[although. California courts are split on this issue, the weight of authority suggests that a manufacturer’s ‘duty to consumers is limited to its warranty obligations absent either-an affirmative misrepresentation or a safety issue.”) (citations omitted, emphasis added); Ehrlich v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 801 F.Supp.2d 908, 918 (C.D.Cal.2010) (“[T]he Court concludes that a safety-based exception exists ..that might create a duty to; disclose a defect even after the period for an .express warranty expires and Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged ... an unreasonable safety risk that would be material to a reasonable consumer.”). Thus, in ConocoPhillips,' the Court of Appeal concluded that the plaintiffs, family members of a deceased worker exposed to toxic chemicals, had sufficiently alleged a duty to disclose (and a claim for fraudulent concealment) against the manufacturers of those chemicals without, requiring any prior . “transaction” between the deceased worker and the manufacturers. ConocoPhillips, 198 Cal.App.4th at 1199-1200, 130 Cal.Rptr.3d 571; see also Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 144 Cal.App.4th 824, 836-37, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (Cal.Ct.App.2006) (noting the lack of allegations of a safety issue in concluding that Honda did not have a duty to disclose an alleged engine defect).

Here,. Plaintiffs allege that the stalling issue “poses an obvious and serious safety risk,” that consumer reports “clearly document” that risk by detailing “many ‘near misses,’ ” and that Defendants had “superior and exclusive knowledge of the Stalling Defect” since early 2009 by virtue of their exclusive access to pre-production testing and data, consumer complaints, internal testing, and other data. SAC at ¶ 7, 78, 89. Moreover, further illustrating the potential risks of stalling, Plaintiffs’ complaint recounts several harrowing incidents, including two times when named plaintiff Battaglia narrowly avoided collisions after , his vehicle stalled and. he lost power steering and.brakes. Id. at ¶¶ 48, 50., In this respect, this case is unlike the authorities on which Defendants-rely requiring a transaction-between the plaintiff and the -defendant prior to finding a duty to disclose. See Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard, 668 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir.2012) (concluding that plaintiffs did not sufficiently allege a nexus between the alleged design defect and the alleged safety hazard); Robinson v. HSBC Bank USA, 732 F.Supp.2d 976, 980 (N.D.Cal.2010) (analyzing. whether a newspaper advertisement featuring a photograph of plaintiffs’ house violated the CLRA); Cirulli, 2009 WL 4288367, at *1 (discussing an alleged frame corrosion defect without analyzing whether it was a safety risk);. cf. Hoffman v. 162 N. Wolfe LLC, 228 Cal.App.4th 1178, 1192, 175 Cal.Rptr.3d 820 (Cal.Ct.App.2014) as modified on denial of reh’g (Aug. 13, 2014), review denied (Nov. 25, 2014) (distinguishing between the Safety risk in ConocoPhillips and the case at bar, which involved allegations a landowner had a duty to disclose a prescriptive easement).

Hyundai is therefore mistaken that it had no duty to disclose. Hyundai suggests that a duty to disclose presupposes a fiduciary relationship or some kind of transaction between the parties. See, e.g., Cirulli, 2009 WL 4288367, at *4 (dismissing claims against HMC under LiMandri, 52 Cal.App.4th at 336-37, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539, which Hyundai argues treats a transaction or fiduciary relationship as necessary for a duty to disclose). However, Cirulli and the other cases on which Hyundai relies are inapposite where, as here, Plaintiffs allege a safety defect that a reasonable consumer would find material. See Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 144. Cal.App.4th 824, 836-37, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (Cal.Ct.App.2006) (noting the lack of allegations of a safety issue in concluding that Honda did not have a duty to disclose an alleged engine defect); Mui Ho v. Toyota Motor Corp., 931 F.Supp.2d 987, 997 (N.D.Cal.2013) (“[A] duty to disclose may arise if a plaintiff alleges ‘physical injury or ... safety concerns posed by the defect.’ ”) (quoting Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 836, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118); see also Falk v. General Motors Corp., 496 F.Supp.2d 1088, 1094 (N.D.Cal.2007); Williams v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A., 106 F.Supp.3d 1101, 1112-13, No. CV 13-05066 BRO, 2015 WL 2375906, at *8 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 29, 2015).⁵ Here, Plaintiffs’ complaint is replete with allegations that the alleged stalling- defect is dangerous — a reasonable conclusion given that when the vehicle stalls it apparently loses both power steering and power brakes, thus making the vehicle difficult to steer or stop. See SAC at ¶¶ 17, 48-50, 78, 87-89.

As noted in its Supp. Briefing Order, in at least one case involving a concealed safety risk, the California Court of Appeal reversed the dismissal of a fraudulent concealment claim against 19 chemical companies even though those companies only contracted with the plaintiffs’ decedent’s employer. See ConocoPhillips, 198 Cal.App.4th at 1199-1200, 130 Cal.Rptr.3d 571. While the Court of Appeal did not discuss the precise authorities on which Defendant here bases their argument for dismissing HMC, it notably fails to require a transaction (vice a relationship) between the dece- ’ dent and the chemical companies to create a duty to disclose. This casts doubt on Defendants’ arguments that a transaction is required in the first place and that HMC should be dismissed because Plaintiffs never transacted with it. See id.⁶ Likewise, Hyundai’s complaints about group pleading are misplaced. See Cirulli, 2009 WL 4288367, at *4 (noting that group pleading is permissible so long as the complaint puts defendants on notice of claims against them).

As referenced above, Plaintiffs sufficiently allege materiality. Plaintiffs state that they would have behaved differently had they been aware of the alleged stalling defect. SAC ¶¶ 43-44, 52, 59, 64, 71, 117; see also Falk, 496 F.Supp.2d at 1095-96. Again, this is highly reasonable, as very few “reasonable consumer[s]” would buy a car (at full price) that they knew will unpredictably stall resulting in an inability to steer or brake. As a result, Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded a duty to disclose on the part of both HMC and Hyundai Motor America.⁷

Defendants further argue Plaintiffs’ CLRA claims against HMC must be dismissed because the CLRA only applies to “unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices undertaken ... in a transaction.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1770 (emphasis added). However, as numerous cases have noted, the CLRA is to be interpreted broadly, and “á cause of action under the CLRA may be established independent of any contractual relationship between the parties.” See McAdams v. Monier, Inc., 182 Cal.App.4th 174, 186, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 704 (Cal.Ct.App.2010); Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 369 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1144 (N.D.Cal.2005) (“Plaintiffs who purchased used cars have standing to bring CLRA claims, despite the fact that they never entered into a transaction directly with” the manufacturer). While Hyundai’s argument is not without support, see Cirulli, 2009 WL 4288367, at *4, “the weight of persuasive authority falls heavily against the position [Hyundai] takes here.... ” See Gray v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 13-cv-3417-WJM-MF, 2014 WL 4723161, at *4 (D.N.J. Sept. 23, 2014) (collecting sources).

As a result, Defendants’ motion to dismiss HMC is DENIED. Insofar as De-, fendants’ motion to dismiss is based on a lack of a transaction or duty to disclose, it is DENIED.

2. UCL, CLRA, and Fraud Claims

Defendants make three arguments relating to why the UCL, CLRA, and Fraud claims should fail. The primary challenge claims a failure by Plaintiffs to adequately plead that Defendants had the requisite knowledge of the defect at the relevant time. Defendants then argue they had no duty to make disclosures related to used vehicles and that there was no properly alleged violation of the TREAD Act. The Court focuses on the first argument, and then briefly resolves the latter two.

i. Knowledge

Hyundai argues that Plaintiffs’ allegations that it knew of the alleged stalling defect are insufficient because: (1) they post-date the named plaintiffs’ vehicle purchases; (2) are insufficient “summary claims of knowledge” rejected by the Ninth Circuit in Wilson, 668 F.3d 1136; or (3) the claims are otherwise insufficient to show Hyundai’s knowledge. Mot. at 10-11.

Plaintiffs allege Defendants knew or should have known of the alleged stalling defect before they purchased their Santa Fes because Defendants had exclusive access to pre-production, pre-release, and post-release testing data, early consumer complaints, high warranty reimbursement rates and repair orders, replacement part sales data, and data from dealerships. See SAC ¶89. Moreover, Plaintiffs also point to customer complaints made with the NHTSA and a string of Technical Service Bulletins (“TSBs”) as further demonstrating Hyundai’s knowledge. See, e.g., SAC ¶¶4-5, 7-12, 17-19, 21, 80.

While Plaintiffs point to cases such as Falk, 496 F.Supp.2d at 1099, which found that similar allegations of exclusive knowledge were sufficient, the Ninth Circuits subsequent decision in Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1145-48 calls that conclusion into question. Wilson involved allegations that HP failed to disclose an allegedly dangerous safety defect that could cause laptop computers to overheat or catch fire. Id. at 1139. The Ninth. Circuit-concluded plaintiffs, insufficiently alleged HP’s knowledge by comparing their vague assertions of access to information and testing with the allegations in Cirulli, 2009 WL 4288367, at *4. In Cirulli, plaintiffs alleged in relevant part that Hyundai knew of ’an alleged defect in its Sonata vehicles because it began tracking the NHTSA database for reports of defects in 1999, when the first affected Sonata was released. Id., Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1146-47; see also Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1147 (contrasting Falk due to reliance on ‘“amassed weight of [customer] complaints’ together with other indications that GM had knowledge of the defect.’ ”) (quoting Falk, 496 F.Supp.2d at 1096-97) (alteration in original).

The Court nonetheless finds that Plaintiffs have- adequately alleged Hyundai’s knowledge of the alleged stalling defect. The Court agrees that some of Plaintiffs’ knowledge allegations are the kinds of generic boilerplate rejected by Wilson rand subsequent cases. See, e.g., Grodzitsky v. Am. Honda Motor Co. Inc., No. 2:12-cv-1142-SVW-PLA, 2013 WL 690822, at *6 (C.D.Cal. Feb. 19, 2013). Here, however, Plaintiffs provide more than merely con-clusory allegations of knowledge. See Falco v. Nissan N. Am. Inc., No. CV 13-00686 DDP MANX, 2013 WL 5575065, at *6 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 10, 2013) (“in the present case, unlike, in Wilson and Grodzitsky, Plaintiffs have alleged particular facts which make Plaintiffs’ allegations more than merely speculative or conclusory.”); MacDonald v. Ford Motor Co., 37 F.Supp.3d 1087, 1095-96 (N.D.Cal.2014) (“Dispositive in each of Mui Ho and Grod-zitsky was whether the plaintiffs provided additional information supporting their allegations.”); Mui Ho, 931 F.Supp. 2d at 998. Specifically, in addition to alleging Defendants had exclusive access to information about the stalling defect sooner, Plaintiffs allege a connection between pre-2014 TSBs aimed at the Santa Fes’ throttle and Engine Control Module, the use of both (as documented in NHTSA complaints and the named plaintiffs’ own allegations) to address stalling, and Hyundai’s resulting knowledge (through monitoring the NHTSA database). See SAC ¶¶8-11, 41, 68, 80. Thus, even though Hyundai’s most recent TSB post-dates Plaintiffs’ Santa Fe purchases by at least 22 months, the knowledge Plaintiffs allege came significantly earlier.⁸ Defendants’ arguments to the contrary stressing that there is no connection between these early TSBs and the stalling defect may (or may not) prove superior at a later stage of litigation. See MTD Reply at 67. But at this stage, where the Court is bound to accept the pleadings as true, the pleadings form a plausible basis for belief that Defendants knew or reasonably should have known of a defect (which per the earlier section they had a duty to disclose),

ii. Duty to Disclose on Used Vehicles

Defendants’ argument regarding used vehicle purchases appears to be derivative of their contention that they had no duty to disclose. Accordingly, their argument to dismiss Plaintiffs Jaffe and Saitta (both of whom purchased used Santa Fes) also fails. See MTD at 16.⁹

iii. TREAD Act

As the Court has found that Plaintiffs adequately pleaded an independent basis for their UCL claim, the Court need not address Defendants’ arguments regarding the TREAD Act. See 49 U.S.C. §§ 30118(c), 30119(a).

As a result, Hyundai’s motion to dismiss is DENIED as to Plaintiffs’ UCL, CLRA, and common-law fraud claims.

3. False Advertising Law Claims

Next, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ FAL claims fail because they lack the requisite factual support and do not identify specific advertisements. There must be more to allegations than simply elements of a cause of action — there must be factual allegations supporting those elements. See Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere eonclusory statements, do not suffice”) (discussing Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Moreover, to satisfy the Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) particularity requirement, a plaintiff must include allegations about the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentations, as well as an explanation as to why the statement or omission complained of is false or misleading. Janda v. T-Mobile, USA, Inc., No. C 05-03729 JSW, 2008 WL 4847116, at *4 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 7, 2008) (citations omitted). However, this requirement is satisfied if the complaint “identifies the circumstances constituting fraud so that a defendant can prepare an adequate answer from the allegations.” Id. (quoting Moore v. Kayport Package Exp., Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 540 (9th Cir.1989)). The goal, per the Ninth Circuit, is to ensure that, “when averments of fraud are made, the circumstances constituting the' alleged fraud [are] specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct ... so that they can [defend] against the charge' and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Id. (quoting Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir.2003)).

Here, some factual allegations seem, at first, to be proper. Per the Court’s earlier discussion, Defendant had knowledge.of the defect prior to the purchases made by Plaintiffs, and accordingly had a duty to disclose, thus satisfying part of the requirements of Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 835, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118. In line with this, Plaintiffs . have provided some examples of statements Hyundai has made — to include time, place, content, and explanations thereof — that are false or misleading pursuant to a theory of fraudulent omission. See, e.g., SAC ¶¶ 13-18. However, other information in the SAC itself suggests that this same’ specific written statement which was false may5 not have been seen and thus was not misleading to at least one named plaintiff, if not more. See, e.g., SAC ¶ 69 (where a named Plaintiff did not receive' a notice of the Service Campaign, and thus likely also did not visit a website described 'therein which allegedly falsely stated that said named Plaintiffs vehicle was unaffected).

Other examples of advertisements or information lack specificity as to the precise nature of the specific, statement and sometimes lack an explanation of precisely how the specific statement referenced was false or misleading (even if by omission). See SAC ¶¶ 39, 44, 46, 52, 54, 59, 60, 64, 66, 71. While Defendants can easily review what was included in a car’s “Monroney sticker” or on their own website, the content of other amorphous internet research or statements by a salesperson give insufficient notice for a Defendant to adequately respond. The need for specificity remains — or perhaps is especially present— where Plaintiffs rely on a theory of fraudulent omission. Plaintiffs’ failure to specifically identify the substance of the claims makes it difficult for even the Court to distinguish between claims of product superiority “that are vague or highly subjective [and thus] often amount to nonactiona-ble puffery,” versus “ ‘misdescriptions of specific or absolute characteristics of a product [which] are actionable.’” Southland Sod Farms v. Stover Seed Co., 108 F.3d 1134, 1145 (9th Cir.1997) (citation omitted) (quoting Cook, Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. California Collection Serv. Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 246 (9th Cir.1990)); see also Glen Holly Entm’t, Inc. v. Tektronix Inc., 343 F.3d 1000, 1005 (9th Cir.2003) (citing Cook). Plaintiffs’ general explanations that anybody made aware of the Stalling Defect “would not have purchased the Class Vehicles or would have paid less for them” are also insufficient to help Defendants defend a specific advertisement against claims of False Advertising. See SAC ¶ 87.

Given the potential that otherwise properly plead fraudulent omissions may relate to individuals who (per the complaint) were not actually exposed to the advertising and given also the lack of specificity describing the specific statements at issue, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss.¹⁰ However, the Court DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE and GRANTS Plaintiffs leave to amend in the belief that Plaintiffs can likely properly allege a violation in light of the Court’s Order.¹¹

4. Breach of Implied Warranty

Defendants next argue that the maximum implied warranty is one year for new goods, three months for used goods. In this much, the Court agrees. Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1791(c), 1795.5(c). Defendants then describe- how the breach as alleged was discovered outside the period for three of the named plaintiffs and accordingly must be dismissed. MTD at 18. Plaintiffs respond that the breach is considered to have occurred at the time of sale and thus within the period even if discovered after the period if a defect rendered it unmer-chantable at the time of sale. MTD Opp’n at 22-23. This argument relies primarily on Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co., 174 Cal.App.4th 1297, 1304-05, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 285 (2009), and its progeny. Defendants argue that Mexia is a recognized outlier which the Court should decline to extend in this case. MTD Reply at 11-12.

Mexia involved a boat that allegedly contained a latent defect which caused the boat’s engine to corrode approximately two years after its purchase. The plaintiff in Mexia was able to present evidence that the corrosion was due to said latent defect which resulted in the boat being unmer-chantable at the time of sale. Therefore, even though the defect could only be discovered outside the warranty period, the breach occurred within the period and was thus a cognizable claim under Song-Beverly. Mexia, 174 Cal.App.4th at 1800, 1308, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 285.

Numerous courts have extensively examined Mexia and its applicability. Some apply the rule of Mexia. See, e.g., Malone v. CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC, No. LA CV14-08978 JAK, 2015 WL 3889157, at *7 (C.D.Cal. June 23, .2015) (“The implied* warranty of merchantability may be breached by a latent defect undis-coverable at the time of sale.”); Kas v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, No. CV 11-1032-GHK PJWX, 2011 WL 5248299, at *2 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 31, 2011) (applying Mexia to holding that where “Plaintiff has alleged the Radiator Defect existed at the time Plaintiff purchased the vehicle” a claim made outside the one year statutory period is nonetheless adequately made and the motion to dismiss is appropriately denied). Others decline to follow it. See, e.g., Sharma v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. C-13-2274 MMC, 2015 WL 75057, at *4-6 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 6, 2015) (opining that Mexia applies “where the goods are not fit for their ordinary purpose from the outset, but is inapplicable where the goods perform as warranted during the statutorily provided period and thereafter fail to continue to so perform.” (citations omitted)); Reply at 12 n.17 (collecting cases). Still others use Mexia in a discussion of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”). See MacDonald, 37 F.Supp.3d at 1099-100 (where coolant pumps were alleged to have an inherent defect at the time of sale, the latest each Plaintiff could have brought a claim was four years after the purchase, per Mexia and the UCC).

In navigating these murky waters, the Court is cognizant that for matters of California law, the Court takes its cue from the California Court of Appeal unless there is convincing evidence the California Supreme Court would rule differently (while also remaining bound by decisions from the Ninth Circuit). See California Pro-Life Council, Inc. v. Getman, 328 F.3d 1088, 1099 (9th Cir.2003). Focusing on just these binding cases, recent courts have applied Mexia with little concern for the debate surrounding its applicability. See Ortega v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 422 Fed.Appx. 599, 600-01 (9th Cir.2011) (applying Mexia but finding against plaintiff on summary judgment for failure to adequately support its claims that the defect was present in the used vehicle at the time of sale or within three months thereafter); Jones v. Credit Auto Ctr., Inc., 237 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1, 9-10, 188 Cal.Rptr.3d 578 (Cal.App. Dep’t Super.Ct. 2015) (breach may occur at any time during the original statutory period, citing Mexia for the proposition that ‘the purchaser was .required to show that the defect existed at the time the product was sold or delivered[,]‘ and therefore a breach occurring one month after a purchase was cognizable).¹² Other cases suggest that the UCC sets a firm 4-year statute of limitation for bringing an action, but that the action must relate back to the limited period of the implied warranty (1-year or 3-months for new or used goods, respectively). Rooney v. Sierra Pac. Windows, 566 Fed.Appx. 573, 576 (9th Cir.2014) (citing Mexia for the proposition that ‘providing that an action for breach of warranty under the Song-Beverly, Civ. Code § 1790 et seq., has four-year statute of limitations').

A California appellate court has outright followed Mexia in a published opinion. Donlen v. Ford Motor Co., 217 Cal.App.4th 138, 149, 158 Cal.Rptr.3d 180 (2013), as modified on denial ofreh’g (July 8, 2013) (“Postwarranty repair evidence may be admitted on a case by case basis where it is relevant to showing the vehicle was not repaired to conform to the warranty during the warranty’s existence.”). This is noteworthy insofar as Donlen was published a month after all but one of the cases cited by Defendants. That case (Sharma, 2015 WL 75057), in turn, does not appear to have involved a defect already existing in the vehicle¹³ and there is no indication that the Court was provided with the Donlen opinion to assist in its decision-making.¹⁴ When harmonized with Donlen, Sharma reinforces the principle that a parts defect must exist at the time of sale or come to exist during the statutory period, not merely possess a potential to break down. When so understood, the quotation by Defendants from Sharma properly states that one can use evidence of a latent defect causing a break-down under the rule of Mexia where:

“[innately defective] goods are not fit for their ordinary purpose from the outset [even if they perform as warranted during that period], but [that same principle] is inapplicable where the [innately non-defective] goods perform as warranted [without breaking down] during the statutorily provided period and thereafter fail to continue to so perform [due to subsequent breakdown].”

Sharma, 2015 WL 75057, at* 14-15. The Court also notes that the circumstances of the case here are analogous to those described in Marcus, where a clear safety risk is alleged as the basis that the vehicle was unmerchantable at the time of sale. See Marcus v. Apple Inc., 2015 WL 1743381, at *6 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 16, 2015) (collecting cases deriving the referenced rule). Accordingly, on these specific facts, the Court follows the Mexia rule as limited by the UCC.

Here, then, the California claims were brought within 4 years of the purchase of the vehicle, and evidence pleaded in the complaint shows that the vehicles were unmerchantable at the time.-.of purchase due to an alleged latent safety defect which could not reasonably have been discovered by Plaintiffs sooner (though allegedly the defect was already known to Defendants) but were already present within the vehicle’s engine such that breaking down was simply a matter of time. See, e.g„ SAC. ,¶¶2-3, 8-10, 89, 92, 94-95. Whether Plaintiffs. can produce the evidence to meet their burden on summary judgment is irrelevant at this procedural stage where all allegations in the complaint are taken as true. Cf Ortega, 422 Fed.Appx. at 601. Therefore, the Court finds the claims regarding breach of warranty are proper and DENIES Defendants’ motion.¹⁵

5. Privity

Defendants next attack named plaintiff Mancuso’s implied-warranty claim under N.Y. U.C.C. § 2-314, arguing-that she lacks privity with Defendants by virtue of having made her purchase from á third party dealership. See SAC ¶ 35, MTD at 18-19. Plaintiffs respond that' such privity exists “if the dealerships with which plaintiffs dealt were defendant’s sale's or leasing agents, and- disclosure is needed with respect to the latter possibility.” Gordon v. Ford Motor Co., 239 A.D.2d 156, 156, 657 N.Y.S.2d 43 (N.Y.App.Div.1997); see also MTD Opp’n at 23. Plaintiffs respond that dealers are not agents of manufacturers, properly citing Herremans v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 2014 WL 5017843, at *6, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 145957, at *18 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 3, 2014) (collecting cases to this effect); see also MTD Reply at 12-13. However, Herremans also states that “an automobile; dealership may under certain circumstances be an agent of the manufacturer.” Herremans, 2014 WL 5017843, at *6, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 145957, at *18 (quoting Kent v. Celozzi-Ettleson Chevrolet, Inc., No. 99 C-2868, 1999 WL 1021044, at *4 (N.D.Ill. Nov, 3, 1999)). When considering all these cases together, it appears that a showing (or, at. this stage, express pleading) would be required to show Star Hyundai in Bayside, New York, was defendant’s sales or leasing agent. As that is presently lacking in the complaint, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion and the claim is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Plaintiffs are given leave to amend to fix this issue.

6. Damages

Defendants bring their Article III standing arguments a second time, here in the guise of requiring actual, cognizable damages under Song-Beverly and Mag.-Moss. MTD at 19. Plaintiffs similarly rely on their showings of damages in relation to Article III standing. MTD Opp’n at 23. The reply fails to meaningfully respond to a critical detail of Plaintiffs’ argument: “two of the plaintiffs, Oren Jaffe and Julia Reniger, allege out-of-pocket damages.” Id., contra MTD Reply at 13. Accordingly, the complaint contains cognizable, actual damages even under Defendants’ own scheme. The Court further notes that the Article III standing arguments, made by Defendant do not challenge Jaffe’s allegations of damages (as they fail to address Jaffe’s standing), consequently waiving any objections thereto for the purposes of this motion. The Court therefore DENIES Defendants’ motion and does not reach or consider the .issue of whether Plaintiffs’ other measure of damages would also constitute a sufficient claim for damages.

7. Mag.-Moss Claims

The Court and all Parties agree “claims under the Magnuson-Moss Act stand or fall with [the] express and implied warranty claims under state law.” Clemens v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 534 F.3d 1017, 1022 (9th Cir.2008); see also MTD Mot. at 20, MTD Reply at 24. The Court has found that California state warranty claims are properly pled but New York state warranty claims failed for lack of privity. 'Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion with respect to Mag.Moss claims related to the California claims but GRANTS Defendants’ motion with respect to Mag.-Moss claims related to the New York claims. As before, the claim is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, and as the Court has granted Plaintiffs leave to amend the underlying New York claim the Court by extension GRANTS leave to amend to support related Mag.-Moss claims.

8. Deference to NHTSA’s Jurisdiction

The Court and all Parties agree that this case is bound by Clark v. Time Warner Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1115 (9th Cir.2008). There, the Ninth Circuit explains that

[although “[n]o fixed formula exists for applying the doctrine of primary jurisdiction,” Davel Commc’ns, Inc. v. Qwest Corp., 460 F.3d 1075, 1086 (9th Cir.2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), we have traditionally examined the factors set forth in [United States v.] General Dynamics [828 F.2d 1356 (9th Cir.1987)], and held that the doctrine applies in cases where there is: “(1)[a] need to resolve an issue that (2) has been placed by Congress within the jurisdiction of an administrative body having regulatory authority (3) pursuant to a statute that subjects an industry or activity to a comprehensive regulatory authority that (4) requires expertise or uniformity in administration,” [citations omitted]. In considering these factors, we have previously explained that the primary jurisdiction doctrine is designed to protect agencies possessing “quasi-legislative powers” and that are “actively involved in the administration of regulatory statutes.” [citations omitted].

Clark, 523 F.3d at 1115.¹⁶ Defendants argue that these factors support a finding that the NHTSA should be granted primary jurisdiction for the recall and automobile safety concerns that are an important part of this case. The Court disagrees, and finds that the four factors, on balance, favor denial at this time.

The first factor favors resolution by the Court, as the Court is better able to handle a products defect case involving numerous allegations of warranty violations. Defendants argue that the non-action of the NHTSA after being notified “is an exercise of its jurisdiction.” MTD Reply at 14 (emphasis in original). While the Court recognizes .that Defendants’ argument is made in a slightly different context, if accepted it shows NHTSA would provide no resolution, and thus referring this case to them runs contrary to a need for resolution.

The second factor and third factor both require note that Congress has placed some of this case within the reach of a Federal agency, but by no means all or even the bulk thereof. The framework for the NHTSA is set forth in the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (“Safety Act”). 49 U.S.C. § 30101, et seq. Section 30103 of the Safety Act, as cited by Plaintiffs, limits the-jurisdiction.of the NHTSA to exclude warranty laws (Subsection d) and common law liability (Subsection e). If anything, the Court might consider referral with respect to remedies if Plaintiffs prevail at trial or via pre-trial dispositive motions and the Court finds a recall the only appropriate remedy. C.f. MTD- Opp’n at 25. But it would seem odd indeed to refer the entire case to an agency for resolution knowing that the agency could legally only consider a specific claim for relief included as merely one facet of the case. See Tovar v. Midland Credit Mgmt., No. 10CV2600 MMA MDD, 2011 WL 1431988, at *3 (S.D.Cal. Apr. 13, 2011) (noting Clark is distinguishable where the issues before the agency are different than those before the court).¹⁷ Thus the Court concludes that these two factors on balance favor resolution by the Court.

The fourth factor requires expertise and consistency. The Court does possess expertise from many years of experience with product (and vehicle) defect cases, but admits it possesses far less expertise than an Agency which focuses on such matters exclusively. Even so, the Court does not see this case as one which presents such complex issues that it is comparable to -the expertise required in Clark. See Clark, 523 F.3d at 1112-14 (evaluating Voice, over Internet Protocol technology, a topic already being actively regulated by the FCC). Other Courts have declined to find primary jurisdiction necessary for similar reasons. See Guido v. L’Oreal, USA, Inc., No. CV 11-1067 CAS JCX, 2013 WL 454861, at *6 (C.D.Cal. Feb. 6, 2013) (noting Clark applied to technical and policy questions). The Court sees little or no danger to uniformity where a suit is brought as (what the Court anticipates will be) a broadly styled putative class action meant to capture many drivers of a certain vehicle during a certain timeframe. There is no pending investigation and no reason to believe that the NHTSA has any interest in this case, whereas the Court has already invested valuable judicial resources in considering this and related motion arguments, and will ultimately be required to turn its attention back to this case (should it refer the case to NHTSA) to consider the warranty claims herein with a uniform decision.

Accordingly, the factors on balance and judicial economy weigh in favor of denying Defendants’ arguments for primary jurisdiction. Defendants’ motion is therefore DENIED on this matter.

C. 12(f) Motion

Finally, the Court turns to the motion to strike. Motions to strike “are not favored and should not be granted unless it is clear that the matter to be stricken could’ have no possible bearing on the subject matter of the litigation.” Astiana v. Ben & Jerry’s Homemade, Inc., 2011 WL 2111796, at *13, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57348, at *34-35 (N.D.Cal.2011) (citing Colaprico v. Sun Microsystem, Inc., 758 F.Supp. 1335, 1339 (N.D.Cal.1991)). When a court considers a motion to strike, it “must view the pleading in a light most favorable to the pleading party.” Id. 2011 WL 2111796, at *13, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57348, at *35 (citing In re 2The-Mart.com, Inc. Sec Lit., 114 F.Supp.2d 955, 965 (C.D.Cal.2000)). The motion to strike should be denied “if there is any doubt whether the allegations in the pleadings might be relevant in the action.” Id.; see also 2-12 Moore’s Federal Practice— CM § 12.37.

Defendants seek to strike the class allegations made by Plaintiffs using Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(f) and 23(d)(1)(D). In support of their motion, Defendants expressly cite Ogola v. Chevron Corp., 2014 WL 4145408, at *2, *6, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117397, at *6, *19 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 21, 2014)(Conti, J.). See Mot. to Strike Reply at 1, 2. Contrary to Defendants’ use or summation thereof, Ogola makes very clear that the Court is not inclined to grant motions to strike under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f) or 23(d)(1)(D). See Ogola, 2014 WL 4145408, at *6, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117397, at *19. If Ogola was insufficiently "clear, the Court has sihce published a second order on point, describing how authorities within this judicial district split on this matter and siding firmly with the authority which does not grant motions to strike at this early, motion to dismiss stage of litigation absent exceptional circumstances. See Roy v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2015 WL 1408919, at *2, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 39636, at *5 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 27, 2015) (“Both the text of Rule 12(f) and Ninth Circuit precedent agree that a court may strike from a pleading only an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter,”).

Here, class allegations .in Plaintiffs’ complaint relating to Hyundai are not an. insufficient defense, redundant,- impaa-terial, impertinent, or scandalous. Defendants have not shown-how the pleading fits into the limited categories permitted by Rule 12(f) (or, by extension, 23(d)(1)(D)), or any.exceptional circumstance meriting the action requested of the Court.

Defendants do make such arguments with respect to the complaint’s discussion of Kia. However, even assuming Plaintiffs really are trying to bootstrap a second lawsuit into this one (a matter on which the Court does not opine), the complaint connects the Plaintiffs’ concerns about Kia directly to them own case by alleging that, “[o]n information and belief, because of their close relationship with Kia and the overlap between their products, Defendants monitor and are aware of issues arising with Kia vehicles, including the Sorento.” Compl. ¶ 29. Whether this monitoring and knowledge of problems with a sister vehicle will ultimately show “Defendants’ knowledge of the' Stalling Defect in the Santa Fe, and the inadequacy of Defendants’ purported fix” is a matter for a different type of motion or a trier of fact. However, it is directly relevant to allegations of fraud and if otherwise admissible (another matter the Court does hot reach) could be used to prove intent. As there is “any doubt whether the allegations in the pleadings might be relevant in the action[,]” Defendants have not met them. burden. See Astiana, 2011 WL 2111796, at *13, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57348, at *35.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES the motion to strike. The Court also DENIES as moot Defendants’ request for judicial notice in support of its motion to strike and Plaintiffs’ objection thereto. ECF Nos. 32, 38. The Court GRANTS LEAVE for'-Plaintiffs to amend the complaint to fix the' issues noted in Mot. to Strike Opp’n at 8.

V. CONCLUSION

Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Defendants’ motion is DENIED with respect to: lack of standing; that HMC should be dismissed from the case for lack of any transaction, that UCL, CLRA, and fraud should be dismissed for assorted reasons; that certain named plaintiffs fail to allege a breach of implied warranty within the warranty period; that Song-Beverly and Mag.-Moss claims required damages; that California- Mag.Moss claims were improperly pleaded; and that the Court should defer to primary jurisdiction. Defendants’ motion is GRANTED with respect to: FAL claims failing to identify an advertisement; that New York implied warranty claims fail for lack of privity; and that Mag.-Moss related to the New York claims also failed. Plaintiffs are GRANTED LEAVE TO AMEND those portions which the. Court has dismissed. While the Court has GRANTED LEAVE to amend the complaint several times in this Order, the Court hereby notices Plaintiffs that leave to amend yet again may be granted far more sparingly, and failure to properly state a claim already considered by this opinion may result in dismissal of that claim with prejudice.

Defendants’ motion to strike is also DENIED. The Court GRANTS LEAVE for Plaintiffs to amend the complaint to fix those issues for which dismissal was granted and to cure the defect Plaintiffs noted in Mot. to Strike Opp’n at 8.

Should Plaintiffs desire to amend their complaint, they must do so within 14 days of the date of this order. In doing so, Plaintiffs should be cognizant whether amending may create any statute of limitations defenses.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . ECF Nos. 35 ("MTD Opp’n’’), 36 ("Mot. to Strike Opp’n”), 39 ("MTD Reply”), 40 ("Mot. to Strike Reply”).

2 . For a more in depth set of citations, see Newberg on Class Actions § 2:3 (5th Ed.), 1, n. 10-11.

3 . While this ruling may have implications for class certification, this finding is largely distinct from such an inquiry, which the Court expressly does not reach or consider at this time.

4 . Insomniac examined costs associated with a rental agreement and found only a commercial relationship, not a fiduciary relationship. 233 Cal.App.4th at 831, 182 Cal.Rptr.3d 888. It did not discuss — as it was not relevant — any safety exception, and thus is inapposite here.

5 . Williams, where there wás no actual injury yet the court still found an adequate safety concern to require disclosure, is being appealed, No. 15-55924, filed June 12, 2015. The Court sua sponte considered — and rejected— the need for a stay pending the results of this appeal. There are adequate legal grounds upon which to decide the matter at issue and there are sufficient allegations which the Court finds survive this motion to dismiss such that: (1) parties can complete another attempt at a proper amended complaint while the appeal is pending without any harm; and (2) should the parties begin discovery, discovery would be as applicable to those issues not reached by the matters pending on appeal as to those issues potentially reached by the Ninth Circuit.

6 . The Court rejects Defendants’ suggestion, Supp. Reply at 5, that ConocoPhillips has been limited to its facts by Hoffman, 228 Cal.App.4th at 1192, 175 Cal.Rptr.3d 820 ("A manufacturer’s nondisclosure to the public of the toxic nature of its products where the toxicity is known to the manufacturer but not to others is a very different circumstance from a landowner’s knowledge that it possesses prescriptive easement rights.”). That Co-nocoPhillips cannot be used to extend liability for concealment under the purely business facts presented in Hoffman supports Plaintiffs' argument that safety concern cases are of a different ilk. See Supp. Opp'n at 8-9. The Court also rejects the collected citations offered by Defendants at Supp. Mot. at 8 n.7, as the cases therein that would be binding on the Court (vice persuasive) all fail to involve a safety concern pursuant to ’manufacturer liability or else fail (in dicta) to do more than cite to LiMandri without any analysis.

7 . Hyundai also argues that Plaintiffs’ complaint runs afoul of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard for claims grounded in fraud by grouping together both Hyundai Motor America and HMC. However, in "a case of an alleged fraudulent concealment perpetrated by sophisticated corporate entities that- are related to each other, the Plaintiffs need not distinguish the specific roles that each entity played in the fraudulent concealment in order to meet the Rule 9(b) standard.” Gray, No. 13-cv-3417-WJM-MF, 2014 WL 4723161, at *2.

8 . This conclusion is further supported by Parenteau v. Gen. Motors, LLC, No. CV 14-04961-RGK MANX, 2015 WL 1020499, at *6 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 5, 2015) (discussing Falco, Wilson, and Mui Ho, 931 F.Supp.2d at 998 (where allegations of internal testing and reporting were sufficient when coupled with allegation that manufacturer issued two technical service bulletins regarding the defect)).

9 . To the extent Hyundai argues that because used cars are sold between private parties, and it would be an ‘‘impossibility” for it to “inject itself into each transaction” and disclose the existence of the alleged stalling defect, that concern is misplaced. Reply at 9. Disclosures can take many forms and do not necessarily require a manufacturer to be aware of or participate in private transactions. However, to the extent this is actually a privity argument, the Court separately considers this matter lateh herein. •’

10 . Even so, the Court rejects arguments that there was no allegation of the timing of the purchase in relation to the exposure to the advertising claims or reliance. See MTD Reply at 11 (citing Hydoxycut Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig v. lavante Health Scis. Group, Inc., 801 F.Supp.2d 993, 1006 (S.D.Cal.2001)). It seems clear from the pleadings read with all favorable inferences in favor of the Plaintiffs that named plaintiffs were exposed to advertisements shortly before their purchase and relied on those statements.

11 . The Court does not opine on the merits of any such allegation.

12 . The facts of Jones involved a breach that was discovered within the three month statutory period, and thus Jones did not directly reach whether, under Mexia, a latent defect discovered later could be cognizable. Jones merely cites Mexia approvingly for a rule, and applies the simple statutory deadline which yielded the same result without requiring that court to consider this debate.

13 . Sharma involved a design defect that made certain drainage pipes "prone to become clogged,” evidencing non-defective parts that were likely to cause a malfunction happen in the future rather than a defective product installed from'the get-go. Sharma, 2015 WL 75057, at *2. The facts before the Court are far more reminiscent of a case cited by Mexia and factually distinguished by Sharma, namely Moore v. Hubbard & Johnson Lumber Co,, 149 Cal.App.2d 236, 308 P.2d 794 (1957). In Moore, lumber was infested with beetles making it unusuable and unsalable from the date of sale, even though the defect was unknown at that date. So too, here, the Court is presented with a case where the car engine allég-edly contains an unseen defect in its engine from the get-go, directly relating to safety and a pre-existing broken part — facts.that Sharma lacks.

14 . Sharma relies on collected cases all dated before Donlen and does not appear to consider Donlen in arriving at its conclusion. 2015 WL 75057, at *4-6. Moreover, the cases collected largely do not go to the types of safety concerns that make a good umnerchantable. The exception is Grodzitsky v. American Honda Motor Co., 2013 WL 2631326 (C.D.Cal. June 12, 2013) (published one month before Donlen), Grodzitsky, in turn, analyzed Me-xia, its underpinnings, and other pre-Donlen federal district court cases, plus relied on two unpublished California appellate court decisions. Id. at *10-11, In so doing, Grodzitsky expressly recognized that "[although unpublished California cases have no precedential value, they may be considered ‘as a possible reflection of California law.’ ” Id. at *11 n. 12 (quoting Roberts v. McAfee, Inc., 660 F.3d 1156, 1167 n. 6 (9th Cir.2011)). It is unlikely a court would rely on such authority and ignore entirely a published California appellate case if it knew of Donlen.

15 . Defendants do not challenge and thus waive arguments related to plaintiff Reniger, whose stalling began within a few months of purchase, making the claim timely under any reading of Mexia.

16 . Parties also cite the Court to the persuasive but non-binding case McQueen v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. CIV.A. 12-6674 SRC, 2013 WL 4607353, at *4 (D.N.J. Aug. 29, 2013). The test in the case is notably different thus limiting its applicability. That said, McQueen is a good example of how Courts can reasonably decline to accept primary jurisdiction arguments like many made by Defendants.

17 . Insofar as Defendants attempt to restyle their arguments to make this type of narrow request, MTD Reply at 13-14, the.Court DENIES the request as not yet ripe.