Jones v. National Railroad Passenger Corporation ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 AMANDA JONES, Case No. 15-cv-02726-TSH 8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 9 v. RECONSIDERATION 10 NATIONAL RAILROAD PASSENGER Re: Dkt. No. 203 CORPORATION, et al., 11 Defendants. 12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Amanda Jones’s Motion for Reconsideration of the 15 Court’s October 10, 2019 Order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants. ECF No. 16 203. Defendants filed an Opposition (ECF No. 207) and Jones filed a Reply (ECF No. 211). 17 Having considered the parties’ positions, relevant legal authority, and the record in this case, the 18 Court DENIES Jones’s motion for the following reasons. 19 II. BACKGROUND 20 The Court summarized the facts in its October 10, 2019 order granting Defendants’ motion 21 for summary judgment (the “Order”): 22 On August 25, 2014, Plaintiff Amanda Jones, then a resident of Chicago, was in Santa Cruz to attend a three- to four-day research 23 conference for her PhD program. At some point during the day, Jones took the AMTRAK Highway 17 Express Bus #2310 (the “Hwy 17 24 Bus” or “Bus #2310”), from Santa Cruz to San Jose. The bus was operated by Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District (“SCMTD”) in 25 contract with the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (“AMTRAK”). At that time, Jones was traveling with a motorized 26 scooter because she was recovering from knee surgery and wanted to avoid walking long distances and on hills. Jones boarded the bus with 27 her scooter. Once onboard, the coach operator, Sergio Gonzalez, tried device that was different from the method Gonzalez was using. 1 Gonzalez insisted that he knew how to secure the device and used his own method. After attempting to secure Jones's scooter, Gonzalez 2 proceeded to start the drive from Santa Cruz to San Jose. Jones remained seated on her scooter while on the bus. 3 At some point during the journey to San Jose, the scooter (with Jones 4 on it) fell over, and Jones fell to the floor. Gonzalez stopped the bus, and with the help of another passenger, helped Jones and her scooter 5 off the floor. Gonzalez called his road supervisor and dispatch to report the accident. Dispatch contacted emergency services, which 6 arrived on the scene. Jones declined assistance from emergency services, and the bus continued to San Jose. 7 8 2019 WL 5087594, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2019) (citations to the record omitted). 9 In her Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”) Jones asserted five claims against Defendants: 10 a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) by AMTRAK; a violation of the ADA 11 by SCMTD; a violation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 by both Defendants; a 12 violation of the California Unruh Civil Rights Act by both Defendants; and a negligence claim 13 against both Defendants. Jones sought declaratory judgment stating that Defendants had violated 14 her rights under the ADA and under the Unruh Act; injunctive relief; damages under the two civil 15 rights statutes, and a trebling of those damages pursuant to California Civil Code § 3345; damages 16 for negligence; and fees and costs. 17 The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment, and the Court granted summary 18 judgment in favor of Defendants. The Court found that Jones had shown only a hypothetical—not 19 a realistic—possibility that she would use the same bus system she was using during the 20 underlying incident. It found that Jones had also failed to show that, even if she used the same 21 system, she would encounter the same type of incident she did before. Thus, the Court determined 22 Jones had no standing to pursue, and was not entitled to, injunctive relief. The Court found 23 declaratory relief was inappropriate because there was no ongoing relationship between Jones and 24 Defendants warranting that type of relief. Because Jones was not entitled to injunctive or 25 declaratory relief, the only remaining relief Jones sought was for damages under the civil rights 26 statutes. The Court found that to obtain compensatory damages under the ADA or Rehabilitation 27 Act, Jones had to show intentional discrimination, and that under the Unruh Act she had to prove 1 forward evidence showing Defendants failed to provide reasonable accommodation (a violation of 2 the ADA) let alone intentional discrimination. The Court found that without a showing of 3 intentional discrimination, Jones would not be entitled to compensatory damages even if she had 4 shown a violation of the ADA or Rehabilitation Act. The Court also found that since Jones had 5 not shown a violation of the ADA, nor any evidence of intentional discrimination, she could not 6 show a violation of the Unruh Act. Summary judgment was appropriate on the statutory counts. 7 Regarding Jones’ negligence claim, the Court found it failed to the extent it relied on 8 breaches of the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, or the Unruh Act. The Court found the claim also 9 failed to the extent it was premised on an allegation that Gonzalez was speeding, as Jones raised 10 no genuine issue as to whether Gonzalez was speeding. 11 III. LEGAL STANDARD 12 Trial courts have inherent power to reconsider, set aside, or amend interlocutory orders at 13 any time prior to entry of a final judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Motions for reconsideration are 14 disfavored and “should not be granted, absent highly unusual circumstances, unless the district 15 court is presented with newly discovered evidence, committed clear error, or if there is an 16 intervening change in the controlling law.” McDowell v. Calderon, 197 F.3d 1253, 1254 (9th Cir. 17 1999) (per curiam) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Furthermore, “[a] motion for 18 reconsideration ‘may not be used to raise arguments or present evidence for the first time when 19 they could reasonably have been raised earlier in the litigation.’” Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. 20 Mucos Pharma GmbH & Co., 571 F.3d 873, 880 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Kona Enters., Inc. v. 21 Estate of Bishop, 229 F.3d 877, 890 (9th Cir. 2000)). 22 The Northern District of California also has local rules governing motions for 23 reconsideration. Under Civil Local Rule 7-9, a party must seek leave to file a motion for 24 reconsideration before judgment has been entered. Civ. L.R. 7-9(a). Moreover, a motion for 25 reconsideration may be made on three grounds: (1) a material difference in fact or law exists from 26 that which was presented to the court, which, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, the moving 27 party did not know at the time of the order for which reconsideration is sought; (2) the emergence 1 facts or dispositive legal arguments. Civ. L.R. 7-9(b). The moving party may not reargue any 2 written or oral argument previously asserted to the court. Civ. L.R. 7-9(c). 3 IV. DISCUSSION 4 A. Jones’ Compliance with Rule 7-9(a) 5 Defendants’ object that Jones did not request leave from the Court pursuant to Local Rule 6 7-9(a) before filing her Motion for Reconsideration. In this case, judgment has been entered and 7 was entered concurrently with the Court’s Order granting summary judgment. Accordingly, to the 8 extent Rule 7-9(a) applies in these circumstances, the Court will excuse any non-compliance with 9 it. 10 B. Jones’ Statutory Claims 11 1. Injunctive Relief 12 As a preliminary point, Jones takes issue with the Court’s finding that there wasn’t a 13 realistic likelihood of her again using SCTMD’s bus system. She contends that Defendants did 14 not argue whether she had shown a likelihood of using the same system again, that they only 15 argued she did not have standing because she only complained of one incident. She asserts that 16 she therefore did not have occasion to brief the issue or provide a declaration regarding that issue. 17 Jones assertion is implausible. 18 In their Motion for Summary Judgment, it is true that Defendants argued that “the facts as 19 they existed when the plaintiff filed the complaint involved a single incident. A single incident 20 does not rise to the level of a real and immediate threat of repeated injury in the future.” ECF No. 21 175, at 9. That is an accurate recitation of the law. But then immediately after, Defendants 22 asserted that Jones “is now a resident of Los Angeles . . . . She traveled to Santa Cruz on this one 23 occasion when her incident occurred,” and that “[t]he only other bus-related incident she has 24 referenced occurred after her complaint was filed and involved a different bus company and a 25 different location.” Id. Defendants continued—quoting Midgett v. Tri-County Metro. Transp. 26 Dist., 254 F.3d 846, 850 (9th Cir. 2001)—“plaintiff’s evidence establishes, at most, ‘several 27 frustrating, but isolated,’ incidents. ‘It does not, however, support an inference that Plaintiff faces 1 relief’ . . . .” Id. (emphasis in original). The obvious logic of Defendants’ argument was that 2 Jones could not show an immediate threat of “future violations” in part because she would not be 3 using the same bus system, and thus exposing herself to the same “threat of continued, future 4 violations.” 5 Jones also argues that she testified at her deposition that she would travel on AMTRAK 6 again in the future. She cites to a portion of her transcript wherein she testified, in part, that she 7 would “travel on Amtrak again” “[a]s an absolute last resort for something that I have to 8 absolutely be at. I’d rather drive.” Decl. of Carla D. Aikens in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for 9 Reconsideration (“Aikens Decl.”) ¶ 3, Ex. B (“Jones Dep.”) 276:25-277:13, ECF No. 204. 10 However, that argument fails for three reasons. First, Jones was testifying about “Amtrak,” and 11 her testimony in the pages leading up to this quote makes clear that she understands Amtrak to be 12 an umbrella term that refers to various bus and train systems; this testimony is not specific to 13 SCMTD’s bus system. Second, her testimony was that she was not likely to take Amtrak again; it 14 was “an absolute last resort.” And third, Jones did not present that testimony in her motion for 15 summary judgment or opposition to Defendants’ motion, even though it was available to her at the 16 time. Thus, it was not before the Court for consideration and cannot form a ground for 17 reconsideration. 18 Jones also submits a new declaration in which she references a training program hosted by 19 the Center for Collaborative Research for an Equitable California at the University of California 20 Santa Cruz. She asserts that, “I have plans to go back as often as I can, once I am able to utilize 21 public transport, including the Santa Cruz Metro Transit District bus system.” Decl. of Amanda 22 Jones, ECF No. 203-2. This is also evidence presented (indeed, created) for the first time with the 23 Motion for Reconsideration, when it could have been presented earlier in the litigation. It also 24 cannot form the grounds for a motion to reconsider. Even considering it, however, Jones does not 25 assert she now participates in any opportunities at the Center or in Santa Cruz. Jones asserts only 26 that she has plans to go back as often as she can. This is not a real and immediate threat that 27 Jones’ will be injured while on the same transportation system. See Lujan v. Defenders of 1 concrete plans, or indeed even any specification of when the some day will be -- do not support a 2 finding of the ‘actual or imminent’ injury that our cases require.”); id. at 564, n. 2 (“Although 3 ‘imminence’ [of injury] is concededly a somewhat elastic concept, it . . . has been stretched 4 beyond the breaking point when, as here, the plaintiff alleges only an injury at some indefinite 5 future time, and the acts necessary to make the injury happen are at least partly within the 6 plaintiff’s own control.”). 7 Finally, Jones presents testimony from her deposition regarding an alleged incident she had 8 while taking a bus from Los Angeles to Oakland, while in a wheelchair. Jones Dep. 271:9-13. In 9 its Order, the Court found Jones had not presented enough facts (time, location, which bus, what 10 operator, etc.) regarding that incident to make it probative for purposes of standing for injunctive 11 relief. According to the testimony, that alleged incident occurred at least a year before the parties 12 moved for summary judgment, and yet Jones presents that testimony to the Court now for the first 13 time. Thus, again, it cannot form a ground for reconsideration. Additionally, the testimony relates 14 to an alleged incident Jones had on a bus she took from Union Station in Los Angeles to a train or 15 light rail station in Oakland. It does not concern any difficulties Jones had using an SCMTD bus, 16 or any transportation services in or out of Santa Cruz. And while Jones testified that she ‘guessed’ 17 that the bus was an AMTRAK-licensed bus, Jones Dep. 273:17-20, she did not testify as to any 18 more specific information about which bus, she’s introduced no evidence that the bus was licensed 19 by AMTRAK, and she apparently attempted no discovery concerning that alleged incident. That 20 testimony therefore amounts to: Jones took some bus, that may or may not have been connected to 21 AMTRAK, but was not operated by SCMTD (SCMTD doesn’t operate buses out of Los Angeles, 22 see https://www.scmtd.com/en/routes/schedule/map, last visited on January 9, 2020), on some date 23 from Los Angeles to Oakland. It does nothing to show failures by Defendants to operate their 24 transportation services in compliance with the ADA. 25 In sum, even the newly presented evidence taken together with the old still shows a single 26 incident Jones had on a bus operated by SCMTD. With these facts, the Court refers again to 27 Midgett, 254 F.3d at 850, where the Ninth Circuit wrote: instances of malfunctioning lift service on Tri-Met. The evidence also 1 shows that, unfortunately, a few individual Tri-Met operators have not treated passengers as they are required and are trained to do. 2 Under the regulations, these occasional problems do not, without more, establish a violation of the ADA. At most, the evidence shows 3 past violations of the ADA. It does not, however, support an inference that Plaintiff faces a real and immediate threat of continued, future 4 violations of the ADA in the absence of injunctive relief. 5 Even with Jones’ newly presented evidence, which cannot in any event form a ground for 6 reconsideration because she had it at her disposal before, she still fails to show a likelihood that 7 she will use the same services of Defendants, or—importantly—a realistic threat of future harm 8 even if she did. Jones is not entitled to injunctive relief. 9 2. Potential Violations of the ADA 10 Regarding the issue of training, Jones continues to cherry pick the same passages from 11 witnesses’ testimony. She sets forth no new legal argument. For example, she continues to rely 12 on a portion of Gonzalez’s testimony where he replied “No” when asked if he had had training “on 13 scooters specifically.” Mot. 8 (quoting Aikens Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. C (“Gonzalez Dep.”) 28:6-8, ECF 14 No. 204-3). However, as the Court noted in its Order, Gonzalez later clarified that he had been 15 trained on “regular scooters,” just “not really on this – on this particular scooter with the real small 16 tires --”: 17 Q: You said you’ve never been trained on how to secure scooters on the bus? 18 A: No. Secure, but not that kind -- not that kind of small -- small scooter. 19 Q: So this particular scooter you haven’t had training on? A: On that particular scooter, no. We do on those regular scooters. 20 Q: Uh-huh. A: But not really on this -- on this particular scooter with the real small 21 tires and -- Q: Okay. 22 23 See 2019 WL 5087594, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2019) (quoting Decl. of Carla D. Aikens in Supp. 24 of Pl.'s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. ¶ 4, Ex. D. at 30:21-31:6, ECF No. 176-3). Jones herself also 25 cites word-for-word (but then ignores) additional portions of Gonzalez’s deposition where he 26 testified that he had been taught on “regular scooters,” but “not that type with the small tires, like I 27 said.” Aikens Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. C, Gonalez Decl. 33:2-11. The fact remains that Jones has not 1 her particular scooter, which scooter was not intended to be ridden on a bus. The Court found— 2 and Jones has provided no contrary legal authority on this point—that the relevant regulations did 3 not require training drivers on securing every single mobility device available. It thus found, and 4 still finds, that Jones has submitted no evidence showing that Defendants’ failed to train its drivers 5 in compliance with the relevant regulations. 6 Jones asserts that, “five years after Plaintiff’s incident, Defendants’ buses are still not 7 properly equipped to safely transport three-wheeled devices such as hers.” Mot. 7. She cites no 8 foundation for this proposition, and so it does not warrant discussion. She also asserts that the 9 Court “made clear” it did not believe it was necessary for Defendants to provide mechanisms to 10 safely secure mobility devices. But that is not an accurate reading of the Court’s Order. Nowhere 11 did the Court imply that it was unnecessary for Defendants to provide proper securement 12 equipment for securing mobility devices; rather, Jones provided no credible evidence that 13 Defendants had not. The Court also noted that the regulation Jones relied on prohibits movement 14 of a mobility aid to two inches when the mobility aid is secured “in accordance with 15 manufacturer’s instructions,” 49 C.F.R. 38.23(d)(5), but that owner’s manual for Jones’ scooter 16 clearly stated, “WARNING – Do not sit in your scooter while in a moving vehicle.” Thus, the 17 tipping of Jones’ scooter was not evidence that Defendants had failed to comply with securement 18 standards. Jones takes issue with the Court’s analysis on this point and argues “it is not clear what 19 the legal basis is for utilizing the owner’s manual as a basis to defeat liability.” The legal basis is 20 the text of the regulation, which the Court discussed in its Order. To read it as Jones would have it 21 would mean striking from it: “When the wheelchair or mobility aid is secured in accordance with 22 manufacturer’s instructions . . . .” The fact remains that, according to the manufacturer’s 23 instructions for Jones’ scooter, the scooter should not have been used in a moving vehicle.1 Jones 24 provided no other evidence that Defendants failed to provide adequate securement equipment at 25 the time of her incident, or any other. 26 27 1 Jones asserts that “there is evidence that all mobility assistive devices . . . have the same garden- 1 Finally, Jones writes that, “while the Magistrate Judge suggested merely that [Gonzalez] 2 did not have [an operator’s] handbook, [Gonzalez] made clear that no one had a handbook because 3 they had not been written.” Mot. 9. She cites to Gonzalez’s testimony that “they starting to write 4 on” an operator’s handbook. Gonzalez Dep. 28:9-15. The difference Jones articulates is 5 immaterial: Jones still fails to explain how drivers not receiving an operator’s handbook would 6 automatically translate into a failure to train under the relevant regulations—she points to no rule 7 or regulation which states: “Adequate training must include an operator’s manual.” At the same 8 time, Jones has not challenged the accuracy of Gonzalez’s training records, which show mobility 9 device training, or his assertions in his declaration regarding his annual training.2 10 C. Jones’ Negligence Claim 11 Jones begins by asserting that the Court held that her negligence claim failed because her 12 complaint discussed a train, train tracks, and a train signal system at certain portions. She points 13 out that Defendants “are clearly aware that the negligence claim involves a bus” and “should not 14 be permitted to avoid liability if a simple edit would make her complaint comport with all other 15 pleadings and evidence in this case.” Mot. 5. Jones reads too much into that portion of the 16 Court’s Order, which plainly states that the negligence claim “fails to the extent it references 17 trains, train tracks, or train systems.” (emphasis added). The Court included that language in its 18 order because of the numerous references to trains and train tracks in the Third Amended 19 Complaint and because all of the evidence on summary judgment concerned an incident that 20 occurred on a bus, not a train. It is indeed clear that Jones believes Defendants are liable because 21 of Gonzalez’s negligent conduct on a bus, which is why the Court found her negligence claim 22 failed to the extent Jones repeatedly asserted liability connected with a train or train travel.3 23 Jones also misreads the Court’s findings vis-à-vis whether the bus was speeding. The 24 Court did not disregard Jones’ testimony and accept as fact Gonzalez and another passenger’s 25 2 Jones challenges those assertions, but does so by selectively quoting his testimony, as discussed 26 above. Thus, she doesn’t genuinely dispute them. 3 E.g.: “Failing to provide adequate equipment to safely transport [sic] Failing to properly 27 maintain and/or repair the railroad tracks/track system in question;” “Failing to properly inspect, 1 testimony that the bus was not speeding. The Court quoted Jones’ deposition wherein she 2 testified: “I can’t – you know, I couldn’t see the speedometer, but I did feel like we were moving 3 at a rather rapid pace, especially when we hit the curve, and everybody got jostled around.” 2019 4 WL 5087594, at *10. And Jones also testified that she was reading right before the accident, Decl. 5 of Robert G. Howie in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Howie Decl.”) ¶ 5, Ex. C at 44:14- 6 45:11, ECF No. 175-3, and that she “had the impression that the bus was going fast,” id. at 37:8- 7 13, but that “I couldn’t tell you how fast it was going. I just know it felt like we maybe shouldn’t 8 be going so fast,” Howie Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. D at 277:18-22, ECF No. 175-3 (emphasis added). The 9 Court found that Jones’ testimony alone, without any (other) evidence that the bus was speeding, 10 did not raise a genuine question as to whether it was.4 See Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 11 281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir. 2002) (“A fact issue is genuine if the evidence is such that a 12 reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. However, this court has refused to 13 find a genuine issue where the only evidence presented is uncorroborated and self-serving 14 testimony.”) (citations and internal quotations omitted); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 15 242, 251 (1986) (“[T]here is no issue for trial unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the 16 nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party. If the evidence is merely 17 colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted. . . . [S]ummary 18 judgment should be granted where the evidence is such that it would require a directed verdict for 19 the moving party.”) (citations and internal quotations omitted). 20 In her Motion for Reconsideration, Jones presses the argument that Defendants should not 21 have transported her at all unless she was appropriately secured in her scooter, and that by 22 transporting her unsecured they were negligent. Mot. 6. In her motion for summary judgment, 23 Jones made clear that her negligence claim was based on “duties defined by” the statutes and 24 regulations: 25 Plaintiff’s argument for partial summary judgment against SCMTD on the [statutory claims] apply equally to her negligence claim against 26 27 4 The Court did mention the testimony of Christian Nieto and the declaration of Gonzalez. SCMTD. . . . As discussed above, SCMTD had several duties defined 1 by Title II of the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and applicable regulations (e.g. 49 C.F.R. §§ 37.123, 38.23), and it breached its 2 duties through the acts and omissions described above. These breaches are of course the proximate causes of Plaintiff’s injuries, 3 and thus, Plaintiff requests partial summary judgment on her negligence claims against SCMTD. 4 5 Mot. for Partial Summ. J. 23-24, ECF No. 176 (emphasis added); see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s 6 Mot. for Summ. J. 15-16, ECF No. 188 (“Plaintiff has provided ample evidence of Defendants’ 7 negligence by the many violations of federal access regulations in transporting Plaintiff . . . .”); 8 Pl.’s Reply to Mot. for Reconsideration 4, ECF No. 211 (“The driver did not follow this basic 9 training in this instance, establishing a violation of the ADA, Rehab Act, Unruh (per Cal. Civ. 10 Code 51(f)), and also establishing SCMTD’s duty that was breached under a negligence theory.”) 11 (emphasis added). Contrary to Jones’ arguments, however, the Court found that “[t]here is no 12 evidence that Defendants failed to train Gonzalez . . . in compliance with those acts, or any 13 evidence that Defendants failed to provide adequate equipment to offer safe transport to Jones.”5 14 In other words, it found no evidence of a breach by Defendants of any duties defined by the ADA 15 or other statutes.6 To the extent Jones argues that a ‘duty not to transport’ arises from the ADA 16 17 5 Jones cites the testimony of another passenger, Nieto, who she claims “stated on two occasions during his deposition that the straps were loose and not secured.” Aikens Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. A, Nieto 18 Dep. 38:19-24; 56:9-13. However, Jones left out that Nieto also testified that Gonzalez asked Jones to “move to a safer area, as you would call it, on the disabled people chairs that they have 19 next to him, and she denied,” saying that “she wanted to be on the scooter,” Nieto Dep. 38:25- 39:6, and that Gonzalez tightened the straps “as much as he could” and did actually strap the 20 scooter down, initially, before Jones fell, id. 56:14-57:6. (Nieto also opined that the straps appeared too loose because the scooter was too small, id. at 39:7-16, and that Jones, “was the first 21 time I’ve seen a scooter person [on a bus]; so that was pretty unusual,” id. at 56:1-8.) 6 Additionally, even if Jones had shown a violation of the ADA, multiple courts have held that “a 22 violation of the ADA anti-discrimination provisions cannot” support a claim for negligence. M.R. v. Tajdar, 2018 WL 6050888, at *6 (D. Md. Nov. 19, 2018) (citing two cases from the same 23 district); id. at 7 (“A claim based on a violation of a statute or regulation designed to protect an individual from physical harm falls squarely within the range of negligence claims. . . . A 24 negligence claim based on a violation of an anti-discrimination statute does not.”); Hunter v. District of Columbia, 64 F. Supp. 3d 158, 189 (D.D.C. Aug. 14, 2018) (“Multiple courts have 25 found that the ADA is not a public safety statute for purposes of the negligence per se doctrine.”) (citing, inter alia, McCree v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 2009 WL 166660, at *12 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 22, 26 2009) (“[A] violation of an ADA regulation may not be used as evidence of negligence per se in a personal injury action like this one.”); White v. NCL Am., Inc., 2006 WL 1042548, at *5 (S.D. Fla. 27 Mar. 8, 2006) (“Because the ADA was not designed to protect those with disabilities from 1 and regulations, the Court notes again that 49 C.F.R. § 37.165 reflects “a mandate to use best 2 efforts to restrain or confine the wheelchair to the securement area. The entity does the best it can, 3 given its securement technology and the nature of the wheelchair.” 49 C.F.R. § 37.123, App. D 4 (emphasis added). Put another way, the statute does not mandate perfect service. Jones’ argument 5 || that Defendants somehow violated the ADA because they didn’t call for back-up transportation is 6 not supported by law or the facts: whether or not SCMTD has its own policies specifying when a 7 driver should call for back-up (which might be more generous than what the law requires), the 8 regulations require only that a service provider use best efforts to secure a disabled passenger, and ? the evidence does not reflect that Gonzalez failed to do so. 10 Vv. CONCLUSION 11 For the reasons stated above, the Court DENIES Jones’ motion. 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. v 14 || Dated: January 21, 2020 © 15 [AL \ - Lj-~— 2 THOMAS S. HIXSON a 16 United States Magistrate Judge = 17 Z 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 cause of action is limited to civil suits by disabled individuals to enforce the provisions of the 97 || ADA, including equitable relief to enforce compliance with its accessibility standards, but is not a strict liability federal tort claim. Hence, the ADA was merely designed to protect disabled 28 individuals against discrimination, and neither the negligence cause of action nor the money damages sought by Plaintiff are available for non-compliance with UFAS or the ADA.”).