Rios v. Linn Star Transfer, Inc. ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 DAVID RIOS, Case No. 19-cv-07009-JSC Plaintiff, Case No. 19-cv-07013-JSC 8 Case No. 19-cv-07017-JSC 9 v. 10 LINN STAR TRANSFER, INC., et al. ORDER RE: INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO 11 Defendants. DISMISS; PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS FOR SANCTIONS 12 13 14 GIOVANNI GRANIZO, MANASES GUTIERREZ, and MAURICIO 15 VILLAFRANCO, 16 Plaintiffs, 17 v. 18 LINN STAR TRANSFER, INC., et al. 19 Defendants. 20 SAMUEL GUTIERREZ, JOSE 21 MELENDEZ, JOSE ALVAREZ REYNOSO, JUAN CARLOS RODRIGUEZ, 22 and REMBER TORRES, 23 Plaintiffs, 24 v. 25 LINN STAR TRANSFER, INC., et al. 26 Defendants. 27 1 The Plaintiffs1 in the above-captioned cases bring federal and state wage-and-hour claims 2 against their current or former employer Linn Star Transfer, Inc. and Linn Star Logistics, LLC 3 (together, “Linn Star”), and individuals Kevin Abbey, Mark Dahlin, David Dunek, and Dennis 4 Munson (collectively, “Individual Defendants”). (Dkt. Nos. 7 (19-cv-07009; 19-cv-07013; 19-cv- 5 07017).)2 Now before the Court are the Individual Defendants’ motions to dismiss certain claims 6 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).3 (Dkt. Nos. 17 (19-cv-07009); 15 (19-cv- 7 07013); 16 (19-cv-07017).) Also before the Court are Plaintiffs’ motions for sanctions. (Dkt. 8 Nos. 33 (19-cv-07009); 34 (19-cv-07013); 31 (19-cv-07017).) After careful consideration of the 9 parties’ briefing the Court concludes that oral argument is unnecessary, see Civil Local Rule 7- 10 1(b), and GRANTS the Individual Defendants’ motions to dismiss and DENIES Plaintiffs’ 11 motions for sanctions. 12 BACKGROUND 13 I. The Parties 14 A. Defendants 15 Linn Star Transfer is a corporation with its principal place of business in Iowa. (Dkt. No. 7 16 at ¶ 3 (19-cv-07009).) Linn Star Logistics “is a limited liability company whose sole member is a 17 citizen of Iowa.” (Id. at ¶ 4.) Linn Star Transfer and Linn Star Logistics (together, “Linn Star”) 18 “are licensed freight-forwarders that provide home delivery and installation services to large 19 retailers.” (Id. at ¶ 11.) After “[c]ustomers purchase large appliances from the retailers,” Linn 20 Star “deliver[s] and install[s] them.” (Id.) Linn Star provides its services “in at least 10 states, 21 including California.” (Id. at ¶ 13.) It maintains a “branch office and warehouse” in Benicia, 22 California. (Id.) 23 Dennis Munson “is the founder, owner and CEO” of Linn Star. (Id. at ¶ 5.) Mark Dahlin 24 1 The complaint in each action sets forth identical substantive allegations for the claims at issue in 25 the instant motions to dismiss. Further, all Plaintiffs are represented by the same counsel. Thus, for purposes of this Order, the Court refers to all plaintiffs collectively as “Plaintiffs.” 26 2 Record citations are to material in the Electronic Case File (“ECF”); pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of the documents. 27 3 All parties have consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1 and David Dunek “are officers and/or directors” of Linn Star Transfer. (Id.) Kevin Abbey is the 2 warehouse manager for Linn Star’s Benicia, California facility. (Id. at ¶ 6.) 3 B. Plaintiffs 4 David Rios is a resident of California and former delivery driver for Linn Star. (Id. at ¶¶ 2, 5 14.) He “worked for Defendants from approximately 2009 to June 2019.” (Id. at ¶ 14.) Giovanni 6 Granizo, Manases Gutierrez, and Mauricio Villafranco are California residents and current 7 delivery drivers for Linn Star.4 (Dkt. No. 7 at ¶¶ 2, 14 (19-cv-07013).) Samuel Gutierrez, Jose 8 Melendez, Jose Alvarez Reynoso, Juan Carlos Rodriguez, and Rember Torres are California 9 residents. (Dkt. No. 7 at ¶ 2 (19-cv-07017 (“Melendez action”)).) Mr. Gutierrez, Mr. Melendez, 10 and Mr. Rodriguez are current Linn Star delivery drivers. (Id. at ¶ 14.) Mr. Reynoso was a Linn 11 Star delivery driver from 2011 to July 2016; Mr. Torres drove for the company from November 12 2016 to May 2017. (Id.) 13 II. Complaint Allegations 14 The gravamen of the complaints is that Linn Star misclassified Plaintiffs—who are all 15 current or former delivery drivers based out of Linn Star’s Benicia, California branch office—as 16 independent contractors instead of employees, and in doing so committed multiple violations 17 under the California Labor Code (“Labor Code”), the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 28 18 U.S.C. §§ 201, et seq., and the California Business & Professions Code § 17200 (“UCL”). (See 19 Dkt. Nos. 7 (19-cv-07009; 19-cv-07013; 19-cv-07017).) The Individual Defendants “are owners, 20 directors, officers and/or managing agents of [Linn Star] who violated, and/or caused to be 21 violated, the various California wage-hour laws at issue.” (Id. at ¶ 12.) 22 III. Procedural History 23 Plaintiffs filed their original complaints on October 25, 2019, asserting wage-and-hour 24 claims under California law against Linn Star Transfer. (Dkt. Nos. 1 (19-cv-07009; 19-cv-07013; 25 19-cv-07017).) Plaintiffs filed amended complaints on December 22, 2019, adding Linn Star 26 27 4 Plaintiffs’ sur-reply asserts that “[s]ome Plaintiffs have ceased working for Linn Star since their 1 Logistics and the Individual Defendants as defendants. (Dkt. Nos. 7 (19-cv-07009; 19-cv-07013; 2 19-cv-07017).) The amended complaints also added two claims under the FLSA. (Id.) All 3 complaints assert the following claims: (1) unpaid wages in violation of Labor Code § 201 and 4 Labor Code § 204 (19-cv-07013; 19-cv-07017); (2) unpaid minimum wages in violation of the 5 FLSA; (3) unpaid minimum wages in violation of Labor Code §§ 1194, 1194.2, 1197; (4) unpaid 6 overtime wages in violation of the FLSA; (5) unpaid overtime wages in violation of Labor Code § 7 510; (6) meal period violations under Industrial Welfare Commission (“IWC”) Wage Order No. 4 8 and Labor Code §§ 226.7, 512; (7) itemized wage statement violations under Labor Code § 226; 9 (8) unfair competition in violation of the UCL; (9) failure to reimburse business expenses in 10 violation of Labor Code § 2802. (Id.) Mr. Rios’s complaint also brings claims for retaliation 11 under Labor Code § 98.6, and wrongful termination in violation of California public policy. (Dkt. 12 No. 7 (19-cv-07009).) Both Mr. Rios’s complaint and the complaint in the Menendez action 13 assert “waiting time” claims under Labor Code § 203. (Id. (19-cv-07009; 19-cv-07017).) 14 The Individual Defendants filed the instant motions to dismiss on February 18, 2020. The 15 motions are fully briefed. (See Dkt. Nos. 25 & 30 (19-cv-07009); 23 & 28 (19-cv-07013); 23 & 16 29 (19-cv-07017).) In response to the Individual Defendants’ replies, Plaintiffs filed an 17 administrative motion to file a sur-reply pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-11 on March 13, 2020. 18 (See Dkt. No. 29.) The Court granted the sur-reply on March 17, 2020, (Dkt. No. 31), based on 19 Plaintiffs’ counsel’s declaration that Defendants’ counsel stipulated to the motion, (Dkt. No. 30 at 20 ¶ 2; see also Dkt. No. 30-1, Ex. 1).5 21 DISCUSSION 22 I. Motions to Dismiss 23 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of a complaint as 24 failing to allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. 25 5 Despite the stipulation, the Individual Defendants filed an objection later that day asserting that 26 Plaintiffs “mischaracterize[d] the Individual Defendants’ voluntary stipulation to allow Plaintiffs’ to seek leave of Court to file a Sur-Reply.” (See Dkt. No. 32 at 2 (19-cv-07013) (arguing that 27 Plaintiffs “improperly conflated the arguments in their request to file a sur-reply with the 1 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A facial plausibility standard is not a “probability 2 requirement” but mandates “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” 3 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, 4 a complaint “that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause 5 of action” is insufficient, as is a complaint that “tenders naked assertion[s] devoid of further 6 factual enhancement.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 7 Dismissal is proper under Rule 12(b)(6) “only where there is no cognizable legal theory or 8 an absence of sufficient facts alleged to support a cognizable legal theory.” Navarro v. Block, 250 9 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). In considering Rule 12(b)(6) motions, courts “must accept all 10 factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable 11 to the nonmoving party.” Davis v. HSBC Bank Nev., N.A., 691 F.3d 1152, 1159 (9th Cir. 2012) 12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, courts are “not bound to accept as true 13 a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. 14 The Individual Defendants move to dismiss the following claims in all complaints pursuant 15 to Rule 12(b)(6): (1) unpaid wages in violation of California Labor Code § 201 (19-cv-07009) and 16 Labor Code §§ 201, 204 (19-cv-07013; 19-cv-07017); (2) meal period violations under IWC 17 Wage Order No. 4 and Labor Code §§ 226.7, 512; and (3) failure to reimburse business expenses 18 in violation of Labor Code § 2802. The Individual Defendants also move to dismiss the waiting 19 time claims under Labor Code § 203 asserted by Mr. Rios and Plaintiffs in the Menendez action. 20 The Court addresses the claims in turn and concludes that dismissal is warranted. 21 A. Unpaid Wage Claims 22 Labor Code § 201 “secures an employee’s right to the full and prompt payment of final 23 wages” upon discharge. Voris v. Lampert, 7 Cal. 5th 1141, 1157 (2019). Under Labor Code § 24 204, “[a]ll wages, other than those mentioned in Section 201, 201.3, 202, 204.1, or 204.2, earned 25 by any person in any employment are due and payable twice during each calendar month, on days 26 designated in advance by the employer as the regular paydays.” Cal. Lab. Code § 204(a). The 27 complaints’ first cause of action brings claims against Linn Star and the Individual Defendants for 1 There is no dispute that those statutes, by their express terms, impose liability only on 2 “employers” and not on individuals acting on behalf of an employer. See Cal. Lab. Code § 201(a) 3 (“If an employer discharges an employee, the wages earned and unpaid at the time of discharge are 4 due and payable immediately.”) (emphasis added); see also See’s Candy Shops, Inc. v. Superior 5 Court, 210 Cal. App. 4th 889, 904-05 (2012) ( “[T]he sole purpose of [section 204] is to require an 6 employer of labor who comes within its terms to maintain two regular pay days each month, 7 within the dates required in that section.”) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation 8 omitted). There is also no dispute that Linn Star is the only alleged “employer” and that the 9 Individual Defendants are not employers under the meaning of the Labor Code. 10 The Individual Defendants’ motions assert that dismissal with prejudice is warranted 11 because sections 201 and 204 impose liability only on employers and not, as alleged in the 12 complaints, on individuals who “are owners, directors, officers and/or managing agents” of the 13 employer. (See Dkt. Nos. 17 at 12 (19-cv-07009); 15 at 12 (19-cv-07013); 16 at 12 (19-cv- 14 07017).) The motions further argue that Plaintiffs’ claims fail because the complaints do not 15 “attempt[ ] to incorporate” Labor Code § 558, which provides, in pertinent part: “Any employer or 16 other person acting on behalf of an employer who violates or causes to be violated, a section of 17 this chapter or any provision regulating hours and days of work in any order of the [IWC] shall be 18 subject to . . . civil penal[ties].” (See id. at 14 (quoting Cal. Lab. Code § 558(a)).) 19 Plaintiffs’ counter that the Individual Defendants’ motions are “meritless” because the 20 complaints include allegations invoking Labor Code § 558.1, which provides, in pertinent part: 21 Any employer or other person acting on behalf of an employer, who violates, or causes to be violated, any provision regulating minimum 22 wages or hours and days of work in any order of the [IWC], or violates, or causes to be violated, Sections 203, 226, 226.7, 1193.6, 23 1194, or 2802, may be held liable as the employer for such violation. 24 (See Dkt. Nos. 25 at 2 (19-cv-07009); 23 at 2 (19-cv-07013; 19-cv-07017) (quoting Cal. Lab. 25 Code § 558.1(a)).) Further: 26 For purposes of this section, the term “other person acting on behalf of an employer” is limited to a natural person who is an owner, 27 director, officer, or managing agent of the employer, and the term 1 (Id. (quoting Cal. Lab. Code § 558.1(b)).) 2 The Court agrees that the allegations, construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, 3 incorporate Section 558.1; specifically, the first cause of action in all complaints alleges that 4 “Defendants Munson, Dunek, Dahlin, and Abbey are owners, directors, officers, and/or managing 5 agents of [Linn Star] who violated, and/or caused to be violated the various California wage-hour 6 laws at issue in this case, including, but not limited to, those related to minimum wages.” (Dkt. 7 Nos. 7 at ¶ 39 (19-cv-07009); ¶ 35 (19-cv-07013); ¶ 35 (19-cv-07017).) That allegation tracks the 8 language of Section 558.1. However, incorporation of Section 558.1 does not save Plaintiffs’ 9 unpaid wages claims against the Individual Defendants. 10 By its plain terms Section 558.1 does not incorporate Sections 201 or 204, and instead 11 covers only “Sections 203, 226, 226.7, 1193.6, 1194, or 2802.” See Cal. Lab. Code § 558.1(a). 12 As for Section 201, Plaintiffs’ sur-reply argues that “if individuals are expressly liable [under 13 Section 558.1(a)] for violations of § 203, and in order to trigger a § 203 violation one must also 14 violate § 201 first, then individuals necessarily must also be liable for violations of § 201 as well.” 15 (Dkt. No. 30-2, Ex. 2 at 5 (19-cv-07013).) Plaintiffs cite no authority for that circular argument; 16 indeed, there is none. 17 Such an expansive reading of Section 558.1(a) conflicts with the plain terms of the statute 18 and is contrary to doctrines of statutory interpretation. See Cal. Lab. Code § 558.1(a) (listing only 19 “Sections 203, 226, 226.7, 1193.6, 1194, or 2802”); see also Gikas v. Zolin, 6 Cal. 4th 841, 852 20 (1993) (“The expression of some things in a statute necessarily means the exclusion of other 21 things not expressed.”). And although Section 203 provides “waiting time” penalties for failure to 22 timely pay wages under Section 201, liability under Section 203 is for willful violations of Section 23 201. See Cal. Lab. Code § 203 (providing for penalties “[i]f an employer willfully fails to pay, 24 without abatement or reduction, in accordance with Sections 201, 201.3, 201.5, 201.6, 201.8, 25 201.9, 202, and 205.5, any wages of an employee who is discharged or who quits”). Thus, the 26 Labor Code differentiates between an employer’s obligation to make timely payments pursuant to 27 Section 201, and an employer’s willful failure to comply with that obligation. It makes sense that 1 employer” pursuant to Section 558.1 because “[t]he settled meaning of ‘willful,’ as used in section 2 203, is that an employer has intentionally failed or refused to perform an act which was required to 3 be done.” See Amaral v. Cintas Corp. No. 2, 3 Cal. App. 4th 1157, 1201 (2008) (emphasis added) 4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In other words, a violation of Section 203 requires 5 an intentional act that can be committed by individuals acting on behalf of employers, whereas a 6 violation of Section 201 entails a failure to comply with a statutory obligation that applies only to 7 employers—not individuals. 8 Because Section 201 does not impose liability on individuals as a matter of law, Plaintiffs’ 9 first cause of action fails. See Cordell v. PICC Lines Plus LLC, No. 16-cv-01814-TEH, 2016 WL 10 4702654, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2016) (dismissing with prejudice Labor Code § 201 claim 11 against individual defendant because Section 201 imposes liability on employers and not on 12 “persons acting on behalf of the employer”). 13 As for Section 204, Plaintiffs’ sur-reply asserts that “regardless whether Section 204 14 allows a private right of action [against individuals], Plaintiffs may still proceed with their claim 15 so long as their allegations entitle them to relief under any theory.” (Dkt. No. 30-2, Ex. 2 at 5 (19- 16 cv-07013) (citing Bartholet v. Reishasuer A.G., 953 F.2d 1073, 1078 (7th Cir. 1992) (“Instead of 17 asking whether the complaint points to the appropriate statute, a court should ask whether relief is 18 possible under any set of facts that could be established consistent with the allegations.”) 19 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs are wrong. The Supreme Court in Twombly expressly rejected the 20 “any set of facts” pleading standard. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 563 (“The phrase is best forgotten 21 as an incomplete, negative gloss on an accepted pleading standard: once a claim has been stated 22 adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the 23 complaint.”) (emphasis added). Thus, the phrase “any set of facts” describes “the breadth of 24 opportunity to prove what an adequate complaint claims, not the minimum standard of adequate 25 pleading to govern a complaint’s survival.” Id. Here, Plaintiffs fail to plead a plausible claim for 26 relief against the Individual Defendants under Section 204 because that section applies only to 27 employers, not individuals acting on behalf of employers. 1 Code §§ 201, 204 claims with prejudice because those statutes do not impose liability on 2 individuals. Plaintiffs may proceed with those claims against Linn Star. 3 B. Meal Period, Failure to Reimburse Expenses, and Waiting Time Claims 4 The complaints bring claims against Linn Star and the Individual Defendants for failure to 5 provide meal breaks in violation of Labor Code §§ 226.7, 512 and failure to reimburse business 6 expenses in violation of Labor Code § 2802. Mr. Rios and Plaintiffs in the Melendez action also 7 bring “waiting time” claims under Labor Code § 203. For each cause of action Plaintiffs allege 8 that: 9 Defendants Munson, Dunek, Dahlin and Abbey are owners, directors, officers and/or managing agents of [Linn Star] who violated, and/or 10 caused to be violated, the various California wage-hour laws at issue in this case, including, but not limited to, those regarding [meal 11 breaks, reimbursement of business expenses, and prompt payment of wages]. 12 13 (Dkt. Nos. 7 at ¶¶ 71, 80, 92 (19-cv-07009); ¶¶ 67, 82 (19-cv-07013); ¶¶ 67, 76, 87 (19-07017).) 14 Thus, the complaints invoke Labor Code § 558.1, which, as previously discussed, extends 15 liability to an “owner, director, officer, or managing agent of the employer” who “violates, or 16 causes to be violated, Sections 203, 226, 226.7, 1193.6, 1194, or 2802” of the Labor Code. See 17 Cal. Lab. Code § 558.1(a),(b). The Individual Defendants reply briefing recognizes that Section 18 558.1 covers the Labor Code violations alleged, but argues that dismissal is warranted because 19 Plaintiffs fail to plead sufficient facts to state a plausible claim for relief against the Individual 20 Defendants.6 The Court agrees. 21 District courts in this Circuit have dismissed claims premised on liability under Section 22 558.1 where plaintiffs failed to “allege specific facts to establish that [the individual Defendant] 23 was personally involved in the alleged violations.” See, e.g., Carter v. Rasier-CA, LLC, No. 17- 24 cv-00003-HSG, 2017 WL 4098858, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 15, 2017) (alteration in original); Roush 25 6 Generally, courts “need not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Zamani 26 v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007). Here, however, the arguments set forth in the Individual Defendants’ replies directly respond to Plaintiffs’ opposition briefing, which asserts 27 that Section 558.1 applies to their claims. Further, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ request to file a 1 v. MSI Inventory Serv. Corp., No. 2:17-cv-1010-JAM-KJN, 2018 WL 3637066, at *2-3 (E.D. Cal. 2 July 30, 2018); see also Plaskin v. NewSight Reality, Inc., No. 2:19-cv-00458-RGK-SS, 2019 WL 3 4316255, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 30, 2019) (finding that “the plain language of Section 4 558.1 suggests substitutive liability for a person acting on behalf of an employer,” and dismissing 5 Labor Code claims against individual defendant because “allegations pertain[ed] only to [his] role 6 as a corporate officer,” and included no “allegation of individual wrongdoing”). 7 Here, the allegations against the Individual Defendants do not set forth facts giving rise to 8 a plausible inference that they are personally liable pursuant to Section 558.1 for the Labor Code 9 violations alleged. Instead, the allegations are conclusory and rely solely on the Individual 10 Defendants’ respective positions “as owners, directors, officers and/or managing agents of [Linn 11 Star] who violated, and/or caused to be violated, the various California wage-hour laws at issue in 12 this case.” That is not sufficient to survive dismissal. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (noting that 13 dismissal is warranted where a complaint offers only “labels and conclusions or a formulaic 14 recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” or “tenders naked assertion[s] devoid of further 15 factual enhancement”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Plaintiffs’ sur-reply asserts 16 that the complaints “specifically claim, repeatedly, that the Individual Defendants ‘violated, or 17 caused to be violated’ the various statutes giving rise to Plaintiffs’ claims.” (Dkt. No. 30-2, Ex. 2 18 at 4.) However, merely repeating a legal conclusion without alleging sufficient facts to support 19 that legal conclusion does not state a plausible claim for relief. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 20 Accordingly, the Court grants the Individual Defendants’ motions to dismiss the meal 21 break, reimbursement of business expenses, and waiting time claims against the Individual 22 Defendants. 23 II. Motions for Sanctions 24 Plaintiffs’ motions for sanctions are identical in all three cases and assert that sanctions are 25 warranted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 on the grounds that the Individual 26 Defendants’ motions to dismiss are “not warranted by existing law and/or [were] presented for an 27 improper purpose.” (See Dkt. No. 33 at 1 (19-cv-07009).) Plaintiffs argue that the Individual 1 because the complaints do not specifically cite Labor Code § 558, and that such argument has 2 || been deemed “entirely meritless” by the Ninth Circuit. Ud. at 1-2.) The Court rejects Plaintiffs’ 3 characterization of Defendants’ motions because it ignores the arguments set forth in Defendants’ 4 || reply briefing; specifically, that Section 558.1 does not apply to the unpaid wages claims and that 5 the complaints are deficient as to the meal period, failure to reimburse business expenses, and 6 waiting time claims because the allegations against the Individual Defendants are wholly 7 conclusory. As previously discussed, the Court agrees that dismissal is warranted on those 8 grounds. Thus, there is no basis for concluding that the Individual Defendants violated Rule 11 in 9 || pursuing dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). Accordingly, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ motions for 10 sanctions. 11 CONCLUSION 12 For the reasons set forth above, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ motions for sanctions and 5 13 GRANTS the Individual Defendants’ motions to dismiss. Dismissal is with prejudice as to the 14 Labor Code §§ 201, 204 claims against the Individual Defendants. Plaintiffs may file an amended 15 complaint as to the meal break, reimbursement of business expenses, and waiting time claims 16 against the Individual Defendants within 21 days of this Order. The Court does not grant 5 17 Plaintiffs leave to add any other claims. 5 18 This Order disposes of Docket Nos. 17 & 33 (19-cv-07009); 15 & 34 (19-cv-07013); 16 & 19 || 31 (19-cv-07017). 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 || Dated: April 6, 2020 eld 22 mm JAGQUELINE SCOTT CORL 23 United States Magistrate Judge 24 25 26 27 28