Chung v. Eargo, Inc. ( 2023 )

1 2 3 4 5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 Case No. 21-cv-8597-CRB IN RE EARGO, INC. SECURITIES 9 LITIGATION ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 10 DISMISS THE AMENDED 11 This document relates to all consolidated COMPLAINT cases. Re: Dkt. 111 12 13 14 Earlier this year, the Court dismissed the Plaintiffs’ securities case because the 15 consolidated complaint failed to plead with particularity certain facts establishing 16 contemporaneous false statements or scienter. See In re Eargo, Inc. Sec. Litig., 2023 WL 17 1997918 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2023) (dkt. 103).1 In this case, the Plaintiffs allege that 18 Eargo, Inc., an online direct-to-consumer hearing aid company, its corporate executives, 19 directors, and IPO underwriters falsely or misleadingly inflated Eargo’s revenue and 20 growth opportunities because the company’s business model was incompatible with the 21 requirements for federal insurance reimbursement. The Plaintiffs also claim that Eargo 22 falsely or misleadingly downplayed an insurance audit, which eventually became the 23 subject of a Department of Justice investigation for insurance fraud. 24 The Plaintiffs have now filed a second amended complaint (SAC), primarily adding 25 information from Eargo’s document production to the DOJ in the insurance fraud 26 investigation.2 The new pleading, however, suffers from the same pitfalls identified in the 27 1 The Court’s prior Order on the motion to dismiss the consolidated amended 1 Court’s prior order.3 2 For starters, the Plaintiffs still fail to plead scienter to support a Section 10(b) claim 3 under the Exchange Act. As the Court previously explained, to demonstrate scienter, a 4 complaint must allege that the defendants made “false or misleading statements either 5 intentionally or with deliberate recklessness.” Order at 22–23 (citing Zucco Partners, LLC 6 v. Digimarc Corp., 552 F.3d 981, 991 (9th Cir. 2009)). Deliberate recklessness is “an 7 extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care . . . which presents a danger of 8 misleading buyers or sellers that is either known to the defendant or is so obvious that the 9 actor must have been aware of it.” Id. (citing Schueneman v. Arena Pharms., Inc., 840 10 F.3d 698, 705 (9th Cir. 2016)). 11 The Court previously explained that the “Plaintiffs [did] not allege facts showing 12 that any Eargo Defendants sold stocks during the Class Period, and the absence of such 13 insider trading ‘supports an inference of no scienter.’” Order at 23 (quoting In re Rigel 14 Pharm., Inc. Sec. Litig., 697 F.3d 869, 884 (9th Cir. 2012)). The SAC now states that 15 Defendant Laponis (Eargo’s CFO) sold $405,000 and Defendant Gormsen (Eargo’s CEO) 16 sold $65,000 worth of Eargo stock in the Class Period. SAC ¶¶ 238–41. But these sales 17 appear non-discretionary—that is, they were made either to cover tax obligations or under 18 a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan. See Defs.’ Exs. N, O, P. Non-discretionary trades generally 19 “do[ ] not support an inference of scienter.” See, e.g., Park v. GoPro, Inc., 2019 WL 20 1231175, at *23 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2019) (Chen, J.); City of Royal Oak Ret. Sys. v. 21 Juniper Networks, Inc., 880 F. Supp. 2d 1045, 1069 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (“[I]nnocent, 22 alternative explanation for the stock sales negates an inference of scienter.”) (Koh, J.). 23 24 from earning calls and investor conferences (dkt. 113) is GRANTED. SEC filings “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” See Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Furthermore, the Court may take judicial notice of 25 documents that are heavily referenced in the complaint, including certain DOJ productions. See Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 999 (9th Cir. 2018). To be sure, 26 the Court does not take judicial notice to resolve any factual disputes. 27 3 The Court finds this matter suitable for resolution without oral argument, pursuant 1 What is more, Gormsen and Laponis increased their Eargo holdings during the 2 Class Period. See Defs.’ Exs. Q, P. This further negates any inference that they sought to 3 avoid losing money before a price decline resulting from the insurance audits. See In re 4 Biogen Inc. Sec. Litig., 857 F.3d 34, 44 (1st Cir. 2017) (holding that insiders’ increase in 5 stock holdings and the fact that they “suffered losses as a result of [the company’s] decline 6 in stock price . . . cuts against scienter”). 7 The Plaintiffs also add to the SAC statements from a former Eargo employee (FE3), 8 a licensed audiologist. SAC ¶¶ 471–74. FE3 stated, among other things, that Eargo’s 9 online hearing tool “should have never been used for insurance purposes” because it could 10 not determine the type or severity of hearing loss. Id. ¶ 471. FE3 also had conversations 11 with managers and vice presidents at Eargo questioning the company’s insurance billing 12 practices, but the managers allegedly told FE3 “not to worry about it.” Id. ¶ 473. Such 13 statements from FE3, however, do not save the Plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claim because 14 there are no allegations that FE3 spoke with the Defendants. See Order at 15–16. As the 15 Court previously explained, it is not enough, for purpose of pleading a securities fraud 16 claim, that different people have different interpretations of what certain insurance policy 17 covers. Id. at 13. 18 Among the newly added documents to the SAC is a September 2020 PowerPoint 19 slide, created by Eargo’s Senior Director for Strategic Reimbursement and Access, entitled 20 “Insurance Risks.” SAC ¶¶ 444–46. The slide notes that certain risks that Eargo generally 21 faces are perhaps an overreliance on Blue Cross Blue Shield, which processes around 80- 22 percent of Eargo’s claims, and “coding/billing, any plans that require Rx or hearing test or 23 other specific payer policy, scrutiny of documentation.” Id. ¶ 446. The slide offers 24 mitigation advices, such as “participate in additional BCBS networks . . . , make 25 concessions toward reducing return %, nurture and develop relationship with Blue Shield 26 of CA,” and “on-going compliance review and assessment, evolving our billing practices 27 to ensure they are in line with pay policy.” Id. The Plaintiffs characterize this slide as 1 in this slide are generally applicable to any entity submitting insurance claims. And the 2 slide does not even suggest that any insurance company had told Eargo that its insurance 3 submissions did not meet policy requirements. 4 The January 2021 email between two Eargo employees discussing Anthem’s 5 insurance requirements also does not establish fraud or scienter. The employees simply 6 discussed that prospective Anthem insurance holders visit “an Anthem BCBS provider for 7 a complete hearing test and then take a copy of the results to order Eargo.” Id. ¶ 82. This 8 does not show that any executive Defendants knew that Eargo’s claims would be rejected 9 by BCBS because customers used Eargo’s online, “do-it-yourself” hearing tests. 10 Finally, the communications between Eargo’s chief legal officer and Blue Shield of 11 California’s associate general counsel simply show both entities’ effort to align Eargo’s 12 telecare business model with BCBS’s insurance policy requirements. Blue Shield 13 “suggest[ed] [ ] that Eargo come up with a way to do some form of testing that can be 14 documented and submitted evidencing medical necessity for hearing aids.” MTD, Ex. J. 15 And once Eargo does, Blue Shield said Eargo “can present it to our group and see what the 16 clinician says.” Id. Contrary to the Plaintiffs’ argument, the emails between the legal 17 counsel of both companies do not show that Defendants Laponis and Gormsen acted with 18 scienter—that is, they believed or were deliberately reckless in disbelieving that Eargo’s 19 insurance claims were false or improper.4 Rather, the emails document Eargo’s attempt to 20 explain to Blue Shield why it believes that its business model comports with insurance 21 requirements. 22 Accordingly, because the Plaintiffs fail to plead with particularity the required 23 element of scienter, the Section 10(b) claim under the Exchange Act is dismissed, again. 24 Furthermore, the Plaintiffs’ new allegations from before Eargo’s IPO to support 25 their Securities Act claim generally come from the September 2020 PowerPoint slide and 26 an August 2020 email from Laponis asking an employee to “come ready to answer” certain 27 4 To the extent the Plaintiffs argue that an inference of “corporate scienter” should 1 || questions about revenue recognition, see SAC § 204. But again, that slide highlights only 2 || general risks with accepting insurances. It does not establish that those risks, as of 3 || September 2020, already materialized insofar that it would render statements in the IPO 4 || Offering Documents materially false or misleading. And Laponis’s email concerned 5 || revenue recognition with respect to accounting for product returns if they are returned “at 6 || the end of the 45 day trial window” for the hearing aid. The email does not show that 7 || Laponis somehow knew Eargo’s products were ineligible for insurance reimbursements or 8 || that such revenue should not be recognized in public filings. These new allegations 9 || therefore do not support the Plaintiffs’ Section 11 claim. ] 0 * * * 11 Based on the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the Defendants’ motion to 12 || dismiss the SAC without prejudice. Should the Plaintiffs elect to file a third amended 13 || complaint curing the deficiencies identified in this Order, the Plaintiffs shall do so within C 14 || 30 days of this Order. Failure to meet the 30-day deadline to file an amended complaint or 15 || failure to cure the deficiencies identified in this Order will result in a dismissal with 16 || prejudice of the Plaintiffs’ claims. The Plaintiffs may not add new causes of action or 5 17 || parties without leave of the Court or stipulation of the parties pursuant to Rule 15 of the 18 || Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 20 21 Dated: August 31, 2023 x EA ” CHARLES R. BREYER 22 United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28