Hardwick v. US ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 TILLIE HARDWICK, et al., Case No. 79-cv-01710-EMC 8 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING THE BUENA 9 v. VISTA RANCHERIA OF ME-WUK INDIANS’ MOTION TO STAY 10 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., AGENCY ACTION 11 Defendants. Docket No. 382 12 13 14 On July 10, 2020, the Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians (the “Tribe”) moved this 15 Court for an order requiring the Board of Indian Affairs (BIA) take restored Rancheria lands into 16 trust pursuant to the 1983 Stipulated Judgment. See Docket No. 364 (“Mot. to Enforce”). This 17 Court will hear the motion to enforce on October 29, 2020. 18 While the Tribe’s motion to enforce is pending, the Tribe moves this Court for an order 19 requiring the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to stop taking further action with respect to the 20 Tribe’s immediate fee-to-trust matter until this Court rules on the pending motion to enforce the 21 1983 Stipulated Judgment. See Docket No. 382 (“Mot. to Stay”). For the following reasons, the 22 motion to stay the BIA’s action is DENIED. 23 The motion to stay in effect seeks a preliminary injunction of the BIA’s impending 24 decision on whether to, in its discretion,1 take the restored Rancheria lands into trust. According 25 1 Under the Indian Reorganization Act (“IRA”), 25 U.S.C. §§ 5101–44, the BIA has discretion to 26 acquire trust title to land or interests in land. See Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Trust Services, Division of Real Estate Services, Acquisition of Title to Land 27 Held in Fee or Restricted Fee Status (“Fee-to-Trust Handbook”) at 4, available at 1 to the Government, the BIA will issue a decision on whether to exercise its discretion to take the 2 lands into trust on or before October 22, 2020, ahead of the hearing on the Tribe’s motion to 3 enforce scheduled for October 29, 2020. See Docket No. 384 (“Opp’n”) at 1. The parties agree 4 that the same test that applies to a preliminary injunction applies to this motion to stay, i.e., the 5 Tribe must show (1) a likelihood of success on the merits; (2) irreparable harm; (3) that the 6 balance of the equities weighs in its favor; and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest. See 7 Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). 8 Here, the Tribe has failed to show irreparable harm threatened by a BIA decision. First, 9 the Tribe’s purported harm is speculative because there is a chance—even if small—that the BIA 10 will exercise its discretion to take the lands into trust. If that happens, the Tribe will not be 11 harmed, not to mention that such discretionary acquisition would likely moot the Tribe’s motion to 12 enforce the 1983 Stipulated Judgment. 13 Second, even if the BIA denies the Tribe’s request to take the lands into trust, the Tribe 14 will not necessarily be harmed because this Court could still require the BIA to take the lands into 15 trust pursuant to the 1983 Stipulated Judgment. Indeed, the BIA’s discretionary decision to 16 approve or deny the Tribe’s request to take the lands into trust has no effect on this Court’s 17 authority to require the BIA to do so under the 1983 Stipulated Judgment. As explained by the 18 Department of the Interior’s Fee-to-Trust Handbook, 19 A mandatory trust acquisition is one directed by Congress or a judicial determination that requires the Secretary to accept title to 20 land into trust, or hold title to certain lands in trust by the United States, for an individual Indian or Tribe. The Secretary does not 21 have discretion to deny the request to accept title of land into trust. 22 Fee-to-Trust Handbook at 31 (emphasis added). Therefore, if the Court finds that the 1983 23 Stipulated Judgment requires the BIA to take the lands into trust, the BIA will be bound by that 24 order. Cf. Nat. Res. Def. Council v. Jewell, 749 F.3d 776, 784 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (“The 25 agency lacks discretion only if another legal obligation makes it impossible for the agency to 26 27 1983 Stipulated Judgment—whereby “Congress or a judicial order [] requires the Secretary to 1 exercise discretion for the protected species’ benefit.”). In other words, the BIA cannot enforce its 2 own discretionary decision if it contradicts this Court’s mandatory order to take the lands into trust 3 pursuant to the 1983 Stipulated Judgment. 4 Accordingly, the Tribe’s motion to stay the BIA’s action is DENIED because the Tribe 5 has failed to establish that it will offer irreparable harm absent a stay. 6 This order disposes of Docket No. 382. 7 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 10 Dated: October 19, 2020 11 12 ______________________________________ EDWARD M. CHEN 13 United States District Judge 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27