Wade v. United States ( 2019 )

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 8 Case No. 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 Plaintiff, 9 ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S 28 v. U.S.C. § 2255 MOTION TO VACATE, 10 REMAND, OR SET ASIDE BOBBY WADE, 11 Re: Dkt. Nos. 151, 152, 154, 161 Defendant. 12 13 Before the Court is Defendant Bobby Wade’s 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to set aside, vacate, 14 or remand his sentence. Title 28 U.S.C. Section 2255 Motion (“Mot.”), Dkt. 152. On January 8, 15 2019, the Government filed an answer replying to Defendant’s motion. United States’ Response 16 to Defendant’s Motion (“Answer”), Dkt. 155. Defendant submitted a reply to this answer. 17 Petitioner’s Response to the Government’s Response (“Reply”), Dkt. 159. He also submitted a 18 supplement to his original Section 2255 motion, arguing the supplemental “relates back” pursuant 19 to Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(c)(2)(B).1 Movant’s Supplement (“Supplement”), Dkt. 160.2 20 Defendant argues his sentence should be vacated or his case remanded for an evidentiary hearing 21 because: (1) his Fourth Amendment rights were violated by an illegally forged search warrant that 22 23 1 The Court believes Defendant means Rule 15(c)(1)(B). 2 Defendant also submitted a Motion for Newly Discovered Evidence according to Rule of 24 Criminal Procedure 33(b)(1). This Court does not address this motion for two reasons: first, the Government has not had a chance to respond to it. Second, the Court will not issue a briefing 25 schedule order as the motion is untimely. Pursuant to Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(b)(1), newly discovered evidence must be “filed within 3 years after the verdict or finding of guilty.” Here, the 26 guilty verdict was issued June 1, 2016. Verdict Form, Dkt. 109. Defendant filed the Motion for Newly Discovered Evidence on August 9, 2019—he filed it more than three years after the verdict 27 finding him guilty. Thus, this motion is time-barred. Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 lacked probable cause and (2) his trial counsel was ineffective. 2 The Court holds that Defendant may not bring a new theory of forgery pursuant to Federal 3 Rule of Civil Procedure 15. Further, Defendant’s objections to the warrants have already been 4 litigated, both on appeal and at trial. Finally, because Defendant cannot show deficiency and 5 prejudice, as required by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), Defendant’s motion is 6 DENIED. 7 I. BACKGROUND 8 A. Factual Background 9 Defendant Bobby Wade was found guilty of being a felon in possession of a firearm in 10 violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) following a jury trial in May 2016. Judgment in a Criminal 11 Case, Dkt. 125. At trial, the Government introduced evidence to establish the following: 12 On June 29, 2015, San Jose Police Department officers received a 911 call reporting that 13 two men pulled a gun on someone. Dkt. 139 at ECF 15, 32–33. A responding officer saw two 14 men who matched the caller’s description and ordered the men to the ground. Id. at ECF 33. One 15 of the men complied; the other, Defendant, “took off running.” Id. After briefly losing sight of 16 Defendant, he was found and arrested in a parking lot near an eight-foot chain-link fence. Id. at 17 ECF 36. While no firearm was found on Defendant, he was arrested because he had two 18 outstanding warrants. Id. at ECF 42–43. Less than an hour later, a resident of the neighborhood 19 where Defendant was arrested found a Smith & Wesson .380 caliber pistol in a parking lot on the 20 other side of the fence from where Defendant was arrested. Id. at ECF 98. 21 Defendant was then booked at jail. Id. at ECF 118–19. That night, Defendant called his 22 sister from the jail and, after describing what happened, said “You may have to double you feel 23 me? . . . . [N]ot where you be normally, because the people be watching out for you, but uh—feel 24 me? Like, if you um—if you at the end, all the way to the left, the beginning, you feel me?” Dkt. 25 70-1, ECF at 12. Later, his sister confirmed Defendant was arrested “in the parking lot.” Id. at 26 ECF 15. That night, the citizen who found the gun called the police again around midnight to 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 report seeing two people in the parking lot who were searching for something. Dkt. 139 at ECF 2 120–21. Shortly after midnight, the same night, Defendant called his sister again. His sister said, 3 “Yeah, I just talked to Keece. He told me you dropped your phone, but I didn’t see it.” Dkt. 70-2, 4 ECF at 5. Defendant responded, “Yeah, that’s what I was trying to tell you. . . . My 5 phone . . . . it’s—it, like, to the front is a black fence and to the left is, like, barbed wire fence and 6 there’s cars back there. . . . So I think my phone is over that fence to the left. You feel me? 7 Probably in back. All the way to the left-hand side.” Defendant’s sister states she “went over 8 there” and couldn’t find the “phone.” Defendant’s phone, in fact, was with him when he was 9 arrested, and he signed a form acknowledging receipt of his phone at the jail later that evening. 10 Dkt. 139 at ECF 24. The Government thus contended at trial that “phone” really meant “gun” and 11 that is why two people were seen searching the area where Defendant was arrested. 12 The following morning, Defendant spoke to his girlfriend again from jail. She stated that 13 “Tay” (Defendant’s sister) had gone back to the parking lot but had not found anything. Dkt. 70-4 14 at ECF 19–20. Defendant replied, “That’s crazy. That’s a lot of money man.” Id. at ECF 20. He 15 added, “That baby almost got [me] sent away forever, though. . . . There’s too many [] cowards in 16 the world. That’s why man. . . . I wish [people] would get back into fighting like, you feel me? 17 Everybody’s cowards. Everybody need a gun, you feel me?” Id. (emphasis added). The 18 Government argued at trial that this confirmed Defendant was talking about his handgun the entire 19 time. 20 Next, the Government obtained a search warrant for the contents of Defendant’s cell 21 phone, which was lawfully seized by San Jose police incident to his arrest. Dkt. 14-11. There 22 “was a substantial basis for finding probable cause to search text messages, photographs, account 23 information, and contacts.” United States v. Wade, 717 F. App’x 656, 657 (9th Cir. 2017). Text 24 message data on Wade’s cell phone provided further evidence that the handgun found in the 25 parking lot on the night of the arrest belonged to him. Two weeks before his arrest, Defendant 26 told an acquittance that he had a “2015 .380 with a beam built in.” Dkt. 140 at ECF 148–49. The 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 firearm in this case was a .380 caliber handgun with a built-in laser sighting device. Id. at ECF 2 149–50. 3 At trial, DNA evidence provided final, conclusive confirmation that Defendant possessed 4 the firearm found in the parking lot in June 2015. The Government procured a search warrant to 5 obtain Defendant’s DNA. Dkt. 155-1, Ex. A. That DNA was tested against DNA obtained from 6 the grip of the Smith & Wesson pistol. A criminalist from the Santa Clara Crime Laboratory 7 testified that Defendant was a major contributor to the DNA profile obtained from the grip of the 8 gun. Dkt. 140, ECF at 54. The chance that a random person would match to the pistol in the same 9 way was “1 in at least 300 billion.” Id. 10 B. Procedural History 11 After hearing this evidence, the jury returned a guilty verdict. Verdict Form, Dkt. 109. 12 Defendant was sentenced to 96 months imprisonment and 24 months of concurrent imprisonment 13 for violating supervised release. See Dkt. 124, 125. 14 During the trial, Defendant (through his counsel) objected to the introduction of DNA 15 evidence, the jail calls, and the search of the cell phone. Defendant then appealed his case to the 16 Ninth Circuit. On appeal, Defendant argued: (1) the district court erred by denying his motion to 17 suppress evidence collected from his cell phone; (2) the district court erred when it determined his 18 base offense level; and (3) the sentence for his supervised release violation should be vacated if 19 the sentence on the firearms conviction was vacated. Wade, 717 F. App’x at 657. The Ninth 20 Circuit affirmed Defendant’s conviction after finding the warrant was supported by probable 21 cause, resolved the district court’s offense level calculation error by taking judicial notice of 22 Defendant’s prior conviction, and rejected Defendant’s arguments regarding his sentence for the 23 supervised release violation. Id. at 657–58. 24 Defendant now presents two grounds for Section 2255 relief. First, he argues the search of 25 his cell-phone violated Supreme Court Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Mot. at 2–7. Second, 26 he contends he was deprived effective assistance of counsel because his counsel did not contest 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 the search of his DNA. Id. at 8–10. He also argues counsel was ineffective for not challenging the 2 Government’s motions in limine which sought to: (1) preclude Defendant from questioning the 3 constitutional validity of his arrest and search of his cell phone; (2) preclude Defendant under 4 Federal Rule of Evidence 698(b)3 from introducing extrinsic evidence for impeachment purposes; 5 (3) require the defense to proffer a basis for any Henthorn-type questions before examining a law 6 enforcement officer; (4) preclude the defense from referencing punishment in front of the jury; (5) 7 preclude the defense from referencing information it never received in violation of Federal Rule of 8 Criminal Procedure 16(B); (6) preclude the defense from pursuing a legally legitimate affirmative 9 defense; and (7) preclude the defense from invoking/referring to the Second Amendment right to 10 bear arms. Mot. at 11–12; see also Dkt. 31. 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 Section 2255 authorizes a prisoner to “move the court which imposed the sentence to 13 vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence based on a violation of federal law.” 28 U.S.C. 2255(a). 14 Relief is limited to situations where “the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or 15 laws of the United States.” Id.; see also United States v. Berry, 624 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 16 2010). This motion may not be used as a second appeal. Berry, 624 F.3d. Accordingly, 17 defendant is barred from re-litigating claims that have already been decided on direct appeal. 18 Odom v. United States, 455 F.2d 159, 160 (9th Cir. 1972) (“The law in this circuit is clear that 19 when a motion has been decided adversely on appeal from a conviction, it cannot be litigated 20 again on a 2255 motion.”). 21 If error on these grounds is found, then “the court shall vacate and set the judgment aside 22 and shall discharge the prisoner or resentence him or grant a new trial or correct the sentence as 23 may appear appropriate.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). Following the submission of a Section 2255 24 motion, the court must grant an evidentiary hearing “[u]nless the motion and the files and records 25 26 3 This Rule of Evidence does not exist. The Court believes Defendant is referring to Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b), which only allows the use of extrinsic evidence for impeachment in limited 27 instances. Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” Id. The court need not 2 hold an evidentiary hearing where the prisoner’s allegations, when viewed against the record, 3 either do not state a claim for relief or are so palpably incredible as to warrant summary dismissal. 4 United States v. Howard, 381 F.3d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 2004). 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 A. Relation Back 7 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) prescribes how Section 2255 pleadings can be 8 amended under the relation back doctrine. An amendment relates back when the claim asserted in 9 the amended pleading “arose out of the conduct, transaction or occurrence set out—or attempted 10 to be set out—in the original pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). In the habeas context, a 11 claim will be considered timely only if it “arise[s] from the same core facts as the timely filed 12 claims, and not [if] the new claims depend on events separate in ‘both time and type’ from the 13 originally raised episodes.” Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 657 (2005). New claims will not relate 14 back, and thus escape the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) one- 15 year time limit, if they assert “a new ground for relief supported by facts that differ in both time 16 and type from those the original pleading set forth.” Id. at 648. Although Felix involved the 17 statute of limitations governing federal habeas corpus petitions filed by state prisoners under 28 18 U.S.C. § 2254, rather than Section 2255, the “federal courts have construed these statutes of 19 limitations harmoniously.” United States v. Palmer, 902 F. Supp. 2d 1, 13 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citing 20 Clay v. Untied States, 537 U.S. 522, 529–32 (2003)). 21 Amendments that expand on or clarify facts previously alleged normally will relate back; 22 but “those that significantly alter the nature of a proceeding by injecting new and unanticipated 23 claims are treated far more cautiously.” United States v. Hicks, 283 F.3d 380, 388 (D.C. Cir. 24 2002); see also id. (“Therefore, like our sister circuits, we agree that Rule 15(c) does not apply 25 where the prisoner’s amendment makes claims or is based on occurrences ‘totally separate and 26 distinct’ . . . from those raised in his original motion.” (collecting cases)). In contrast, “[w]hen the 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 nature of the amended claim supports specifically the original claim, the facts there alleged 2 implicate the original claim” and relation back is permissible because its purpose is to “fill in facts 3 missing from the original claim.” Dean v. United States, 278 F.3d 1218, 1222 (11th Cir. 2002). 4 Therefore, an amendment that attempts to introduce a new legal theory based on facts different 5 from those underlying the timely claim is unacceptable. Hicks, 283 F.3d at 388–89. This accords 6 with AEDPA’s concern of drawn-out, unlimited collateral attacks, and ensures the Government is 7 not unfairly prejudiced. Id. 8 Applying this analysis to Defendant’s supplement, the Court holds the supplement does not 9 relate back. The claim raised by the supplement is entirely different from that asserted in the 10 original Section 2255 motion (which focused on the lack of probable cause in the cell phone 11 warrant and on ineffective assistance of counsel). The supplement, in contrast, argues the warrant 12 lacked probable cause because the Judge’s signature was forged. Supplement at 2. This is based 13 on new facts, the Defendant’s Freedom of Information Act request, and his comparison of 14 signatures. Supplement at 2. The facts and legal theories are thus completely different. Allowing 15 this to relate back would prejudice the Government as its Opposition did not (and could not) have 16 addressed the supplement’s arguments since they are new in both “time and form.” Mayle, 545 17 U.S. at 657. Accordingly, Rule 15(c) does not permit Defendant’s amendment to take shelter in 18 the filing date of his initial application for collateral relief. Because the supplement was made 19 more than a year after the prisoner’s conviction became final, it is time-barred. 20 B. Fourth Amendment Claim 21 Defendant has already appealed, and the Ninth Circuit has already addressed, this Fourth 22 Amendment claim. A decision on a post-appeal Section 2255 motion must accord significance “to 23 the existence of a final judgment perfected by appeal.” United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 164 24 (1982). Indeed, 25 Once the defendant's chance to appeal has been waived or exhausted, however, we are entitled to presume he stands fairly and finally 26 convicted, especially when, as here, he already has had a fair opportunity to present his federal claims to a federal forum. Our trial 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 and appellate procedures are not so unreliable that we may not afford 1 their completed operation any binding effect beyond the next in a series of endless postconviction collateral attacks. To the contrary, a 2 final judgment commands respect. 3 Id. at 164–65 (emphasis added). 4 Generally, in federal habeas cases, a defendant who “fails to raise a claim on direct appeal 5 is barred from raising it on collateral review.” Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 548 U.S. 331, 350–51 6 (2006). A defendant can only overcome that bar if he shows cause and prejudice for his 7 procedural default or “actual innocence.” United States v. Ratigan, 351 F.3d 957, 960 (9th Cir. 8 2003). To show cause, a defendant must show that “some objective factor external to the defense 9 impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the . . . procedural rule.” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 10 478, 488 (1986). The mere fact, however, that counsel “failed to recognize the factual or legal 11 basis for a claim, or failed to raise the claim despite recognizing it, does not constitute cause for a 12 procedural default.” Id. at 486. In other words, the defendant must show deficiency in counsel’s 13 performance to establish cause. Id. at 488–89. To show actual prejudice, the defendant must 14 show the alleged error “worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage;” a showing that is 15 “significantly greater than that necessary under ‘the more vague inquiry suggested by the words 16 “plain error.”’” Id. at 493–94 (citation omitted). The error must have “inflect[ed] [the] entire trial 17 with error of constitutional dimensions.” Id. at 494. 18 Defendant argues that the evidence obtained from his cell phone should not have been 19 admitted at trial. This has already been litigated. See Wade, 717 F. App’x 656. Further, there was 20 ample evidence establishing probable cause to support the warrant. See supra I.A. (recounting the 21 factual background of this case); Dkt. 14-11. Defendant’s use of Carpenter v. United States, 138 22 S. Ct. 2206 (2018), United States v. Camou, 773 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2014), Riley v. California, 573 23 U.S. 373 (2014), and Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009) is unpersuasive—these cases deal with 24 situations where the police conducted a warrantless search. Here, the police had a warrant; one 25 that has repeatedly been confirmed to be valid. 26 Indeed, Defendant may not relitigate the validity of the cell phone warrant. See Sanchez- 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 Llamas, 548 U.S. at 350–51. Defendant contends that “[t]oo much time passed between [his] 2 arrest” and the execution of the federal search warrant. Mot. at 5. Even construing Defendant’s 3 claim liberally, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519 (1972), to the extent Defendant raises staleness 4 issues, these arguments are barred because they were not raised at the district court or on appeal. 5 Further, Defendant cannot overcome this procedural hurdle because he cannot show prejudice. 6 There is no case law provided by Defendant indicating that a modest delay between arrest and 7 warrant execution creates per se staleness. And, there is no showing that the warrant was stale; 8 the evidence provided to show probable cause did not “expire” and the phone data was unaltered 9 during this delay. Defendant thus cannot overcome the procedural hurdle that blocks him from 10 pursuing a staleness argument at this stage because he cannot even show an error in the warrant, 11 let alone one “of constitutional dimensions.” Murray, 477 U.S. at 494. Accordingly, the Court 12 rejects Defendant’s argument that the evidence obtained from his cell phone was inadmissible. 13 C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim4 14 To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a convicted defendant must show: 15 1. His counsel’s performance was “deficient”—his attorney made errors “so serious that 16 counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth 17 Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. 18 2. This deficient performance caused “prejudice”—the errors were so serious as “to deprive 19 the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. 20 The inquiry is “whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.” 21 22 4 The Government seems to construe Defendant’s attack on the DNA search warrant as a substantive attack. The Court views it differently. Defendant seems to be attacking counsel’s 23 approach to the DNA warrant. See Mot. at 9. To the extent Defendant is contesting the warrant’s validity, Defendant did not raise the issue before the trial court or on direct appeal and is thus 24 barred from raising it now. See Sanchez-Llamas, 548 U.S. at 350–51. Further, Defendant cannot overcome the procedural barrier to raising the warrant’s validity because he cannot show prejudice 25 as the warrant was supported by probable cause. See Dkt. 155-1, Ex. A; Opp. at 9–10 (recounting evidence supporting warrant application). Moreover, even if probable cause was lacking, the 26 affidavit made a “colorable argument” for probable cause and “reliance on the search warrant” was “objectively reasonable,” meaning the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies. 27 United States v. Crews, 502 F.3d 1130, 1136 (9th Cir. 2007). Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 Id. at 688. The defendant must show both deficiency and prejudice; if an insufficient showing is 2 made for one, the court need not consider the other. Id. at 697. Surmounting the Strickland 3 standard is “never an easy task.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372 (2010). 4 In assessing trial counsel’s performance, the court applies an objective standard of 5 reasonableness and asks, “whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the 6 circumstances.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. Review is “highly deferential”—a fair assessment of 7 counsel’s performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the “distorting effects of 8 hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the 9 conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 689. Due to the difficulties inherent in this 10 evaluation, the court must “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the 11 wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. Defendant, thus, must overcome the 12 presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action “might be considered sound trial 13 strategy” since “[t]here are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case.” Id. 14 Accordingly, counsel’s judgments receive a “heavy measure of deference.” Id. at 691. 15 Here, Defendant argues his counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge various motions 16 by the Government, including the introduction of evidence obtained pursuant to the two search 17 warrants. See supra I.B. First, counsel did object to the introduction of evidence obtained 18 pursuant to the warrants. See Dkt. 13, 14, 73–75. The motions were thoroughly researched, 19 presented the most relevant case law, and were supported by exhibits. The fact that the trial court 20 disagreed with counsel and admitted the evidence does not make counsel’s performance 21 ineffective. 22 Second, Defendant goes on to argue counsel was ineffective for failing to oppose certain 23 motions in limine filed by the Government. Mot. at 11. Mere non-opposition is insufficient to 24 establish ineffectiveness. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688–89. Counsel likely did not oppose the 25 motions because they sought nothing more than objective compliance with the rules of evidence 26 and applicable case law. For instance, the Government’s motion regarding Federal Rule of 27 Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD-1 1 Evidence 608(b) was simply a restatement of the rule—contrary to Defendant’s assertion, extrinsic 2 || evidence often is not allowed to impeach a witness. See Dkt. 31 at ECF 7. Likewise, the 3 requirement that the defense proffer a good faith basis for any Henthorn questioning of a law 4 || enforcement witness is supported by Ninth Circuit case law and Federal Rule of Evidence 103(c). 5 See United States v. Jones, 2005 WL 348398, at *1—3 (9th Cir. Feb. 14, 2005); see also United 6 || States v. Williams, 2017 WL 4310712, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 28, 2017). And, the rule that 7 punishment not be considered by the jury is clear law. United States v. Reed, 726 F.2d 570, 579 8 (9th Cir. 1984); United States v. Frank, 956 F.2d 872, 879 (9th Cir. 1992). As the Government’ s 9 Motions in Limine brief shows, there was clear legal ground to support each motion; these were 10 not controversial motions. See generally Dkt. 31. Counsel’s decision not to contest these motions 11 preserved his credibility and the court’s resources, which are exactly the type of “strategic 12 || choices” Strickland protects—Defendant thus cannot meet his heavy burden of showing 13 deficiency. 466 U.S. at 681 (“[A]dvocacy is an art and not a science, . . . strategic choices must be 14 || respected in these circumstances if they are based on professional judgment.”). Having 3 15 || determined counsel was effective, the Court does not address prejudice. Jd. at 697. Accordingly, A 16 || the Court rejects Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 2017 IV. CONCLUSION 18 Defendant has not met his burden under Strickland or Sanchez-Llama. He has thus failed 19 to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and an evidentiary hearing would be moot. See 20 Jones v. Gomez, 66 F.3d 199, 205 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that “bald assertions of ineffective 21 assistance” did not entitle defendant to an evidentiary hearing). Accordingly, his Section 2255 22 || Motion is DENIED. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 Dated: October 24, 2019 25 aU. EDWARD J. DAVILA 26 United States District Judge Case No.: 5:15-cr-00458-EJD- 1 28 CEP SIDES YING DEFENDANT’S 28 U.S.C. § 2255 MOTION TO VACATE, REMAND, OR