Hudacko v. Lee ( 2024 )

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 EDWARD ALLYN HUDACKO, Case No. 23-cv-05316-SI 8 Plaintiff, ORDER RE: MOTIONS TO DISMISS 9 v. Re: Dkt. Nos. 96-100 10 JANET YI MAN LEE, et al., 11 Defendants. 12 13 On November 15, 2024, the Court held a hearing on defendants’ motions to dismiss the 14 Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS the 15 motions to dismiss all causes of action. 16 17 BACKGROUND 18 Before the Court are several motions to dismiss plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint 19 (“SAC”). Dkt. Nos. 96-100. Plaintiff filed the SAC on August 30, 2024. Dkt. No. 90 (“SAC”) at 20 1. Plaintiff repeats many allegations from the First Amended Complaint1 (Dkt. No. 19 (“FAC”)) in 21 the SAC against the seven remaining defendants in this case: Rosenthal (University of California, 22 San Francisco (“UCSF”) medical doctor specializing in endocrinology), Lee (UCSF medical doctor 23 specializing in pediatric endocrinology), Ehrensaft (UCSF clinical psychologist), Orr (Legal 24 Director of Child and Adolescent Gender Center at UCSF), Bigger (attorney representing Underhill 25 in the family law case), Harkins (attorney representing Minor in the family law case), and Underhill 26 (plaintiff Hudacko’s ex-wife and mother of Minor). SAC ¶¶ 21-27. 27 1 In 2020, plaintiff and his ex-wife Underhill litigated a “high conflict” family law case in the 2 Contra Costa County Superior Court. SAC ¶ 71; SAC, Ex. A at 3. A major disagreement in the 3 case involved Underhill’s belief “that [Minor]2 suffered from the psychological condition of ‘gender 4 dysphoria’” and wanted to “medically ‘transition’ [Minor]’s male appearance to that of a female’s 5 appearance.” SAC ¶ 71. Plaintiff “opposed any form of ‘gender affirming care’” for Minor, 6 including medical transition, hormones, and/or puberty blockers. Id. ¶ 20. On August 26, 2020, the 7 Contra Costa County Superior Court granted Underhill legal custody of Minor and authorized 8 Underhill to “make decisions on her own for [Minor’s] health, education and welfare without 9 Father’s consent.” SAC, Ex. A at 6. The custody order includes two provisions pertaining to gender 10 identity related medical procedures. SAC ¶ 76. Section 7a states: “[Minor] shall be permitted to 11 pursue the services provided by UCSF as to the Minor Child’s gender identity, and shall be permitted 12 to commence hormone therapy, if recommended by UCSF.” Id. Section 7b states “[Minor] will not 13 be permitted to undergo any gender identity related surgery until they are 18 years of age, absent a 14 written agreement by both parties, Christine Hudacko [Underhill] and Edward Hudacko, or an order 15 of the court.” Id. ¶ 77. Plaintiff alleges defendants violated Section 7b on August 4, 2021, when 16 Minor underwent a Supprelin Implant procedure, listed on a bill as a “surgery.”3 Id. ¶ 104; SAC, 17 Ex. D at 16. 18 While the SAC involves the same general events as the FAC, the SAC includes additional 19 allegations. The new allegations center around the World Professional Association for Transgender 20 Health (“WPATH”),4 and what plaintiff refers to as the “True WPATH Mission,” the “Playbook,” 21 and the “Scheme.” SAC ¶¶ 34-35. Plaintiff alleges Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, and Lee are all members 22 of WPATH, and Rosenthal is an elected member of WPATH’s Board of Directors. Id. ¶¶ 6, 46, 48. 23 Plaintiff further alleges: 24 25 2 “Minor” refers to Hudacko and Underhill’s oldest child who was a minor at the time of the events. The Court continues to use “Minor” for consistency with previous orders. 26 3 The Court’s previous order said whether the implant was “gender identity related surgery” or “hormone therapy” will be determined on the merits, not at the pleadings stage. Dkt. No. 86 at 27 7. 1 [t]he TRUE WPATH MISSION is at least three-fold: First, by overstating the alleged risks 2 of “untreated” gender dysphoria or gender related distress, and maximizing the profit of gender clinics by maximizing the number of people – especially children and adolescents – 3 who seek “gender affirming care.” Second, by falsely proclaiming psychological benefits and fraudulently concealing the known and suspected physical and mental harms caused by 4 these procedures, maximize the number of subjects unwittingly enrolled into experimental protocols purportedly studying their long-term effects. Third, to create a population of 5 young adults who are chronologically over 18 (thus legally able to consent to sex), but who 6 physically, mentally and emotionally remain child-like. 7 Id. ¶ 45. Plaintiff alleges the members of WPATH advance the “True WPATH Mission” through 8 the “Playbook” which includes “dishonest and/or misleading contentions and/or misrepresentations 9 of fact, regarding the purported safety and efficacy of employing GENDER-AFFIRMING CARE 10 on children.” Id. ¶ 35. Plaintiff alleges all defendants were part of a “Scheme” consistent with the 11 “Playbook” to perform surgery on Minor without Hudacko’s consent. Id. ¶ 39. Plaintiff alleges 12 defendants were aware of Section 7b of the custody order and agreed to conceal the plan from 13 Hudacko as part of the “Scheme.” Id. 14 The SAC also alleges plaintiff obtained a recording of a continuing legal education seminar 15 titled “Gender and Transgender Issues” featuring defendant Orr and attended by defendant Harkins. 16 Id. ¶ 58. Plaintiff alleges the seminar was intended to advance the "True WPATH Mission” by 17 teaching attorneys the “Playbook” so that the parent opposing a minor’s gender transition “always 18 loses.” Id. ¶¶ 59, 66. 19 The FAC included seven causes of action. Dkt. No. 19 at 1. The Court’s prior order 20 dismissed all claims against the Regents of the University of California and the UCSF affiliated 21 defendants (Orr, Lee, Ehrensaft, and Rosenthal) in their official capacities based on Eleventh 22 Amendment immunity. Dkt. No. 86 at 29. The Court dismissed the Fourteenth Amendment 23 procedural due process claim, medical battery claim, and intentional infliction of emotional distress 24 claim without leave to amend as to all defendants for failure to state a claim. Id. The Court 25 dismissed the fraud by concealment claim and negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) 26 claim without leave to amend as to Harkins, Bigger, and Orr, but with leave to amend as to Underhill, 27 Lee, Ehrensaft, and Rosenthal. Id. The motion to dismiss the § 1983 substantive due process claim 1 noted these defendants could raise a qualified immunity defense in subsequent proceedings. Id. The 2 § 1983 substantive due process claim was dismissed with leave to amend as to Harkins, Bigger, and 3 Underhill on the basis they were not de facto state actors. Id. 4 The SAC includes three causes of action: (1) the substantive due process claim under 42 5 U.S.C. § 1983, (2) fraud by concealment, and (3) NIED. SAC at 24-28. The present motions 6 cumulatively argue that all causes of action should be dismissed as to all defendants for lack of 7 jurisdiction or failure to state a claim. Dkt. Nos. 96-100. 8 9 LEGAL STANDARD 10 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a district court must dismiss a complaint if 11 it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 12 dismiss, the plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 13 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). This “facial plausibility” standard requires 14 the plaintiff to allege facts that add up to “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 15 unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). While courts do not require “heightened 16 fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the 17 speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570. 18 In deciding whether the plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the 19 court must assume that the plaintiff’s allegations are true and must draw all reasonable inferences 20 in the plaintiff’s favor. Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). However, 21 the court is not required to accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted 22 deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Sciences Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 23 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A pleading must contain 24 allegations that have “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 25 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “The plausibility standard 26 is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 27 has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 555 U.S. at 556). 1 theory” or “fails to allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Somers v. Apple, 2 Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013). Exhibits attached to the complaint, documents incorporated 3 by reference, and matters properly subject to judicial notice are considered when reviewing the 4 sufficiency of a complaint. In re NVIDIA Corp. Security Litigation, 768 F.3d 1046, 1051 (9th Cir. 5 2014). If the Court dismisses the complaint, it must then decide whether to grant leave to amend. 6 The Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly held that a district court should grant leave to amend . . . unless it 7 determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. 8 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 9 10 DISCUSSION 11 I. Requests for Judicial Notice 12 Plaintiff requests judicial notice of facts related to (1) the Tuskegee syphilis study, (2) Project 13 MKULTRA, (3) the National Institutes of Health Sexually Transmitted Disease experiments in 14 Guatemala, (4) the practice of lobotomy, (5) the Leo Stanley experiments, (6) the Nazi medical 15 experiments, (7) defendant Rosenthal’s declaration in Boe v. Marshall, (8) Alabama’s reply brief in 16 Boe v. Marshall, (9) Alabama’s amicus curiae brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in L.W. v. Skrmetti, 17 and (10) Harkin’s report in family court. Dkt. No. 105-1. UCSF defendants Ehrensaft, Rosenthal, 18 and Lee request judicial notice of (1) the fact that Minor is no longer a minor, and (2) the state court 19 custody order, available at Docket Number 90, SAC, Ex. A 4-9. Dkt. No. 101-1 at 1-2. 20 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, a “court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject 21 to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s territorial 22 jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot 23 reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Rule 201 applies to adjudicative facts and not 24 legislative facts. According to the Advisory Committee, adjudicative facts “are simply the facts of 25 the particular case,” in other words, the “facts concerning the immediate parties—who did what, 26 where, when, how and with what motive or intent.” See Fed. R. Evid. 201 (note to subdivision (a) 27 for 1972 proposed rules). On the other hand, legislative facts “are those which have relevance to 1 legal reasoning and the lawmaking process, whether in the formulation of a legal principle or ruling 2 by a judge or court or in the enactment of a legislative body.” See id. 3 4 A. Plaintiff Requests 1-6 (Historical Medical Experiments) 5 Plaintiff requests judicial notice of various historical medical experiments and studies. Dkt. 6 No. 105-1 at 2-5. Plaintiff claims the relevance of such studies is to show “the plausibility of a 7 conspiracy to use deception in the practice of involuntary human medical experimentation in the 8 United States.” Id. The Court DENIES the request for judicial notice of (1) the Tuskegee syphilis 9 study, (2) MKULTRA, (3) the NIH STD experiments in Guatemala, (4) the practice of lobotomy, 10 (5) the Leo Stanley experiments, (6) the Nazi medical experiments pursuant to Rule 201 because 11 the fact that these studies exist does not concern the “immediate parties” of this case. Further, five 12 of the six sources cited by plaintiff are Wikipedia pages, not “sources whose accuracy cannot 13 reasonably be questioned.” See Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2). 14 15 B. Plaintiff Requests 7-9 (Documents From Boe v. Marshall and L.W. v. Skrmetti) 16 Plaintiff seeks judicial notice of legal papers filed in two cases from other jurisdictions “to 17 demonstrate the existence of material factual disputes regarding the purported safety and efficacy 18 of puberty blockers.” Dkt. No. 105-1 at 6-7. The Court does not need to take judicial notice of legal 19 arguments filed in other courts. The Court DENIES the request for judicial notice of (7) defendant 20 Rosenthal’s declaration in Boe v. Marshall, (8) Alabama’s reply brief in Boe v. Marshall, and (9) 21 Alabama’s amicus curiae brief to the U.S. Supreme Court as these documents are irrelevant to the 22 current parties and proceeding. 23 24 C. Plaintiff Request 10 (Harkins Report) 25 Plaintiff requests judicial notice of defendant Harkin’s report as minors’ counsel not for its 26 truth, but to document what Harkins said to the family court. Dkt. No. 105-1 at 7. Harkins objects, 27 arguing the information is “not relevant to the instant proceeding” and “plaintiff’s opposition makes 1 necessarily requires the Court to assume the truth of the statements made in the brief.” Dkt. No. 2 108 at 6. The Court GRANTS the request for judicial notice of Harkin’s report but does not consider 3 the content of the report particularly illuminating or helpful to plaintiff’s claims. 4 5 D. Rosenthal, Lee, Ehrensaft Requests 1-2 (Minor’s Age, Custody Order) 6 The UCSF defendants request judicial notice of (1) the fact that Minor is no longer a minor, 7 and (2) the state court’s custody order, available at Dkt. No. 90, SAC, Ex. A 4-9. Dkt. No. 101-1 at 8 1-2. The Court previously granted judicial notice of these facts. Dkt. No. 86 at 7. The Court 9 GRANTS both requests. 10 11 II. Whether the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine Applies 12 Defendants Rosenthal, Lee, and Ehrensaft assert the “Court should refuse to hear plaintiff’s 13 claims as it is an improper de facto appeal of the state court custody order.” Dkt. No. 100 at 10. 14 Defendant Orr likewise argues “success on the merits would require the parties to relitigate the 15 meaning of that custody order,” and the “Second Amended Complaint is in essence a de facto appeal 16 of the custody order, and therefore should be dismissed . . . pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman 17 Doctrine.” Dkt. No. 99 at 8. 18 Federal district courts, as courts of original jurisdiction, may not review the final 19 determinations of state courts. See D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 482-86 (1983); 20 Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 415-16 (1923) (holding district courts may not exercise 21 appellate jurisdiction over state courts). If a plaintiff does not assert legal error on the part of the 22 state court, the plaintiff is not bringing a “de facto appeal” prohibited by Rooker-Feldman. See 23 Kougasian v. TMSL, Inc., 359 F.3d 1136, 1143 (9th Cir. 2004). The Court concludes that the 24 Rooker-Feldman doctrine would prohibit challenges to the validity of the underlying custody order, 25 to the extent such challenges are made. See id. However, the Court disagrees with defendants that 26 the Court must decline to hear plaintiff’s complaint. While the custody order is relevant to the merits 27 of the case, the Court is not persuaded that “adjudication of the federal claims would undercut the 1 Minor has since turned 18. See Bianchi v. Rylaarsdam, 334 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2003); Dkt. No. 2 86 at 7. 3 Plaintiff’s argument here is unlike other cases dismissed pursuant to Rooker-Feldman, where 4 the plaintiff’s claims would undercut a state custody order. See, e.g., Tali v. Liao, No. 18-0330, 5 2018 WL 5816171, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2018) (dismissing plaintiff’s claim that defendants 6 “plotted against him to take his child away” because “in making these allegations against 7 Defendants, [plaintiff] is actually attacking the state custody decision” in violation of the Rooker- 8 Feldman doctrine); Nemcik v. Mills, No. 16-0322, 2016 WL 4364917, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 16, 9 2016) (holding plaintiff’s claim was barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine because the basis of 10 plaintiff’s action was to “re-calculate her [state] child support orders”). 11 For the reasons above, the Court DENIES defendants’ motion to dismiss the case under the 12 Rooker-Feldman doctrine. 13 III. Whether the § 1983 Claim Should be Dismissed For Failure to State a Claim (First 14 Cause of Action) 15 Plaintiff brings a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Rosenthal, Lee, Ehrensaft, and Orr (as 16 alleged state actors in their individual capacity) and Bigger, Harkins, and Underhill (as alleged de 17 facto state actors in their individual capacity).5 SAC at 24. “To state a claim under § 1983, a 18 plaintiff must allege the violation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United 19 States, and must show that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of 20 state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Dismissal of a § 1983 claim on a Rule 12(b)(6) 21 motion “is proper if the complaint is devoid of factual allegations that give rise to a plausible 22 inference of either element.” Naffe v. Frey, 789 F.3d 1030, 1036 (9th Cir. 2015). “Section 1983 23 does not confer rights, but instead allows individuals to enforce rights contained in the United States 24 Constitution and defined by federal law.” Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1155 (9th Cir. 2002). 25 26 27 5 Plaintiff’s caption mistakenly labels Orr and omits defendant Bigger, but the Court A. Whether Defendants are State Actors 1 Only a state actor can be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. 2 v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 50 (1999) (“Like the state-action requirement of the Fourteenth 3 Amendment, the under-color-of-state-law element of § 1983 excludes from its reach “‘merely 4 private conduct, no matter how discriminatory or wrongful’,” Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1002 5 (1982) (quoting Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 13 (1948)).”). 6 7 i. Whether Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, Lee, and Orr are State Actors 8 The Court’s prior order found plaintiff intended to sue Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, Lee, and Orr 9 (the “UCSF defendants”) in both their individual and official capacities. Dkt. No. 86 at 14. The 10 Court previously dismissed “[a]ll claims against the individual defendants [including Rosenthal, 11 Lee, Ehrensaft, and Orr] in their official capacities . . . based on Eleventh Amendment immunity” 12 but permitted the claim to proceed against Rosenthal, Lee, Ehrensaft, and Orr in their individual 13 capacity. Id. 14 Although it is undisputed that the individual UCSF defendants are state actors, Rosenthal, 15 Ehrensaft, and Lee move to dismiss the § 1983 claim because “[p]laintiff only asserts claims against 16 the medical defendants in their official capacities and is silent as to any allegation against them in 17 their individual capacities.” Dkt. No. 100 at 19. Orr likewise moves to dismiss the claim because 18 the SAC “does not contain any allegations that Defendant Orr is being sued in his individual 19 capacity.” Dkt. No. 99 at 1 n. 1. The Court understands the defendants to be arguing that plaintiff 20 has failed to allege defendants are state actors in their individual capacity because the SAC 21 allegations only arise from defendants’ official roles at UCSF. However, defendants’ 22 characterization is incorrect, because “‘acting in their official capacities’ is best understood as a 23 reference to the capacity in which the state officer is sued, not the capacity in which the officer 24 inflicts the alleged injury.” Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 26 (1991). “[T]o establish personal liability 25 in a § 1983 action, it is enough to show that the official, acting under color of state law, caused the 26 deprivation of a federal right.” Id. at 25 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis 27 in original). 1 The Court concludes the UCSF defendants are state actors in their individual capacity for 2 purposes of § 1983. See id.; see also Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 757 (1999) (“Even a suit for 3 money damages may be prosecuted against a state officer in his individual capacity for 4 unconstitutional or wrongful conduct fairly attributable to the officer himself, so long as the relief 5 is sought not from the state treasury but from the officer personally.”). The Eleventh Amendment 6 does not bar a suit against these defendants in their individual capacities. See Hafer, 502 U.S. at 31 7 (“Insofar as respondents seek damages against [the state officer] personally, the Eleventh 8 Amendment does not restrict their ability to sue in federal court.”). 9 10 ii. Whether Harkins is a State Actor 11 Plaintiff alleges “Harkins is a state actor, or in the alternative, a de facto state actor.” SAC 12 ¶ 120. Plaintiff argues Harkins is a state actor because Harkins was appointed by the California 13 state judiciary to act as “minor’s counsel” pursuant to Family Code § 3151, and neither Hudacko or 14 Underhill made such a request. Id. ¶ 121. Plaintiff argues “[a]s a result of Harkins’ assignment by 15 the California state judiciary, Harkins’ actions are those of the State of California.” Id. Plaintiff 16 cites no legal authority to support the argument that an attorney appointed by the state to represent 17 a minor is a state actor. See id. 18 Harkins argues he is not a state actor because he is a “private attorney appointed by a court 19 to act as counsel for a minor in child custody proceedings,” citing the Court’s previous order and 20 Kirtley v. Rainey, 326 F.3d 1088 1093-1096 (9th Cir. 2003). Dkt. No. 98 at 6. In Kirtley, the Ninth 21 Circuit found the actions of “a state-appointed guardian ad litem” were not “state action” for 22 purposes of § 1983. Kirtley, 326 F.3d at 1091-96. The Ninth Circuit held “[e]ven if [the state- 23 appointed guardian ad litem] committed the fraudulent or conspiratorial acts of which she is accused, 24 the actions simply are not fairly attributable to the state.” Id. at 1096. The Court finds the case at 25 hand is sufficiently similar to Kirtley to conclude Harkins is not a state actor for purposes of § 1983. 26 The Court addresses whether Harkins is a de facto state actor below. 27 1 B. Whether Defendants are De Facto State Actors 2 The parties dispute whether Harkins, Bigger, and Underhill are de facto state actors, such 3 that a § 1983 claim can be brought against them. The Supreme Court “has articulated four tests for 4 determining whether a private individual’s actions amount to state action: (1) the public function 5 test; (2) the joint action test; (3) the state compulsion test; and (4) the governmental nexus test.” 6 Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 445 (9th Cir. 2002). Plaintiff alleges that Harkins, Bigger, and 7 Underhill are de facto state actors under the joint action test. See SAC ¶¶ 122, 130, 141. 8 “Under the joint action test, courts examine whether state officials and private parties have 9 acted in concert in effecting a particular deprivation of constitutional rights.” Franklin v. Fox, 312 10 F.3d at 445 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “The test focuses on whether the state 11 has so far insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with the private actor that it must be 12 recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity.” Id. (internal quotation marks and 13 citations omitted). “Joint action therefore requires a substantial degree of cooperative action.” 14 Collins v. Womancare, 878 F.2d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir. 1989). A plaintiff may demonstrate joint 15 action by showing the existence of a conspiracy or that the “private party is a willful participant in 16 joint action with the State or its agents.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “To 17 prove a conspiracy between the state and private parties under section 1983, [plaintiff] must show 18 an agreement or meeting of the minds to violate constitutional rights.” United Steelworkers of 19 America v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d 1539, 1540-51 (9th Cir. 1989) (internal quotation marks 20 and citations omitted); see also Franklin, 312 F.3d at 445 (“To be liable as a co-conspirator, a private 21 defendant must share with the public entity the goal of violating a plaintiff’s constitutional rights.”). 22 23 i. Whether Bigger is a De Facto State Actor 24 The Court previously dismissed the substantive due process claim against Bigger, holding 25 he was not a de facto state actor. Dkt. No. 86 at 12. However, the Court granted leave to amend 26 because plaintiff filed his amended complaint pro se.6 Id. Plaintiff continues to allege Bigger is a 27 1 de facto state actor under the joint action test. SAC ¶ 26. Defendant Bigger moves to dismiss the 2 claim, arguing he is not named in any of the causes of action and plaintiff does not allege details of 3 a claim against him in the supportive paragraphs under each cause of action.7 Dkt. No. 96 at 5. In 4 the alternative, Bigger argues he is not a de facto state actor. Id. at 6. Bigger argues he was simply 5 Underhill’s attorney and the SAC lacks allegations showing he “and any state actor acted in concert 6 or had any plan related to the medical care of [Minor].” Dkt. No. 110 at 4. 7 The Court agrees the SAC has not alleged sufficient facts to allege Bigger is a de facto state 8 actor. Plaintiff alleges Bigger is: 9 a licensed California attorney and at all relevant times the attorney representing Underhill in the FAMILY LAW CASE, who, acting as de facto agent of WPATH DEFENDANTS 10 [Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, and Lee] and in conformity with the TRUE WPATH MISSION, participated in a conspiracy with the other Defendants and a SCHEME by accepting money 11 in exchange for advising Underhill according to the PLAYBOOK, coordinating the Supprelin surgery on [Minor] without the consent of Plaintiff, rather than advising his client 12 according to the law, the constitution, or the NO SURGERY INJUCTION. Defendant 13 Bigger participated in the conspiracy with the other defendants to, help deceive Underhill into the believing that GENDER AFFIRMING CARE is safe and effective for her son; by 14 falsely telling Underhill that unconsented to gender identity related surgery on a minor was legal; by concealing the fact that Underhill was being tricked consenting to the Minor Child’s 15 participation in INVOLUNTARY HUMAN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION; and by 16 concealing the SCHEME from Hudacko. SAC ¶ 25. The SAC further alleges Bigger “financially benefited from the Supprelin for [his] billed 17 time in ‘resolving’ the issue to circumvent Hudacko’s consent… Underhill, UCSF, Rosenthal, 18 Ehrensaft, Bigger and Harkins in a ‘meeting of the minds’ all worked in concert with a singular goal 19 – namely to have the Supprelin implant surgery occur, be covered by insurance, and be hidden from 20 Hudacko.” Id. ¶¶ 107-108. 21 Plaintiff attempts to portray Bigger as an actor in a grander, WPATH conspiracy. But 22 Plaintiff’s allegations involving WPATH resemble the allegations dismissed by the Supreme Court 23 in Iqbal: 24 Respondent pleads that petitioners ‘knew of, condoned, and willfully and 25 maliciously agreed to subject [respondent]’ to harsh conditions of confinement ‘as 26 27 7 Plaintiff does not list defendant Bigger in the § 1983 claim — an omission plaintiff’s opposition notes was accidental as it is plaintiff’s “intention to pursue Bigger as well as the other a matter of policy, solely on account of [respondent’s] religion, race, and/or 1 national origin and for no legitimate penological interest. The complaint alleges 2 that Ashcroft was the ‘principal architect’ of this invidious policy, and that Mueller was ‘instrumental’ in adopting and executing it. These bare assertions, much like 3 the pleading of conspiracy in Twombly, amount to nothing more than a ‘formulaic recitation of the elements’ of a constitutional discrimination claim. As such, the 4 allegations are conclusory and not entitled to be assumed true. To be clear, we do not reject these bald allegations on the ground that they are unrealistic or 5 nonsensical. . . . It is the conclusory nature of respondent's allegations, rather than 6 their extravagantly fanciful nature, that disentitles them to the presumption of truth. 7 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680-681 (internal citations omitted). Here, the SAC alleges a conspiracy between 8 the defendants, but the allegations are likewise conclusory in nature. See, e.g., SAC ¶¶ 107-108. 9 Thus, plaintiff’s allegations asserting conspiracy between the defendants suffer from the same 10 deficiencies as plaintiff’s allegations in the FAC; that is, they are conclusory allegations devoid of 11 specific facts, such that this Court need not accept them as true. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680-681; In 12 re Gilead Sciences Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d at 1055. 13 Under Iqbal, the Court next considers “the factual allegations in respondent's complaint to 14 determine if they plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 682. Here, plaintiff’s 15 claims do not. The factual allegations include assertions that Bigger accepted money for legal work 16 and gave his client legal advice. See SAC ¶¶ 107, 129. The Court finds these allegations have 17 reasonable explanations, such as the existence of a legitimate attorney-client relationship. See Iqbal, 18 556 U.S. at 681-682 (finding racial discrimination was “not a plausible conclusion” for why 19 respondent was arrested because there were “more likely explanations” for the arrest, including a 20 “legitimate policy” by law enforcement). Additionally, the factual allegations do not establish “an 21 agreement or meeting of the minds to violate constitutional rights” as required to find joint action. 22 See Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d at 1540-51; see also Franklin, 312 F.3d at 445. Though plaintiff 23 uses the term “meeting of the minds,” SAC ¶ 108, the assertions made are a “formulaic recitation of 24 the elements” and “not entitled to be assumed true.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681-682. 25 Accordingly, the Court finds Bigger is not a de facto state actor for purposes of § 1983. The 26 § 1983 claim is dismissed as to Bigger without leave to amend. 27 1 ii. Whether Harkins is a De Facto State Actor 2 The Court previously dismissed federal claims against Harkins, minor’s counsel in the 3 family court action, finding he is not a de facto state actor. Dkt. No. 86 at 12. In the SAC, plaintiff 4 continues to allege Harkins was a de facto state actor. Specifically, 5 (a) Harkins was aware of the NO SURGERY INJUNCTION; (b) Harkins was aware of Hudacko’s opposition to puberty blockers as well as surgical procedures, at the latest on 6 10/21/2020; (c) Harkins was intimately involved in the joint effort of REGENTS, Orr, Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, Underhill and Bigger to solve the insurance problem and consent 7 issue. [See Exh.”G”]; (d) Harkins excluded Hudacko from the discussion and failed to alert Hudacko of the decision unilaterally being made among the Defendants; (e) Harkins had an 8 email exchange with Underhill on May 11, 2021 and call with “counsel.” Upon information 9 and belief, that “counsel” either was Orr or Bigger, as Hudacko did not have counsel on or about May 13, 2021. [See Exh. “F”] Upon information and belief, the “conference call” 10 included Harkins, and Orr and Bigger and included a discussion and agreement to engage in the SCHEME. 11 SAC ¶ 122. 12 While plaintiff uses the labels “SCHEME” and “joint effort” the SAC does not include 13 specific factual allegations to support those conclusions. See SAC ¶¶ 131-152. Additionally, many 14 of plaintiff’s allegations against defendant Harkins do not need to be accepted as true under Iqbal 15 for reasons explained supra. For example, many of the allegations made against Bigger are also 16 made against Harkins, such as “Harkins financially benefited from the Supprelin for [his] billed time 17 in ‘resolving’ the issue,” and “Harkins in a ‘meeting of the minds’ [with other defendants] all worked 18 in concert with a singular goal — namely to have the Supprelin implant surgery occur, be covered 19 by insurance, and be hidden from Hudacko.” SAC ¶¶ 107-108. The Court does not need to assume 20 as true these conclusory allegations. 21 The remaining factual allegations against Harkins include that Harkins knew about Section 22 7b of the custody order, knew Hudacko opposed puberty blockers and surgical procedures, excluded 23 Hudacko from the decision, and had email exchanges and calls with other defendants. See SAC 24 ¶ 122. Plaintiff does not allege Harkins, as counsel for Minor in family court, had a duty to include 25 Hudacko in discussions taking place between Harkins and other defendants, or otherwise consider 26 Hudacko’s perspective. See SAC generally. The Court finds Harkins is not a de facto state actor 27 because plaintiff’s factual allegations do not “show an agreement or meeting of the minds to violate 1 constitutional rights” as required to “prove a conspiracy between the state and private parties under 2 section 1983.” See Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d at 1540. Bare allegations of a conspiracy between 3 the defendants to violate plaintiff’s constitutional rights are insufficient. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680- 4 81. The SAC has not cured the deficiencies in this argument in the FAC. The Court finds Harkins 5 is not a de facto state actor and dismisses the § 1983 cause of action against him, without leave to 6 amend. 7 8 iii. Whether Underhill is a De Facto State Actor 9 The Court previously dismissed federal claims against Underhill, finding she is not a de facto 10 state actor. Dkt. No. 86 at 12. However, the Court granted leave to amend because plaintiff filed 11 his complaint pro se. Id. 12 Plaintiff alleges Underhill “is the mother of [Minor] and Hudacko’s ex-wife and, at all times 13 favors attempts to do the impossible -namely ‘transition’ [Minor] from being a boy into being a girl, 14 falsely believing that such a thing was possible, and falsely believing that GENDER AFFIRMING 15 CARE is safe & effective, and agreed to and coordinated with the other Defendants to allow the 16 Supprelin surgery on [Minor] without the consent of Plaintiff.” SAC ¶ 27. Plaintiff’s opposition 17 alleges: 18 [d]efendants wrote down in medical progress notes how Underhill was working with her counsel, Harkins, and [Orr] to achieve ‘resolution.’ Drawing reasonable inferences from 19 this circumstantial and direct evidence of discussions, and alleging a meeting of the minds on a common objective, that was in fact achieved, one must ask resolution of what? The 20 only reasonable inference is not ‘resolution’ of the family law case but ‘resolution’ of the fact that Plaintiff did not consent to their ‘objective’ of which some details are only in the 21 possession of Defendants. 22 Dkt. No. 101 at 8. Underhill moves to dismiss, arguing plaintiff “has made only conclusory 23 allegations that do not meet the criteria of the joint action test.” Dkt. No. 97 at 6. 24 The Court agrees that plaintiff’s allegations are too conclusory to establish that Underhill is 25 a de facto state actor under the joint action test. Plaintiff’s allegations as to defendant Underhill 26 suffer from the same shortcomings as the allegations against Bigger and Harkins. As explained 27 supra, the Court finds that the allegations of a conspiracy or “meeting of the minds” between 1 defendants to violate plaintiff’s constitutional rights lack sufficient facts. The Court is not required 2 to assume such conclusory allegations are true. See In re Gilead Sciences Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d at 3 1055; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680-81. 4 Additionally, the new pleadings in the SAC primarily allege the other defendants willfully 5 “deceive[d]” Underhill into “believing that GENDER AFFIRMING CARE is safe and effective so 6 she would consent on behalf of Minor.” SAC ¶¶ 21-26, 124. Plaintiff also alleges the other 7 defendants “are all willful participants in the plan to conceal from Underhill and the public at large 8 the experimental nature of GENDER AFFIRMING CARE in general, and of the Supprelin Implant 9 surgery in particular.” Id. ¶ 125. Such allegations conflict with finding joint action between 10 Underhill and other defendants because the allegations suggest Underhill was not a “willful 11 participant” and did not have a “meeting of the minds” with the other defendants. See Collins, 878 12 F.2d at 1154; Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d at 1540. The Court concludes Underhill is not a de 13 facto state actor for § 1983 purposes. This claim against Underhill is therefore dismissed, without 14 leave to amend. 15 16 C. Whether Qualified Immunity Shields the State Actors 17 The Court previously concluded the UCSF defendants (Ehrensaft, Rosenthal, Lee, and Orr) 18 could argue for qualified immunity in subsequent proceedings. Dkt. No. 86 at 30. 19 The defense of qualified immunity protects “government officials . . . from liability for civil 20 damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights 21 of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). 22 The rule of “qualified immunity protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly 23 violate the law.’” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202 (2001) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 24 335, 341 (1986)). A court considering a claim of qualified immunity must determine whether the 25 plaintiff has alleged the deprivation of an actual constitutional right and whether such right was 26 clearly established so that it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in 27 the situation he confronted. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009) (citing Saucier, 533 1 of the particular circumstances of each case. Id. at 236. 2 The previous Court order found it was premature to determine whether a violation of the 3 custody order, if proven, would rise to the level of a violation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. 4 Dkt. No. 86 at 15. Due to the relative novelty of the facts at hand, the Court’s discussion therefore 5 begins with the second prong. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. Under the second prong of the 6 qualified immunity analysis, “[a] right is clearly established only if its contours are sufficiently clear 7 that ‘a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.’ In other words, 8 ‘existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.’” 9 Carroll v. Carman, 574 U.S. 13, 16 (2014) (citations omitted). The inquiry of whether a 10 constitutional right was clearly established must be undertaken in “the specific context of the case, 11 not as a broad general proposition.” Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. 12 The parties do not dispute that the rights of parents to make child-rearing decisions is a 13 liberty interest under the Fourteenth Amendment, but the relevance of that right to the “specific 14 context” of this case is disputed. See Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. In his complaint, plaintiff does not 15 precisely frame the contours of the constitutional right he asserts. Plaintiff acknowledges the 16 custody order “stripp[ed] Hudacko of most of his fundamental constitutional parental rights” when 17 it awarded custody of Minor to Underhill. SAC ¶ 72. Plaintiff concedes Underhill had medical 18 decision-making authority over Minor. Id. However, plaintiff alleges Section 7b of the custody 19 order was an exception, and prohibited “any gender identity related surgery” without both Hudacko 20 and Underhill’s consent until Minor was 18. Id. In essence, plaintiff’s parental rights were limited 21 to a right to veto a particular category of medical procedures before Minor reached adulthood. 22 The question for the Court is therefore whether a parental right to veto certain medical 23 procedures—when already deprived of general medical-decision making power—has been clearly 24 established as a constitutional right. Without determining that such a right exists, the Court holds 25 that this right has not been clearly established. 26 The Court finds this case distinguishable from the cases plaintiff cites in support of his 27 position that his constitutional rights were clearly violated. In Wallis v. Spencer, 202 F.3d 1126, 1 children to a hospital, and ordered an intrusive examination of both children for evidence of sexual 2 abuse without their parents’ knowledge or consent and without an order of the court authorizing 3 such intrusive examinations. Wallis is a vastly different factual posture than the case at hand, where 4 Underhill—who had near complete authority to make medical decisions on behalf of Minor— 5 consented to the treatments at UCSF, and such treatment was arguably permitted by a court order. 6 SAC ¶¶ 72, 76. Wallis cannot be said to “clearly establish” the right of one parent to veto a medical 7 procedure that the other parent and minor both consent to, because Wallis addressed a scenario 8 where state detectives seized children and had them examined for investigative purposes. See id. 9 Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 602 (1979) also addressed a different issue than the case at hand. The 10 issue in Parham was “what process is constitutionally due a minor child whose parents or guardian 11 seek state administered institutional mental health care for the child and specifically whether an 12 adversary proceeding is required prior to or after the commitment.” Parham, 442 U.S. at 587. The 13 case at hand does not involve institutionalized mental health care, or questions related to the due 14 process owed to a minor defendant. See id. 15 At the November 15, 2024 motion hearing, plaintiff’s counsel cited an additional case, Pope 16 v. Cnty. of San Diego, 719 F. Supp. 3d 1076 (S.D. Cal. 2024). The Court’s understanding is that 17 plaintiff identified this case for its explanation of two rights recognized by the Supreme Court. The 18 rights discussed in Pope include (1) the parents’ interest in custody and control of their children, 19 which encompasses the right to make medical decisions for the child, and (2) the family right to 20 association, which includes a right for parents and children to be together when a child receives 21 medical care. Id. at *1084-91. Citing numerous cases—most of which concerned parental rights in 22 the child welfare context—Pope describes these rights as “long established” but “not absolute.” Id. 23 at 1086 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 24 Neither of the rights discussed in Pope8 apply to plaintiff’s circumstances here. The state 25 26 8 The Court does not understand plaintiff to be arguing that Pope itself “clearly establishes” a relevant right, but to the extent plaintiff wishes to make this argument, the Court notes Pope was 27 decided in May 2024, after the events at issue here. 1 family court lawfully stripped plaintiff of nearly all his parental rights in its custody order. SAC 2 ¶ 72. In addition to Section 7a and 7b excerpted supra, the custody order states: “Mother [Underhill] 3 shall be the sole temporary legal custodial parent of [Minor] and may make decisions on her own 4 for [Minor’s] health, education, and welfare without father’s consent.” While “Father [plaintiff] 5 shall have a right to obtain all otherwise confidential information regarding [Minor’s] health, 6 education, and welfare,” the order specifies that “Father does not have a ‘right’ to attend medical 7 appointments for [Minor].” SAC Ex. A at 6. The order thus at least limits, if not removes, the two 8 rights discussed in Pope as they pertain to plaintiff. See Pope, 719 F. Supp. 3d at 1084-91. 9 9 Further, the Court is not persuaded by plaintiff’s apparent argument that defendants 10 violated a “clearly established” Constitutional right because Section 7b of the custody order 11 (plaintiff’s ability to withhold consent to surgical procedures) overrides Section 7a (Minor’s ability 12 to pursue hormone therapy if recommended by UCSF). Reasonable doctors or lawyers could have 13 believed the Supprelin implant was part of or an adjunct to the type of hormone therapy specifically 14 permitted by Section 7a of the custody order. See SAC ¶ 76. While a court might conclude 15 defendants wrongly believed the procedure was permitted without plaintiff’s consent, the correct 16 interpretation of these provisions of the custody order was not “beyond debate.” See Carroll, 574 17 U.S. at 16.10 18 To be clear, the Court does not determine whether plaintiff’s constitutional rights were 19 actually violated, but the Court holds that the UCSF defendants did not violate a “clearly 20 established constitutional right.” As such, they are entitled to qualified immunity. 21 22 /// 23 24 9 As noted above, plaintiff does not in this case challenge the legality or constitutionality of 25 that order. Had he done so, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine would have applied. 26 10 Separate from the constitutional claim, plaintiff is entitled to make an argument that defendants violated the terms of the custody order, but that argument belongs back in the state court. 27 The Court notes plaintiff filed but later withdrew criminal contempt actions against Underhill, Harkins, Bigger, and UCSF in Contra Costa County Superior Court. Dkt. No. 77 at 5. The propriety 1 C. § 1983 Claim Summary 2 The Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss as to defendants Ehrensaft, Rosenthal, Lee, and 3 Orr because they are shielded from liability by qualified immunity. The Court GRANTS the motion 4 to dismiss as to defendants Harkins, Bigger, and Underhill, because plaintiff has not pled facts 5 establishing they are de facto state actors. The Court dismisses plaintiff’s § 1983 claim with 6 prejudice. 7 8 IV. State Law Claims 9 A. Whether the Court Must Dismiss the State Claims 10 “District courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim” if “the 11 district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). 12 In exercising discretion to retain supplemental jurisdiction, “a federal court should consider and 13 weigh in each case, and at every stage of the litigation, the values of judicial economy, convenience, 14 fairness, and comity . . .” Carnegie-Mellon University v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988) (citing 15 Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966)). If the Court dismisses the remaining federal claim, 16 the Court may dismiss the state claims (but it is not required to do so). See id. Here, the Court will 17 consider the state law claims on their merits, to avoid forcing the parties to relitigate these issues in 18 state court. 19 20 B. Whether the Fraud by Concealment Claim Should be Dismissed for Failure to 21 State a Claim (Second Cause of Action) The Court previously granted a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment claim, 22 without leave to amend as to Bigger, Harkins, and Orr, and with leave to amend as to Rosenthal, 23 Ehrensaft, Lee, and Underhill. Dkt. No. 86 at 23-24. The Court additionally noted plaintiff must 24 meet the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b) if plaintiff filed a fraud by concealment claim 25 in an amended complaint. Id. Plaintiff’s amended fraud by concealment claim is brought against 26 Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, Lee, and Orr. SAC at 28. The Court addresses the claim only as to Rosenthal, 27 1 Ehrensaft, Lee and Underhill because leave to amend was not granted as to defendant Orr.11 Dkt. 2 No. 86 at 23-34. 3 The required elements of fraudulent concealment are: “(1) concealment or suppression of a 4 material fact; (2) by a defendant with a duty to disclose the fact to the plaintiff; (3) the defendant 5 intended to defraud the plaintiff by intentionally concealing or suppressing the fact; (4) the plaintiff 6 was unaware of the fact and would not have acted as he or she did if he or she had known of the 7 concealed or suppressed fact; and (5) plaintiff sustained damage as a result of the concealment or 8 suppression of the fact.” Broge v. ALN Int'l, Inc., No. 17-CV-07131-BLF, 2018 WL 2197524, at 9 *4 (N.D. Cal. May 14, 2018) (quoting Graham v. Bank of Am., N.A., 226 Cal. App. 4th 594, 605-06 10 (2014)). Under Rule 9(b), fraud claims must be pled with particularity. Rule 9(b)’s heightened 11 pleading requirements demand that “[a]verments of fraud must be accompanied by the who, what, 12 when, where, and how” of the misconduct charged and “must set forth what is false or misleading 13 about a statement, and why it is false.” Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. U.S.A., 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th 14 Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Fraud allegations must include the 15 “time, place, and specific content of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties.” 16 Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citation 17 omitted). However, “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be 18 alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). 19 After reviewing the added allegations in plaintiff’s SAC, the Court concludes plaintiff still 20 has not established that any of the remaining defendants had a “duty to disclose” facts to plaintiff. 21 See Graham, 226 Cal. App. at 605-06. Plaintiff alleges the UCSF defendants had a duty to refrain 22 from “involuntary human medical experimentation” and to follow the family law court order. SAC 23 ¶ 155. To the extent such a duty exists, plaintiff does not cite legal authority or otherwise explain 24 how this translates to a “duty to disclose” information to plaintiff. See Graham, 226 Cal. App. at 25 26 11 Plaintiff did not name Underhill in the caption of this action even though the Court granted leave to amend as to Underhill. Dkt. No. 86 at 23-24. Plaintiff argues this is error in his opposition 27 and seeks leave to amend to correct the error. Dkt. No. 103 at 11. For efficiency, the Court is considering the claim as if Underhill had been named. Plaintiff concedes Orr should not have been 1 605-06. The fraudulent concealment claim is DISMISSED as to Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, and Lee. 2 As to his fraud claim against Underhill, plaintiff alleges “Underhill owed Plaintiff a fiduciary 3 duty and the duty of good faith and fair dealing as a former spouse and co-parent,” but it is again 4 unclear how this would translate to a “duty to disclose.” Id.; SAC ¶ 157. Considering the custody 5 order did not provide plaintiff with any right to receive updates regarding [Minor’s] medical 6 treatment, plaintiff’s allegations are too conclusory to establish a duty to disclose under the 7 heightened Rule 9(b) requirement. SAC, Ex. A at 6; Graham, 226 Cal. App. at 605-06. 8 Additionally, plaintiff alleges Underhill was “deceived” by the other defendants who worked to 9 conceal the truth from Underhill. SAC ¶¶ 21-26, 124. The allegations indicate Underhill was not a 10 perpetrator of the alleged fraud, but herself a victim. See id. The fraudulent concealment claim is 11 DISMISSED as to Underhill as well. 12 B. Whether the Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (“NIED”) Claim Should 13 be Dismissed For Failure to State a Claim (Third Cause of Action) 14 The Court previously dismissed plaintiff’s NIED claim as to defendant Harkins, Bigger, and 15 Orr because the plaintiff could not allege they owed plaintiff a duty of care because plaintiff was 16 not their client, or a third party in a transaction intended to benefit him. Dkt. No. 86 at 28. As to 17 the individual UCSF defendants and Underhill, the Court dismissed with leave to amend. Id. 18 Plaintiff’s SAC alleges the NIED claim against Rosenthal, Ehrensaft, Lee, Orr, and Underhill. SAC 19 at 31. Plaintiff’s opposition concedes the Court dismissed this cause of action as to Orr without 20 leave to amend. Dkt. No. 103 at 11. Thus, the Court does not consider Orr in the analysis. 21 “California courts treat [NIED] as a form of the tort of negligence with the following 22 elements: (1) duty; (2) breach of duty; (3) causation; (4) and damages.” Redd-Oyedele v. Santa 23 Clara Cnty. Off. of Educ., No. 20-CV-00912-SVK, 2020 WL 7319404, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 24 2020) (citing Burgess v. Superior Court, 2 Cal. 4th 1064, 1072 (1992)). “Whether a defendant owes 25 a duty of care is a question of law.” Marlene F. v. Affiliated Psychiatric Medical Clinic, Inc., 48 26 Cal. 3d 583, 588 (1989). The California Supreme Court has indicated that when considering the 27 existence of a duty, several factors “require consideration” including: the foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of certainty that plaintiff 1 suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the defendant's conduct 2 and the injury suffered, the moral blame attached to the defendant's conduct, the policy of preventing future harm, the extent of the burden to the defendant and 3 consequences to the community of imposing a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance for the 4 risk involved. 5 Christensen v. Superior Court, 54 Cal. 3d 868, 885-86 (1991) (internal quotation marks and citation 6 omitted). “In a direct victim case, a plaintiff seeks damages for emotional distress resulting from a 7 breach of duty owed the plaintiff which is ‘assumed by the defendant or imposed on the defendant 8 as a matter of law, or that arises out of a relationship between the two.’” Jacoves v. United 9 Merchandising Corp., 9 Cal. App. 4th 88, 108 (1992) (quoting Marlene F., 48 Cal. 3d at 590)); see 10 also Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 6 Cal. 4th 965, 985 (1993). In direct victim cases, the 11 limits on bystander cases have no direct application and well-settled principles of negligence are 12 invoked. Ragland v. U.S. Bank National Assn., 209 Cal. App. 4th 182, 206 (2012). 13 Plaintiff alleges that “[d]efendants were each aware of the fact that Hudacko, like any good 14 parent, would be traumatized upon learning that his child had been subjected to INVOLUNTARY 15 HUMAN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION. Thus, Defendants and each of them owed Hudacko 16 an affirmative duty to refrain from participating in the SCHEME and to refrain from advancing the 17 WPATH TRUE MISSION.” SAC ¶ 173. Plaintiff additionally alleges “[d]efendants, as medical 18 professionals, members of WPATH had a duty to disclose their economic interests and research 19 involving experimentation on children,” and “Underhill as former spouse to Plaintiff and co-parent 20 owed a fiduciary duty and duty of good faith and fair dealing.” Id. ¶¶ 174-175. Plaintiff indicates 21 he is suing under a “direct victim theory not a bystander theory.” Dkt. No. 101 at 12. 22 The medical defendants move to dismiss, arguing “Plaintiff’s claim fails because none of 23 the allegations support a fiduciary or special relationship with the medical defendants or any 24 actionable conduct.” Dkt. No. 100 at 28. The medical defendants further argue “[a]ny claim that 25 the medical defendants owed a duty to disclose their supposed ‘economic and research interests’ in 26 gender affirming care and with respect to their involvement with WPATH, also fails because this 27 duty was owed to the patient and not Mr. Hudacko.” Id. at 29. Underhill also moves to dismiss, 1 The Court finds plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to establish the necessary legal 2 || duty as a matter of law. The Court previously found plaintiff's allegations in the FAC did not 3 sufficiently allege that any of the defendants owed plaintiff a duty of care imposed on them as a 4 || matter of law or that arises out of the relationship between plaintiff and defendant.'* Dkt. No. 86 at 5 || 28. Plaintiffs allegations related to defendants’ duty are nearly identical in the SAC (including 6 || allegations that defendants owe plaintiff a duty to refrain from “participating in the SCHEME,” 7 || refrain from “advancing the WPATH TRUE MISSION,” and refrain from “concealing the 8 SCHEME.” See SAC □□ 172-178. The SAC does not allege a legal duty owed by defendants to 9 || plaintiff, so the claim is DISMISSED. 10 11 CONCLUSION 12 For the foregoing reasons and for good cause shown, the Court hereby GRANTS the motions 13 to dismiss all causes of action. For the first cause of action, the Court GRANTS the motion to 14 dismiss as to defendants Ehrensaft, Rosenthal, Lee, and Orr because they are shielded from liability 3 15 by qualified immunity, and GRANTS the motion to dismiss as to defendants Harkins, Bigger, and a 16 || Underhill, because plaintiff has not pled facts establishing they are de facto state actors. The Court 3 17 GRANTS the motion to dismiss the second and third causes of action because plaintiff has not pled S 18 facts establishing all required elements of each claim. 19 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 Dated: November 25, 2024 22 Adu | LY aw SUSAN ILLSTON 23 United States District Judge 24 25 ||_.- Tn the FAC, plaintiff alleged that “he was owed a duty by defendants to ‘refrain from 27 || performing gender identity related surgery on the minor’ without his consent and that defendants breached their duty to plaintiff by ‘willfully violating the no surgery injunction’ in the state court 28 order.” Dkt. No. 86 at 28.