Estate of Kevin Brown v. City of San Diego ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 THE ESTATE OF KEVIN BROWN, et al., Case No.: 15-CV-1583-DMS-WVG 12 Plaintiffs, ORDER ON DISCOVERY DISPUTE 13 v. REGARDING DISCOVERABILITY OF DEFENDANTS’ REINSURANCE 14 MICHAEL LAMBERT, et al., POLICY 15 Defendants. 16 17 18 19 I. INTRODUCTION 20 Pending before the Court is the Parties’ supplemental briefing on the discoverability 21 of Defendants’ reinsurance policy as maintained with third-party entity, Wesco/Amtrust, 22 through CSAC-EIA, Defendant City of San Diego’s reinsurer. (Doc. Nos. 248, 249.) 23 Plaintiffs argue the reinsurance policy requires production; Defendants disagree. The 24 Parties timely filed their supplemental briefing pursuant to the Court’s June 23, 2020 Order 25 following a discovery conference on the matter on that same day. (Doc. No. 247.) The 26 dispute is now ripe for this Court’s adjudication. Having reviewed and considered the 27 Parties’ respective positions and supporting legal authority, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ 28 request for Defendants’ production of their reinsurance policy and ORDERS Defendants 1 to produce the policy no later than Friday, July 17, 2020. The Court explains below. 2 II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 3 The following facts are undisputed by the Parties and relevant to this discovery issue. 4 At the inception of fact discovery, Defendants represented that the City of San Diego was 5 self-insured. Accordingly, Defendants did not provide insurance information or tender any 6 insurance related documents to Plaintiffs at any time during the Parties’ exchange of initial 7 disclosures, fact discovery, or any of the pre-trial proceedings in this matter. Trial began 8 on February 3, 2020 and concluded on February 18, 2020. (Doc. Nos. 160, 183.) It resulted 9 in a jury verdict for Plaintiffs in an amount exceeding $6 million, constituting 10 compensatory and punitive damages plus post-judgment interest and attorney fees and 11 costs. (Doc. No. 194.) Since then, Defendants have filed various post-trial motions, 12 including an Ex Parte Motion to Stay Enforcement of Judgment and for Relief from 13 Supersedeas Bond (“Ex Parte Motion”) (Doc. No. 208), a Motion for New Trial (Doc. No. 14 213), and a Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law (Doc. No. 214). As of May 15 1, 2020, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Attorney Fees and Costs remains pending alongside 16 Defendants’ three motions. (Doc. No. 225.) 17 Defendants’ Ex Parte Motion and related Reply to Plaintiffs’ Opposition (Doc. No. 18 211) are relevant here, specifically the Declarations of Matthew Bartholow (“Bartholow 19 Declaration”) and Claudia Castillo del Muro (“Castillo del Muro Declaration”) in support 20 of same. (Doc. Nos. 208-2; 211-2.) Respectively, the Bartholow Declaration represents 21 “for judgments above $3,000,000, the City has multiple re-insurance policies providing 22 excess layers of coverage up to a total of $50,000,000” and “for a $10,000,000 judgment, 23 stemming from an incident that occurred in 2014, the City would pay the judgment and 24 then be reimbursed by the CSAC-Excess Insurance Authority with funding from Wesco 25 Insurance Company.” (Id., 2:5-9.) The Castillo del Muro Declaration adds, “Once a 26 judgment is paid using the Public Liability Fund (“PLF”), any portion of the judgment 27 amount over $3 million is reimbursed to the fund by the City’s reinsurance carriers.” (Doc. 28 No. 211-2, 2:21-24.) The Declaration then illustrates the point: “If the City uses General 1 Funds to pay a judgment, any amount over $3 million is reimbursed by the City’s 2 reinsurance carriers.” (Id.) 3 By respectively filing the Bartholow and Castillo Del Muro Declarations on March 4 25, 2020 and March 31, 2020. (Doc. Nos. 208, 211), Defendants, for the first time in this 5 longstanding litigation, disclosed their retention of a reinsurance policy that would apply 6 to any judgment issued here. In response to Defendants’ post-trial disclosure, Plaintiffs 7 requested production of the reinsurance policy, counsel for the Parties subsequently met 8 and conferred on the matter, and the Parties ultimately sought this Court’s intervention 9 given Defendants’ ongoing failure and/or inability to produce the policy. On June 23, 2020, 10 this Court convened a video discovery conference on the dispute and ordered the Parties to 11 file the supplemental briefing, which informs the basis of this Order. (Doc. No. 247.) 12 In short, Plaintiffs are convinced Rule 26(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 13 obligates Defendants to produce their reinsurance policy consistent with routine initial 14 disclosures and a party’s continuing duty to supplement their relevant discovery under Rule 15 26(e). Plaintiffs assert that Defendants doubly erred by failing to make the initial disclosure 16 and then further delaying disclosure until trial concluded and post-trial proceedings were 17 underway. Defendants reject Plaintiffs’ stance and wholly dispute they bear any burden to 18 produce the reinsurance policy under Rule 26 or otherwise. Further, Defendants posit that, 19 while they consent to this Court adjudicating this discovery dispute, the Court in fact does 20 not have jurisdiction over this matter because the Action is in post-trial proceedings. The 21 Court addresses the jurisdictional inquiry and the discoverability issue in turn. 22 III. DISCUSSION 23 a. The Court Has Jurisdiction Over This Post-Trial Discovery Dispute 24 Section 636 of Title 28 of the United States Code (“Section 636”) provides for the 25 scope of a magistrate judge’s authority. 28 U.S.C. § 636; Ransom v. Herrera, 2017 WL 26 6425031, at *3 (E.D. Cal., Dec. 18, 2017). Under Section 636, a district judge “may 27 designate a magistrate judge to hear and determine any pretrial matter pending before the 28 court, except [certain enumerated motions].” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A); see also Denny v. 1 Ford Motor Co., 146 F.R.D. 52 (N.D.N.Y.1993) (citing to same and concluding magistrate 2 judge had authority under Section 636(b)(3) to decide post-verdict discovery motion to 3 take deposition). Coloring Section 636 is Rule 72(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil 4 Procedure, which provides that a magistrate judge has authority to hear matters that are not 5 dispositive of a party’s claim or defense. Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 72(a). Necessarily, these 6 include discovery motions. Germaine-McIver v. County of Orange, 2018 WL 6266525, at 7 *1 (C.D. Cal., Oct. 25, 2018); Bhan v. NME Hospitals, Inc., 929 F.2d 1404, 1414 (9th Cir. 8 1991); Hoar v. Sara Lee Corp., 900 F.2d 522, 525 (2d Cir. 1990) (“Matters concerning 9 discovery generally are considered ‘non-dispositive’ of the litigation”); Hutchinson v. 10 Pfeil, 105 F.3d 562 (10th Cir. 1997) (same as Hoar). Local Civil Rule 69.1(b) finesses 11 these foundational principles and governs proceedings to enforce judgments. The Rule 12 expressly states: “All other motions concerning execution of a judgment must be made to 13 the assigned district judge, unless the motion relates to the post-judgment discovery, in 14 which case the motion must be made to the assigned magistrate judge.” Civ. L. R. 69.1(b). 15 Taken together, the above rules affirm that this Court may properly adjudicate the 16 Parties’ instant discovery dispute. The nature of this dispute is non-dispositive, namely 17 because none of Plaintiffs’ claims or Defendants’ affirmative defenses hinge upon 18 Defendants’ reinsurance policy’s production or even its entry into evidence. Defendants 19 mistakenly fixate on the timing of this dispute in arguing that, because the dispute 20 manifested post-trial, the Court lacks the ability to hear and resolve the matter. Not so, and 21 certainly not because of Defendants’ self-imposed delay in disclosing the existence of their 22 reinsurance policy. 23 Moreover, notwithstanding the above authority, “under Section 636(b)(3), the court 24 may assign to magistrate judges ‘such additional duties as are not inconsistent with the 25 Constitution and laws of the United States.’” In re LeFande, 297 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 26 2018) (quoting Wright, Miller & Marcus, aff'd, 919 F.3d 554 (D.C. Cir. 2019)). This 27 authority extends to post-trial matters comparable to the pretrial matters regularly assigned 28 to magistrate judges for decision. Id. (“In this case, the issue is management of post-trial 1 discovery, which is comparable to pretrial discovery matters routinely handled by 2 magistrate judges, and so within the authority for reference”); District Title v. Warren, 265 3 F. Supp. 3d 17 (D.D.C. 2017) (“Resolving a matter of first impression in this district, the 4 court would hold that a magistrate judge's order in regard to post-judgment discovery is 5 also within the magistrate judge's authority and subject to review only for clear error”); see 6 also Maisonville v. F2 America, Inc., 902 F.2d 746 (9th Cir. 1990) (The magistrate's post- 7 settlement imposition of sanctions under Rule 11 for filing a frivolous motion to reconsider 8 a discovery ruling was a pretrial matter within § 636(b)(1)). 9 Here, Judge Sabraw referred the instant post-trial discovery dispute to this Court for 10 resolution1. For this reason alone, given that the case has not closed and final judgment has 11 not been entered, Judge Sabraw has jurisdiction to so direct. Peretz v. United States, 501 12 U.S., 923, 111 S. Ct. 2661 (1991) (generality of “additional duties” under Section 636 13 indicates intention to confer onto federal judges “significant leeway” in improving 14 efficiency of judicial process). Separate and apart from this circumstance, Local Civil Rule 15 69.1(b) makes clear that post-judgment discovery matters “must” be presented to the 16 “assigned magistrate judge.” The Local Rule’s language is unequivocal that the matter is 17 properly before this Court. Underscoring the point is Defendants’ citations to two Ninth 18 Circuit decisions offer no legal authority supporting the contrary: Estate of Conners’ 19 holding that a magistrate judge could not adjudicate a post-judgment motion for attorney’s 20 fees is consistent with the above analysis. Similarly, the Columbia Records Productions’ 21 decision does nothing to vindicate Defendants’ jurisdictional dispute because the Ninth 22 Circuit affirmed the district judge’s decision that a magistrate judge’s order assigning 23 assets constituted a dispositive motion in violation of Section 636. See Estate of Conners, 24 6 F.3d 656, 659 (9th Cir. 1993); Columbia Record Productions v. Hot Wax Records, Inc. 25 966 F.2d 515, 516 (9th Cir. 1992). 26 27 28 1 This Court has notified Judge Sabraw of this post-trial discovery dispute. Having considered the 1 Equally significant, “while the Ninth Circuit has not directly addressed the [post- 2 judgment discovery] issue, several circuits have held that regardless of whether 3 enforcement proceedings are referred under § 636(b)(1)(B) (specifying a report and 4 recommendation) or § 636(b)(3) (authorizing referral of ‘additional duties’), the parties are 5 entitled to de novo review by the district court.” Strong v. U.S., 57 F.Supp.2d 908, 911 6 (N.D. Cal. June 22, 1999) (citing 28 U.S.C. 636(b)(1)(B)); Denny, supra, 146 F.R.D. at 7 52). Should Defendants resurrect their jurisdictional concerns over this dispute, they may 8 seek Judge Sabraw’s review of this Court’s Order in Judge Sabraw’s capacity as the district 9 judge presiding over this litigation. 10 b. Defendants’ Reinsurance Policy Is Subject to Disclosure under Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 11 12 Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs this dispute. In relevant 13 part, the Rule provides: “… a party must, without awaiting a discovery request, provide to 14 the other parties: … (iv) for inspection and copying as under Rule 34, any insurance 15 agreement under which an insurance business may be liable to satisfy all or part of a 16 possible judgment in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy 17 the judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 26(a)(1)(iv); Suffolk Fed. Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. 18 Soc., Inc., 270 F.R.D. 141, 142 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iv) is “absolute” and 19 “does not require any showing of relevance”); Ivy Hotel San Diego, LLC v. Houston Cas. 20 Co., 2011 WL 13240367, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2011) (“Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 21 26(a)(1)(A)(iv), reinsurance agreements are specifically subject to disclosure”). More 22 broadly, the Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 26 provide that “the Court has the authority 23 to order the exchange of information in managing the action pursuant to its Rule 16 24 authority.” Id. (citing Advisory Committee Notes to 1993 Amendment to Federal Rules of 25 Civil Procedure regarding Rule 26(a)) (“The enumeration in Rule 26(a) of items to be 26 disclosed does not prevent a court from requiring by order or local rule that the parties 27 disclose additional information without a discovery request”); see also Ransom, supra, 28 2017 WL 6425031, at *3. 1 The vast majority of cases analyzing the discoverability of reinsurance agreements, 2 rather than documents related to or arising from reinsurance agreements, favors the 3 disclosure of Defendants’ reinsurance policy here. To that end, the National Union Fire 4 Insurance decision appears to be the birthplace of all other cases drawing the same 5 conclusion. In that case, the court found the relevant reinsurance policy was discoverable 6 and fell within the ambit of Rule 26. In so deciding, the court carefully examined the nature 7 of reinsurance, weighing its function and purpose to conclude that reinsurance policies 8 constitute the very insurance policies contemplated by Rule 26(a)(1)(iv): 9 Reinsurers (“person[s] carrying on an insurance business”) are Insurers' own insurers. If Insurers are held liable under the Policies, they will turn to their 10 reinsurers for partial indemnification, as provided in the reinsurance 11 agreements, for any “payments made to satisfy the judgment.” 12 Insurers contend their reinsurance agreements are not “insurance agreements” 13 under Rule 26(b)(2). True enough, reinsurance agreements are a special breed of insurance policy. Reinsurance is (13A Appleman, Insurance Law and 14 Practice § 7681, at 480 (1976)): 15 the ceding by one insurance company to another of all or a portion of 16 its risks for a stipulated portion of the premium, in which the liability 17 of the reinsurer is solely to the reinsured, which is the ceding company, and in which contract the ceding company retains all contact with the 18 original insured, and handles all matters prior to and subsequent to loss. 19 But the English language remains the same: Reinsurers “carry[ ] on an 20 insurance business” and “may be liable ... to indemnify [Insurers] for 21 payments made to satisfy the judgment” that Movants hope to obtain. Rule 26(b)(2) does not require that a party's insurer be directly liable to the other 22 party. It is totally irrelevant that the reinsurers would pay Insurers and not the 23 defendants and that Movants cannot directly sue the reinsurers. 24 National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Continental Illinois Corp., 116 F.R.D. 25 78, 84 (N.D. Ill. 1987). Numerous courts across the country have adopted National Union 26 Fire Insurance’s analysis and held in favor of disclosure of reinsurance policies pursuant 27 to Rule 26(a)(1)(iv). See U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Bunge North America, Inc., 244 F.R.D. 638, 28 1 642 (D. Kan. 2007) (“the fact that reinsurers would pay the Insurers and not the insured 2 directly is irrelevant, and such an argument is disingenuous in light of the fact that the same 3 usually holds true for regular insurance policies, which are undoubtedly subject to the 4 rule”); Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's v. National Railroad Passenger Corporation, 2016 5 WL 2858815, at *15 (E.D.N.Y., May 16, 2016) (“Most federal courts across the country 6 that have examined this issue, including at least one within this district, have determined 7 that the reference in Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iv) to ‘any insurance agreement’ includes 8 reinsurance agreements”); Suffolk Fed. Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Soc., Inc., 270 F.R.D. 9 141, 142 (E.D.N.Y., Oct. 19, 2010) (“Although case law is sparse within the Second 10 Circuit, the few cases to consider the issue have determined that reinsurance information 11 is indeed discoverable”); Century Surety Company v. Smith, 2014 WL 7666061, at *3 (D. 12 Colo., Jan. 21, 2014) ; First Horizon Nat'l Corp. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, 2013 13 WL 11090763, at *8 (W.D. Tenn. Feb. 27, 2013); Isilon Sys., Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. 14 Co., 2012 WL 503852, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 15, 2012); Country Life Ins. Co. v. St. Paul 15 Surplus Lines Ins. Co., 2005 WL 3690565, at *10 (C.D. Ill. Jan. 31, 2005); Great Lakes 16 Dredge & Dock Co. v. Commercial Union Assurance Co., 159 F.R.D. 502, 504 (N.D. Ill. 17 Jan. 31, 1995). 18 Ivy Hotel is the most recent opinion within the Southern District Court that grapples 19 with the discoverability of reinsurance policies. In relevant part, the case holds that Rule 20 26 unequivocally requires the disclosure of a reinsurance policy during the initial 21 disclosures phase of litigation: “The advisory committee note to the 1970 Amendment 22 explains the policy reasons favoring disclosure of insurance coverage. The note states that 23 ‘[d]isclosure of insurance coverage will enable counsel for both sides to make the same 24 realistic appraisal of the case, so that settlement and litigation strategy are based on 25 knowledge and not speculation.’ Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(2) advisory committee note 1970.” 26 Ivy Hotel San Diego, LLC, supra, 2011 WL 13240367, at *5 (citing Nat'l Union Fire Ins. 27 Co. of Pitt., 116 F.RD. at 85 n. 15 and without limiting finding to Parties’ pre-trial 28 settlement and litigation efforts). The Court determined that, under the plain language of 1 the Rule and the related advisory committee notes, “Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 2 26(a)(1)(A)(iv), reinsurance agreements are specifically subject to disclosure” and, 3 accordingly, “copies of reinsurance policies must be provided.” Id. 4 The legal authority Defendants cite in support of their argument to the contrary is 5 unconvincing for a number of reasons. First, Defendants heavy handedly rely upon the 6 California state court case, Catholic Mut. Relief Soc'y v. Superior Court, 42 Cal. 4th 358 7 (2007), to suggest that this District Court must set aside the Federal Rules of Civil 8 Procedure governing this dispute in favor of non-disclosure of Defendants’ reinsurance 9 policy. But in doing so, Defendants entirely fail to make any semblance of an Erie 10 argument, which would be necessary to advance their position. Regardless, this action 11 arises under federal question jurisdiction and there is no Erie issue as to any of the state 12 law claims arising under the Court’s exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over the state- 13 based claims. Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corporation, 2020 WL 3263043, at *3 (9th Cir., 14 June 17, 2020) (“Under the doctrine first prescribed in Erie, federal courts exercising 15 diversity jurisdiction must follow state substantive law and federal procedural law when 16 adjudicating state law claims”) (citing Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465, (1965)). This 17 is precisely because Plaintiffs seek the production of the reinsurance policy not for proving 18 up their state law claims or undercutting Defendants’ affirmative defenses arising under 19 the state law claims, but rather to put forth a reasonable settlement demand post-trial- at a 20 time when the jury has already decided each of Plaintiffs’ claims, including the state law 21 claims. These circumstances cement that there can be no issue arising under Erie here, such 22 that the Court must even consider replacing the applicable Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 23 with state-based case law. 24 Defendants further miss the mark. While being bound by this Court’s procedural 25 rules, the Court acknowledges the substantive finding in Catholic Mutual that a lack of 26 privity between the original insured and the reinsured signifies that “as a general matter, 27 [reinsurance] has no relevance [to] the underlying tort action.” Id. But this argument has 28 no place here and has been flatly rejected in other district courts: “The insurers have cited 1 no cases making this distinction under Rule [26(a)(1)(D)].” U.S. Fire Ins. Co., supra, 244 2 F.R.D. at 642. Defendants fail to cite to any on-point case law within this jurisdiction, or 3 any other federal court for that matter, holding opposite of a long line of federal cases 4 drawing no meaning from Defendants’ privity argument. Indeed, the District Court of 5 Kansas in the U.S. Fire Insurance Co. matter adopted National Union Fire Insurance’s 6 analysis, which remains the majority view across the federal judiciary to date: “… because 7 reinsurers ‘carry on an insurance business’ and ‘may be liable ... to indemnify [insurers] 8 for payments made to satisfy the judgment,’ reinsurance agreements fall within the plain 9 language of the rule.” Id. (citing National Union Fire Ins. Co., supra, 116 F.R.D. at 84). 10 Notably, the Court added, “as the National Union court concluded, the fact that reinsurers 11 would pay the Insurers and not the insured directly is irrelevant, and such an argument is 12 disingenuous in light of the fact that the same usually holds true for regular insurance 13 policies, which are undoubtedly subject to the rule.” Id. at 84 & n. 13. This Court, like 14 nearly all others in federal district and circuit courts, agrees. In doing so, the Court rejects 15 Defendants’ argument that lack of privity between the City of San Diego and Wesco/ 16 Amtrust bars the discoverability of Defendants’ reinsurance policy. 17 Defendants’ additional argument that the reinsurance policy is irrelevant and, 18 therefore, does not merit production also ignores legal authority stressing that relevance is 19 not an appropriate inquiry here. Suffolk Fed. Credit Union, supra, 270 F.R.D. at 142 (Rule 20 26(a)(1)(A)(iv) is “absolute” and “does not require any showing of relevance”); Ivy Hotel 21 San Diego, LLC, supra, 2011 WL 13240367, at *5 (“Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 22 26(a)(1)(A)(iv), reinsurance agreements are specifically subject to disclosure”). Equally 23 glaring, Defendants fail to address the abundant legal authority in support of Rule 24 26(a)(1)(A)(iv)’s requirement that reinsurance policies must be produced as part of initial 25 disclosures. The legal authority Defendants cites does not conclude that Rule 26 does not 26 require disclosure of reinsurance policies as a routine discovery matter. Defendants’ cited 27 federal case law also does not substantively distinguish reinsurance policies from the 28 insurance policies subject to initial disclosure under Rule 26(a). Instead, Defendants 1 attempt to write in those distinctions for the Court, as evidenced by its interpretation of Ivy 2 Hotel and other related cases implicating bad-faith claims. But Defendants’ efforts are 3 misguided. The fact that bad-faith claims arose in the federal cases Defendants cite to does 4 not signify that the courts ordered disclosure of a reinsurance policy because bad-faith 5 claims were involved (and that the courts otherwise would not have ordered such 6 disclosure). Indeed, none of the decisions Defendants cite to for this proposition state so. 7 The matter is more straightforward than Defendants present and the Court joins in the 8 majority of other federal courts’ findings that Rule 26(a)(1)(iv) plainly requires the 9 disclosure of reinsurance policies during the initial disclosures phase of litigation. The 10 Rule’s language is clear and need not be muddled in drawing distinctions without 11 difference. 12 Finally, Defendants make an impossibility argument to preclude their production of 13 the reinsurance policy; that is, even if Defendants were willing to produce the reinsurance 14 policy, they are not able to because they are not the parties to the agreement. Given the 15 Court’s substantive findings above that the reinsurance policy is subject to disclosure to 16 Plaintiffs, the Court hereby ORDERS Defendants to diligently work with the appropriate 17 entities to obtain a copy of the reinsurance policy or, in the alternative, to request by Court- 18 ordered subpoena the production of the reinsurance policy. Upon doing so, Defendants 19 shall produce the reinsurance policy to Plaintiffs no later than Friday, July 17, 2020. 20 IV. CONCLUSION 21 As discussed, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ request for production of Defendants’ 22 reinsurance policy. Defendants are ORDERED to produce the reinsurance policy to 23 Plaintiffs no later than Friday, July 17, 2020. In the event that Defendants fail to timely 24 produce such policy, the Parties are ORDERED to jointly contact this Court’s Chambers 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 || on or before Tuesday, July 21, 2020 to coordinate further proceedings on this dispute. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 || Dated: July 2, 2020 Se LM Ss 5 Hon. William V. Gallo United States Magistrate Judge 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28