Hudson v. Gulley ( 2021 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 IN RE WENTWORTH CIVIL RIGHTS No. 21-cv-00757-BAS-AGS CASES, 12 ORDER: 13 (1) GRANTING MOTION FOR 14 LEAVE TO PROCEED IN 15 FORMA PAUPERIS (ECF No. 2); 16 (2) DISMISSING COMPLAINT 17 UNDER RULE 8 AND FOR FAILURE TO STATE A 18 CLAIM; AND 19 (3) DISMISSING MEMBER 20 LAWSUITS 21 22 On April 16, 2021, Ms. Dawn Wentworth, on her own behalf and on behalf of her 23 two children, Yaw Appiah and Journee Hudson, filed 74 civil rights complaints in this 24 federal district court. Many of these complaints are duplicative, suing the same defendants 25 with the same allegations. The Court issued an order consolidating most of the cases. 26 (Electronic Case Filing (“ECF”) No. 5.) The Court also issued an order setting a hearing 27 to discuss Ms. Wentworth’s many lawsuits. (ECF No. 8.) Ms. Wentworth did not appear 28 at the hearing. (ECF No. 10.) 1 For the following reasons, the Court grants Ms. Wentworth’s Motion to Proceed In 2 Forma Pauperis, dismisses Plaintiffs’ Complaint because it does not state a claim, and 3 dismisses the duplicative lawsuits. 4 I. Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 5 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, a litigant who because of indigency is unable to pay the 6 required fees or security to commence a legal action may petition the court to proceed 7 without making such payment. The determination of indigency falls within the district 8 court’s discretion. Cal. Men’s Colony v. Rowland, 939 F.2d 854, 858 (9th Cir. 1991) 9 (holding that “Section 1915 typically requires the reviewing court to exercise its sound 10 discretion in determining whether the affiant has satisfied the statute’s requirement of 11 indigency”), rev’d on other grounds, 506 U.S. 194 (1993). It is well-settled that a party 12 need not be completely destitute to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”)—without paying 13 the filing fee. Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 335 U.S. 331, 339–40 (1948). 14 To satisfy the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a), “an affidavit [of poverty] is sufficient 15 which states that one cannot because of his poverty pay or give security for costs . . . and 16 still be able to provide himself and dependents with the necessities of life.” Id. at 339. At 17 the same time, however, “the same even-handed care must be employed to assure that 18 federal funds are not squandered to underwrite, at public expense . . . the remonstrances 19 of a suitor who is financially able, in whole or in material part, to pull his own oar.” 20 Temple v. Ellerthorpe, 586 F. Supp. 848, 850 (D.R.I. 1984). 21 Having read and considered Ms. Wentworth’s application, the Court finds that she 22 meets the requirements in 28 U.S.C. § 1915 for IFP status. Ms. Wentworth says she and 23 her two dependent children—the other Plaintiffs—are homeless, and she provides only a 24 P.O. Box address. (IFP Motion ¶¶ 8, 11, ECF No. 2.) She lists no employment income or 25 financial assets. (Id. ¶ 4.) Under these circumstances, the Court finds that requiring Ms. 26 Wentworth to pay the court filing fees would impair her ability to obtain the necessities of 27 life. See Adkins, 335 U.S. at 339. And although the other two Plaintiffs do not file 28 individualized applications to proceed IFP, the Court construes Ms. Wentworth’s 1 application as being filed on behalf of all Plaintiffs because she notes they are reliant on 2 her for support. See Anderson v. California, No. 10 CV 2216 MMA AJB, 2010 WL 3 4316996, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2010) (noting “although only one filing fee needs to be 4 paid per case, if multiple plaintiffs seek to proceed in forma pauperis, each plaintiff must 5 qualify for IFP status”). 6 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Ms. Wentworth’s request to proceed without paying 7 the filing fee (ECF No. 2). 8 II. Screening of Complaint 9 A. Rule 8 10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint include a short and 11 plain statement of the basis for the court’s jurisdiction, a short and plain statement of the 12 legal claims being asserted, and a demand for judgment for the relief sought. Rule 13 8(d)(1) requires each allegation to be “simple, concise, and direct.” Rule 8 ensures that 14 each defendant has “fair notice of what the plaintiff’s claim is and the grounds upon which 15 it rests.” Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 346 (2005). This rule “applies to 16 good claims as well as bad,” and it is a reason for dismissing a complaint that is 17 independent of Rule 12(b)(6). McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 1996). 18 B. Failure to State a Claim 19 A complaint filed by a plaintiff proceeding IFP is subject to screening under 28 20 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845, 845 (9th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). 21 This provision requires the court to review the complaint and dismiss the action if it: “(i) 22 is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) 23 seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 24 1915(e)(2). 25 To determine whether the action must be dismissed under the second ground—a 26 failure to state a claim—the court applies “the familiar standard of Federal Rule of Civil 27 Procedure 12(b)(6).” Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015). Under this 28 standard, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 1 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th 2 Cir. 2012) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). “Determining whether 3 a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires 4 the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 5 U.S. at 679. The “mere possibility of misconduct” falls short of meeting this plausibility 6 standard. Id. 7 “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their 8 veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” 9 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. Further, the court has an obligation where the plaintiff “is pro se, 10 particularly in civil rights cases, to construe the pleadings liberally and to afford the 11 [plaintiff] the benefit of any doubt.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 (9th Cir. 12 2010) (quoting Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985)). The court, 13 however, “may not supply essential elements of the claim that were not initially pled.” 14 Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). Moreover, 15 “[v]ague and conclusory allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are 16 not sufficient.” Id. 17 If a pro se complaint fails to meet this standard, the court should not dismiss the 18 action “without leave to amend unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the 19 complaint could not be cured by amendment.’” Rosati, 791 F.3d at 1039 20 (quoting Akhtar, 698 F.3d at 1212). 21 C. Plaintiffs’ Allegations 22 Plaintiffs sue forty-four Defendants, including Vista Unified School District, the 23 California State Board of Education, the U.S. Department of Education, and various 24 individuals. (Compl. 2–12.) Their Complaint is on a form that includes a “Statement of 25 Claim” section for writing “a short and plain statement of [each] claim.” (Id. 14.) Under 26 this section, Plaintiffs list the Civil Rights Act of 1964, California’s Unruh Civil Rights 27 Act, “racial discrimination/intimidation/harassment/provocation,” fraud, concealment, and 28 negligence. (Id.) They do not include the suggested statement of “how each defendant 1 was involved and what each defendant did that caused the plaintiff[s] harm or violated the 2 plaintiff[s’] rights.” (Id.) Plaintiffs seek $1,000,000 in damages per Plaintiff, the 3 revocation of Defendants’ “licenses/credentialing,” and other relief. (Id.) Finally, 4 Plaintiffs attach sixty-four pages of various school documents, police complaints, 5 administrative complaints, and other items. (ECF No. 1-2.) 6 D. Analysis 7 Having reviewed Plaintiffs’ Complaint, it does not comply with Rule 8 and does not 8 state any claim upon which relief may be granted. Even when the Complaint is liberally 9 construed, Plaintiffs do not provide a simple, concise narrative that sets forth the injuries 10 attributed to the forty-four Defendants that they sue. Plaintiffs list several laws or theories 11 of recovery for their “Statement of Claim,” but that is not enough. (Compl. 14.) And 12 although Plaintiffs attach sixty-four pages of exhibits to their Complaint, the Court needs 13 a simple statement of their claims to begin to analyze whether any claims can proceed. 14 Therefore, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ Complaint with leave to amend under Rule 8 and 15 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(ii). See, e.g., Reed v. Newsom, No. 3:20-CV-2439-AJB-MDD, 2021 16 WL 2633634, at *3 (S.D. Cal. June 25, 2021) (dismissing complaint under Rule 8 where 17 the plaintiff did not link individual defendants to his claims); Perryman v. Warden, No. 18 2:21-cv00421-JDP (PC), 2021 WL 1210461, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2021) (dismissing 19 complaint under Rule 8 where plaintiff identified doe defendants but did not “specifically 20 allege[] how either was involved” in violations of his rights). 21 III. Consolidated Actions 22 Aside from this main case, the Court consolidated 66 of Ms. Wentworth’s or her 23 children’s other cases. (ECF No. 5.) Since then, Ms. Wentworth and Journee Hudson 24 filed one additional case, Hudson v. Peppard, No. 21-cv-01122-BAS-AGS. The Court 25 will consolidate this case with the main case for the same reasons expressed before. (See 26 ECF No. 5.) In all of these 67 consolidated cases, Ms. Wentworth, one of her children, or 27 both of her children filed a Motion to Proceed IFP. The Court grants these motions for 28 the same reasons explained above. 1 Because Plaintiffs are not paying the filing fee, their 67 other Complaints are subject 2 to the same screening under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). The Court will dismiss these cases 3 for two reasons. First, the Complaints lack the information required by Rule 8 and do not 4 state a claim. Second, because the Complaints are duplicative of this main case or are 5 otherwise frivolous, they are appropriately dismissed under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i). 6 See, e.g., Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1105 n.2 (9th Cir. 1995) (noting it is not an 7 abuse of discretion to dismiss “a complaint ‘that merely repeats pending or previously 8 litigated claims’”). 9 To illustrate, in Case No. 21-cv-00681, Ms. Wentworth and Journee Hudson sue 10 “UZI” under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act. 11 (Compl., No. 21-cv-00681, ECF No. 1.) No information is provided as to who or what 12 UZI is, but UZI has the same address as some of the school defendants sued in the main 13 case. (See id.) Further, there is no short, plain statement of the claims against UZI. (Id.) 14 And Plaintiffs can pursue any potential claims against UZI in the main case—where they 15 seek to sue school personnel and others—as part of an amended complaint. 16 As another example, in Case No. 21-cv-00727, Plaintiffs sue Cheng Westerlund, 17 who is apparently a Vista Unified School District employee, again under the Civil Rights 18 Act of 1964 and California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act. (Compl., No. 21-cv-00727, ECF 19 No. 1.) There is no short, plain statement of the claims against Westerlund. (Id.) And 20 Plaintiffs can likewise pursue any potential claims against Westerlund in the main case as 21 part of an amended complaint. 22 The Court applies the same reasoning to the remaining cases. Therefore, the Court 23 will dismiss these cases without prejudice under Rule 8 and 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)–(ii). 24 IV. CONCLUSION 25 For the reasons above, the Court grants Plaintiffs’ Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 26 2). The Court also dismisses Plaintiffs’ Complaint in this main case without prejudice. To 27 proceed with their case, Plaintiffs must file an amended complaint by August 27, 2021. If 28 Plaintiffs file an amended complaint, it will supersede the current complaint. Lacey v. 1 || Maricopa Cty, 693 F. 3d 896, 907 n.1 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc). This means that the 2 ||amended complaint must be complete on its own—without reference to the prior pleading. 3 ||Once an amended complaint is filed, the current complaint no longer serves any function. 4 || Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original complaint, Plaintiffs must assert each 5 ||claim and allege each Defendant’s involvement in sufficient detail to allow the Court to 6 ||determine whether the case can proceed. The amended complaint should be titled 7 ||“Amended Complaint” and refer to the appropriate case number: No. 21-cv-00757-BAS- 8 AGS. If Plaintiffs do not file an amended complaint, the Clerk of Court is directed to close 9 || this action without further order. 10 Further, the Court directs the Clerk of Court to grant the Motions to Proceed IFP 11 |}identified in Attachment 1. Next, the Clerk shall consolidate Case No. 21-cv-01122-BAS- 12 || AGS, Hudson v. Peppard, with the main case and place a Do Not File (“DNF”) tag on Case 13 || No. 21-cv-01122. Finally, the Clerk shall also dismiss without prejudice and close all the 14 cases in Attachment 1. 15 IT IS SO ORDERED. 16 /\ oY 17 || DATED: August 6, 2021 ( yi uA (Liphan 6 ig United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ATTACHMENT 1 IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00681-BAS-AGS Hudson v. UZI 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. Vista Unified Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00682-BAS-AGS School District Board of 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Trustees Hudson v. Oceanside Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00683-BAS-AGS 2 Police Department 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Wentworth v. Oceanside Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00684-BAS-AGS 2 Police Department 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00685-BAS-AGS Wentworth v. Norris 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00686-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Larsen 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00688-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Armenta 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00689-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Kriedeman 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00690-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Walsh 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00691-BAS-AGS Wentworth v. Clark 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00692-BAS-AGS Wentworth v. Brown 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00693-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Clark 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Wentworth v. Mission Vista Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00694-BAS-AGS 2 Proxy 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Wentworth v. 9th District Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00695-BAS-AGS 2 PTA 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00696-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Allard 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. Mission Vista Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00698-BAS-AGS 2 Proxy 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. School Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00700-BAS-AGS 2 Counselor 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Wentworth v. San Diego Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00701-BAS-AGS 2 Sheriff's Department 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Wentworth v. San Diego Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00703-BAS-AGS County Sheriff's 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Department Wentworth v. Vista Unified Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00705-BAS-AGS 2 School District 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. Vista Unified Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00706-BAS-AGS 2 School District Counselor 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. Vista Unified Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00707-BAS-AGS 2 School District 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00708-BAS-AGS Wentworth v. Parco 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00709-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Shackelford 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00710-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Allard 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00711-BAS-AGS 2 Groundskeeper/Security 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00712-BAS-AGS Hudson v. UZI 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. New English Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00713-BAS-AGS 2 Teacher 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00714-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Shackelford 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. New English Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00715-BAS-AGS 2 Teacher 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00716-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Borger 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00717-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Peppard 1 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Appiah v. Vista Unified Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00718-BAS-AGS School District Board of 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Trustees IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00719-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Ho 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00720-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Buck 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00721-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Ho 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00722-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Dambroso 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00723-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Buck 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00724-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Martin 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00725-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Domenici 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00726-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Gulley 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00727-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Westerlund 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00728-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Zeroski 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00729-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Gulley 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00731-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Chagala 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00732-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Wiblemo 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00733-BAS-AGS Hudson v. McIntosh 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00734-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Dambroso 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00736-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Wiblemo 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00738-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Walsh 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. California Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00739-BAS-AGS 2 Department of Education 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00740-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Strohauer 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00741-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Peppard 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00742-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Doyle 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00743-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Westerlund 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Appiah v. KKK Ku Klux Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00744-BAS-AGS 2 Klan 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00745-BAS-AGS Hudson v. McIntosh 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00746-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Wetmore 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00747-BAS-AGS Appiah v. Neighbor 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00748-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Kenney 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00749-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Kenney 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. U.S. Department Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00750-BAS-AGS 2 of Education 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00751-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Zeroski 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00752-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Wetmore 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Hudson v. Mission Vista Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00753-BAS-AGS 2 High School 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) Rule 8; 3:21-cv-00754-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Peppard 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii) IFP Case Title Motion Dismissal Basis ECF No. Rule 8; 3:21-cv-01122-BAS-AGS Hudson v. Peppard 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(i)-(ii)