Fresh Garlic Producers Ass'n v. United States , 121 F. Supp. 3d 1313 ( 2015 )

Slip Op. 15-133
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
FRESH GARLIC PRODUCERS
ASSOCIATION, CHRISTOPHER RANCH,
L.L.C., THE GARLIC COMPANY, VALLEY
GARLIC, and VESSEY AND COMPANY,
INC.,
Plaintiffs,
HEBEI GOLDEN BIRD TRADING CO.
LTD., CHENGWU COUNTY YUANXIANG
INDUSTRY & COMMERCE CO., LTD.,
QINGDAO XINTIANFENG FOODS CO.,
LTD., SHENZHEN BAINONG CO., LTD.,
YANTAI JINYAN TRADING, INC., JINING
YIFA GARLIC PRODUCE CO., LTD.,
JINAN FARMLADY TRADING CO., LTD.,
WEIFANG HONGQIAO INTERNATIONAL
LOGISTICS CO., LTD., and
SHIJIAZHUANG GOODMAN TRADING
CO., LTD.,
Consolidated Plaintiffs,
v.
Before: Jane A. Restani, Judge
UNITED STATES,
Consol. Court No. 14-00180
Defendant,
SHENZHEN XINBODA INDUSTRIAL CO.,
LTD., JINXIANG MERRY VEGETABLE
CO., LTD., and CANGSHAN QINGSHUI
VEGETABLE FOODS CO., LTD.,
Defendant-Intervenors.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 2
OPINION
[Commerce’s final results in antidumping duty administrative review sustained in part and
remanded in part.]
Dated: November 30, 2015
Michael J. Coursey and John M. Herrmann, II, Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP, of
Washington, DC, for plaintiffs.
Robert T. Hume, Hume & Associates, LLC, of Ojai, CA, for consolidated plaintiffs
Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co., Ltd., Qingdao Xintianfeng Foods Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Bainong
Co., Ltd., Yantai Jinyan Trading, Inc., Jining Yifa Garlic Produce Co., Ltd., Jinan Farmlady
Trading Co., Ltd., Weifang Hongqiao International Logistics Co., Ltd., and Shijiazhuang
Goodman Trading Co., Ltd.
Yingchao Xiao and Jianquan Wu, Lee & Xiao, of San Marino, CA, for consolidated
plaintiff Chengwu County Yuanxiang Industry & Commerce Co., Ltd.
Richard P. Schroeder, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for defendant. With him on the brief were
Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director,
and Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief were Justin R. Becker,
Senior Attorney, and Khalil N. Gharbieh, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade
Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Gregory S. Menegaz, J. Kevin Horgan, and Alexandra H. Salzman, deKieffer & Horgan
PLLC, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., Ltd.
John J. Kenkel, deKieffer & Horgan PLLC, of Washington, DC, for defendant-
intervenors Jianxiang Merry Vegetable Co., Ltd. and Cangshan Qingshui Vegetable Foods Co.,
Ltd.
Restani, Judge: This action challenges the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”)
final results from the eighteenth administrative review of the antidumping (“AD”) duty order on
fresh garlic from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). Fresh Garlic from the People’s
Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Rescission of the 18th Antidumping Duty
Administrative Review; 2011-2012, 79 Fed. Reg. 36,721 (Dep’t Commerce Jun. 30, 2014)
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 3
(“Final Results”). Before the court are the motions for judgment on the agency record pursuant
to U.S. Court of International Trade (“CIT”) Rule 56.2 and accompanying memoranda in support
of Chinese producers Shijiazhuang Goodman Trading Co., Ltd. (“Goodman”); Jinan Farmlady
Trading Co., Ltd., Qingdao Xintianfeng Foods Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Bainong Co., Ltd., Jining
Yifa Garlic Produce Co., Ltd., Weifang Hongqiao International Logistics Co., Ltd., Yantai
Jinyan Trading, Inc. (collectively, “QXF”); Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co. Ltd. (“Golden
Bird”), and Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., Ltd. (“Xinboda”). See Mem. in Supp. of the Mot.
of Pl. Shijiazhuang Goodman Trading Co., Ltd. for J. on the Agency R., ECF No. 31 (“Goodman
Br.”); Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. Filed by Qingdao Xintianfeng Foods Co.,
Ltd., et al., ECF No. 32 (“QXF Br.”); Mem. in Supp. of the Mot. of Pl. Hebei Golden Bird
Trading Co. Ltd. for J. on the Agency R., ECF No. 43 (“Golden Bird Br.”); Consol. Pl. Shenzhen
Xinboda Indus. Co., Ltd. Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R., ECF No. 44 (“Xinboda
Br.”). Also before the court is a motion filed by the Fresh Garlic Producers’ Association and its
individual members, Christopher Ranch L.L.C., Valley Garlic, The Garlic Company, and Vessey
and Company, Inc. (collectively, “FGPA”). Mem. of Law in Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. for J. on the
Agency R., DE 41 (“FGPA Br.”). For the reasons stated below, Commerce’s Final Results are
sustained in part and remanded in part.
BACKGROUND
In November 1994, Commerce issued an AD duty order covering fresh garlic from the
PRC. Antidumping Duty Order: Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China, 59 Fed.
Reg. 59,209, 59,209 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 16, 1994). Following requests from several
interested parties, Commerce initiated its eighteenth administrative review of that order on
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 4
December 31, 2012, with a period of review (“POR”) of November 1, 2011, through October 31,
2012.1 Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Request
for Revocation in Part, 77 Fed. Reg. 77,017, 77,019–22 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 31, 2012)
(“Initiation Notice”). On April 15, 2013, Commerce selected as mandatory respondents the two
largest exporters by volume, Golden Bird and Xinboda. Decision Memorandum for the
Preliminary Results of the 2011-2012 Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic
from the People’s Republic of China at 3, A-570-831, (Dec. 16, 2013), available at
http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2013-30660-1.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2015)
(“Preliminary I&D Memo”). Commerce issued the preliminary results of its administrative
review on December 24, 2013, assigning weighted-average margins (based on dollars per
kilogram) of $1.17 for Golden Bird, $1.76 for Xinboda, $1.47 for QXF and other separate rate
respondents, and $4.71 for the PRC-wide entity.2 Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of
China: Preliminary Results and Partial Rescission of the 18th Antidumping Duty Administrative
Review; 2011-2012, 78 Fed. Reg. 77,653, 77,654 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 24, 2013)
(“Preliminary Results”).

1
Commerce must annually review and determine the amount of an AD duty if it receives a
request to do so. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a) (2012).
2
In the non-market economy (“NME”) context, Commerce has adopted a rebuttable presumption
that all companies within the NME country are subject to government control and, thus, should
be assessed a single AD duty rate. Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary Results of the
2011-2012 Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic
of China at 5, A-570-831, (Dec. 16, 2013), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/
summary/prc/2013-30660-1.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2015) (“Preliminary I&D Memo”). Here,
because Commerce considers the PRC to be an NME, that rate is the PRC-wide rate.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 5
The PRC is considered by Commerce to be a non-market economy (“NME”). In
calculating a dumping margin for products from an NME country, Commerce compares the
goods’ normal value,3 derived from factors of production (“FOPs”) as valued in a surrogate
market economy (“ME”) country, to the goods’ export price.4 Commerce must use the “best
available information” in selecting surrogate data. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1)(B) (2012). The
surrogate data must “to the extent possible” be from a market economy country that is “at a level
of economic development comparable to that of the nonmarket economy country” and is a
“significant producer[] of comparable merchandise.” Id. at § 1677b(c)(4).
In May 2013, Commerce placed on the record a list of potential surrogate countries based
on economic comparability to the PRC, which included Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, the
Philippines, South Africa, and Thailand. Preliminary I&D Memo at 9. Commerce compiled this
list based on World Bank per capita gross national income (“GNI”) data. See id. at 9–10. Next,
Commerce narrowed its list by identifying countries that it considered to be significant producers
of fresh garlic. Id. at 10. To this end, Commerce eliminated Costa Rica due to its lack of garlic

3
Normal value is
the price at which the foreign like product is first sold . . . for consumption in the
exporting country, in the usual commercial quantities and in the ordinary course of
trade and, to the extent practicable, at the same level of trade as the export price or
constructed export price,
“at a time reasonably corresponding to the time of the sale used to determine the export price or
constructed export price.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(A),(B)(i).
4
Export price is “the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold . . . before the date of
importation by the producer or exporter of the subject merchandise outside of the United States
to an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States or to an unaffiliated purchaser for exportation to
the United States[.]” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 6
production in 2011 and South Africa because of conflicting data concerning whether or not it had
fresh garlic production in 2011. Id. at 10–11. Commerce then determined that of the remaining
surrogate countries, the Philippines offered the best quality data, and selected it as the surrogate
country. Id. at 12.
With respect to the calculation of surrogate values, in its preliminary determination,
Commerce excluded from the pricing data all imports from NME countries and countries that
maintain broadly available, non-industry specific export subsidies. Id. at 17. To value the raw
garlic bulb input, Commerce relied on farm gate prices,5 and for labor, Commerce relied on data
from the International Labor Organization (“ILO”). Id. at 18.
In April 2014, after the Preliminary Results, but before the Final Results, FGPA alleged
that Golden Bird had misreported its fresh garlic sales for the POR. Issues and Decision
Memorandum for the Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic
from the People’s Republic of China; 2011-2012 Administrative Review at 2, A-570-831, (Jun.
23, 2014), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2014-15279-1.pdf (last
visited Nov. 18, 2015) (“I&D Memo”). In the Final Results, issued on June 30, 2014, Commerce
determined that it was within its discretion to accept FGPA’s untimely allegations. Id. at 30–31;

5
In valuing the raw garlic bulb as an input for fresh garlic, Commerce used the intermediate
input valuation methodology. Preliminary I&D Memo at 18. When using this methodology,
Commerce “choos[es] to apply a surrogate value to an intermediate input instead of the
individual FOPs used to produce that intermediate input.” Fresh Garlic from the People’s
Republic of China: Preliminary Results and Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty
Administrative Review and Preliminary Results of New Shipper Reviews, 70 Fed. Reg. 69,942,
69,947 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 18, 2005). Here, Commerce calculated normal value by starting
with the surrogate value for the raw garlic bulb and “adjusting for yield losses during the
processing stages, and adding the respondent’s processing costs, which were calculated using its
reported usage rate for processing fresh garlic.” Preliminary I&D Memo at 16–17.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 7
Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 36,722. After issuing a supplemental questionnaire, which Golden
Bird did not complete to Commerce’s satisfaction, Commerce selected total adverse facts
available (“total AFA”)6 for Golden Bird. I&D Memo at 33. Commerce selected the PRC-wide
rate of $4.71 as Golden Bird’s total AFA rate. Id. at 39.
For the Final Results, Commerce continued to use the Philippines as the surrogate
country. Id. at 10. Commerce also continued to exclude NME country and export subsidy
country data from the import statistics used to calculate surrogate values. Id. at 14–15.
Additionally, Commerce continued to rely on ILO data to calculate the labor surrogate value and
farm gate prices to calculate the raw garlic bulb surrogate value. Id. at 17, 21. Finally,
Commerce determined that net weight, as opposed to gross weight, was more accurate for
calculating surrogate values for Philippine importers’ total input costs for fresh garlic production.
Id. at 18–19. The Final Results assigned dumping margins of $1.82 to Xinboda, QXF, and other
separate rate respondents, and $4.71 for the PRC-wide entity, which included Golden Bird. See
Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 36,723.
With respect to Goodman, in the Preliminary Results, Commerce did not consider it for
separate rate (non-PRC-wide entity) treatment stating,

6
Although the phrase “total AFA” is not referenced in either the statute or the agency’s
regulations, it can be understood, within the context of this case, as referring to Commerce’s
application of the “facts otherwise available” and “adverse inferences” provisions of 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677e to arrive at a total replacement margin. If Commerce determines
that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability
to comply with a request for information from [Commerce, Commerce, in
calculating a dumping margin], may use an inference that is adverse to the interests
of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.
19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 8
[a]lthough Goodman had shipments during the POR of this administrative review,
these shipments are being analyzed in a concurrent new shipper review. Therefore,
Goodman will not be analyzed for the purposes of a separate rate in this review but
will maintain the rate it received from its new shipper review.
Preliminary I&D Memo at 6 (footnote omitted). In the Final Results, Commerce determined that
because it had concluded in the contemporaneous new shipper review (“NSR”) that Goodman
did not have any bona fide sales during the POR, it could not qualify for a separate rate in the
administrative review. I&D Memo at 40–41. Commerce thus rescinded the administrative
review for Goodman and ordered that “[a]ny entries entered during this POR shall liquidate as
entered.” Id.
The parties challenge several aspects of Commerce’s Final Results. Golden Bird disputes
three of Commerce’s decisions. First, Golden Bird challenges Commerce’s determination that
Golden Bird failed to cooperate to the best of its ability and subsequent selection of total AFA.
Golden Bird Br. at 16–20. Second, Golden Bird contests Commerce’s selection of the PRC-wide
rate as its total AFA rate. Id. at 20–28. Third, Golden Bird claims that Commerce’s so called
“15-day policy”7 is unlawful. Id. at 28–34.
Goodman challenges two of Commerce’s determinations. First, Goodman disputes
Commerce’s rescission of its administrative review, arguing that a lack of bona fide sales is an
insufficient reason to rescind a review. Goodman Br. at 9–10. Second, and alternatively,
Goodman contests Commerce’s application and calculation of the PRC-wide rate. Id. at 11–15.

7
This refers to Commerce’s policy of issuing liquidation instructions to U.S. Customs and
Border Protection (“Customs”) fifteen days after the publication of its Final Results. Golden
Bird Br. at 28–29.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 9
QXF and Xinboda each challenge two of Commerce’s decisions. First, both parties
contest Commerce’s selection of the Philippines as the PRC’s surrogate country. QXF Br. at 7–
10; Xinboda Br. at 3–41. Second, QXF and Xinboda otherwise challenge whether Commerce
satisfied its statutory duty to use the best available information to calculate surrogate values for
fresh garlic production. QXF Br. at 10–17; Xinboda Br. at 41–45. Finally, FGPA challenges
Commerce’s use of farm gate prices in calculating the surrogate value of the raw garlic bulb
input. FGPA Br. at 17–27.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). Commerce’s final results in
an administrative review of an AD duty order are upheld unless they are “unsupported by
substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).
DISCUSSION
I. Golden Bird
A. Specific Facts
In the Preliminary Results, Commerce determined that Golden Bird was independent of
Chinese governmental control, selected it as a mandatory respondent, and assigned it a separate
rate of $1.17 per kilogram. See Preliminary Results, 78 Fed. Reg. at 77,653–54. On April 7,
2014, after the Preliminary Results were published, FGPA submitted factual allegations that
Golden Bird’s Section A responses were incorrect because the volume of shipments included
items not reported to Chinese customs. Petitioners’ Request for Investigation of Substantial
Discrepancies Between Golden Bird’s Volume of POR Exports Reported to Commerce/CBP and
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 10
Chinese Customs Authorities, bar code 3194440 (Apr. 7, 2014) (“Petitioners’ Golden Bird
Export Volume Request”). Commerce accepted FGPA’s untimely8 request and asked Golden
Bird to verify the amount of garlic it exported by producing the China Export Declaration Forms
(“CEDFs”) for all shipments through a supplemental questionnaire. Suppl. Quest., bar code
3200154-01 (May 7, 2014) (“Golden Bird Suppl. Quest.”). Commerce also accepted FGPA’s
designation of the data underlying FGPA’s allegations as business proprietary information
(“BPI”). I&D Memo at 31. Commerce granted Golden Bird two extensions of time, until May
23, 2014, to submit the information. See Resp. to First Ext. Req., PD 335 (May 9, 2014); Resp.
to Suppl. Quest. at 1, PD 350 (May 23, 2014). When Golden Bird was unable to produce
sufficient evidence to substantiate its reported sales quantity, Commerce determined that Golden
Bird had significantly impeded the proceedings and that it could not trust any of Golden Bird’s
submissions, including its Separate Rate Certification. I&D Memo at 33–39. Thus, in its final
determination, Commerce determined that Golden Bird had failed to cooperate to the best of its
ability, selected total AFA, and assigned Golden Bird the PRC-wide rate of $4.71 per kilogram.
Id. at 39.
Golden Bird argues that Commerce’s decision to allow FGPA to file new allegations long
past the deadline for submitting information was an abuse of discretion, and that Commerce’s
designation of the data relied on by FGPA in making the untimely allegations as BPI was
improper and denied Golden Bird due process. Golden Bird Br. at 16–18. Golden Bird further
argues that Commerce improperly selected total AFA because Golden Bird cooperated to the

8
The parties agree FGPA’s submission was untimely. Golden Bird Br. at 6; see Def.’s Resp. to
Pl.’s Mots. for J. upon the Agency R. 15–16, ECF No. 57 (“Gov. Br.”).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 11
best of its ability and was not given a sufficient amount of time in which to comply with
Commerce’s request for information.9 Id. at 18–20. In challenging its total AFA rate, Golden
Bird argues that Commerce improperly disregarded its Separate Rate Certification and assigned
Golden Bird the PRC-wide rate, which is unconnected to commercial reality and uncorroborated.
Id. at 20–28. Finally, Golden Bird argues that Commerce’s 15-day policy is unlawful because it
conflicts with the AD statute, Commerce’s regulations, and the court’s jurisdictional rules. Id. at
28–34.
The government responds that Commerce properly allowed FGPA’s late allegations, and
that the designation of the data as BPI was proper and did not deny Golden Bird its due process
rights. Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mots. for J. upon the Agency R. 19–23, ECF No. 57 (“Gov. Br.”).
The government also argues that Commerce properly selected total AFA, given the significant
discrepancies in Golden Bird’s submissions and Golden Bird’s failure to cooperate to the best of
its ability. Id. at 23, 26–31. The government further responds that, because none of Golden
Bird’s submissions could be considered, Commerce properly selected the PRC-wide rate as
Golden Bird’s total AFA rate. Id. at 31. The government also argues that Commerce properly
selected and corroborated the PRC-wide rate. Id. at 31, 33–37. Finally, the government argues
that the court does not have jurisdiction over Golden Bird’s 15-day policy challenge, and that
even if it did, the policy is lawful. Id. at 60–69.

9
Golden Bird also argues that the allegations were based on unreliable data. As discussed in the
I&D Memo, however, Commerce issued the supplemental questionnaire not based on the data
alone, but on the documented allegation, irregularities in Golden Bird’s reporting, and concerns
from Commerce’s prior Golden Bird verification. See I&D Memo at 31.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 12
The court holds that Commerce’s decision to allow the untimely allegations, designation
of the supporting data as BPI, and selection of total AFA are supported by substantial evidence.
Commerce’s selection of the PRC-wide rate as Golden Bird’s total AFA rate because it
considered Golden Bird part of the PRC, however, is not supported by substantial evidence and
the court remands the calculation of Golden Bird’s AFA rate to Commerce for recalculation.
The court also holds that it does not have jurisdiction over Golden Bird’s 15-day policy
challenge.
B. Acceptance of FGPA Allegations
1. Untimeliness
Under 19 C.F.R. § 351.301(b)(2) (2011), the deadline for submitting factual allegations is
140 days after the anniversary month of the AD duty order. Commerce has “discretion in
setting, extending, and enforcing deadlines” for submissions. Artisan Mfg. Corp. v. United
States, 978 F. Supp. 2d 1334, 1342 (CIT 2014). Commerce may extend a deadline for “good
cause.” See 19 C.F.R. § 351.302(b) (2011).10 Though that discretion is not unlimited, where
there is evidence of fraud, Commerce should consider the evidence even when submitted late in
the proceeding. See Home Prods. Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 633 F.3d 1369, 1377–78 (Fed. Cir.
2011) (noting that Commerce has the ability to reopen an AD administrative review when fraud
allegations arise); Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd. v. United States, 529 F.3d 1352, 1361 (Fed. Cir.

10
The regulation has since been amended to require a showing of “extraordinary circumstances”
for an untimely filed extension request. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.302(c) (2014). Because Commerce
initiated the administrative review under consideration on December 31, 2012, Initiation Notice,
77 Fed. Reg. 77,019–22, the amended regulation, which applies to segments “initiated on or after
October 21, 2013” is not applicable here. Extension of Time Limit, 78 Fed. Reg. 57,790, 57,790
(Dep’t Commerce Sept. 20, 2013). Golden Bird does not argue that FGPA was required to show
extraordinary circumstances.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 13
2008) (“An agency’s power to reconsider is even more fundamental when . . . it is exercised to
protect the integrity of its own proceedings from fraud.”); US Magnesium LLC v. United States,
895 F. Supp. 2d 1319, 1325 (CIT 2013) (holding that Commerce abused its discretion where it
failed to address evidence of fraud raised while the record was still open).
Here, Commerce did not abuse its discretion in allowing the late allegations from FGPA.
FGPA certified that it did not have the information earlier in the proceeding, and Golden Bird
has not provided evidence that FGPA had the information prior to submitting it. More
importantly, the allegations raised serious questions about the veracity of Golden Bird’s
submissions and the possibility that Golden Bird was engaged in fraudulent activity. Namely, if
the discrepancy between the volumes of goods reported to Chinese authorities and U.S. Customs
and Border Protection (“Customs”) was due to the fact that Golden Bird was allowing other
Chinese exporters to benefit from its separate rate status, it could indicate a perverse and
fraudulent scheme to avoid AD duties. A concern about such a scheme meets the good cause
standard for extending a time limit. Additionally, nothing in the regulations precluded
Commerce from accepting the late submission. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.302(b). Commerce’s
determination that FGPA presented sufficient good cause to accept the late submission is
sustained.
2. Designation of FGPA Submissions as “Business Proprietary Information”
When a party designates information as BPI in a submission, Commerce may not disclose
that information without the party’s consent. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f(b)(1)(A). “If [Commerce]
determines, on the basis of the nature and extent of the information or its availability from public
sources, that designation of [the] information as [BPI] is unwarranted,” then Commerce may ask
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 14
the submitting party to explain why the designation is warranted. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f(b)(2).
Here, Commerce did not determine that the designation was unwarranted.
FGPA had a legitimate concern that disclosure of the information would harm its
competitive position because the identity of the foreign researcher who gathered the information
was important to its business. In Max Fortune Industrial Ltd. v. United States, the court upheld
the treatment of the name of a researcher as BPI because to reveal the name “could prove a
danger to the researcher and the researcher’s methods of obtaining information in the future.”
853 F. Supp. 2d 1258, 1266 (CIT 2012). The court noted that counsel in that case had access to
the relevant information under the Administrative Protective Order (“APO”) and that the party in
that case “was provided with sufficient public information to have notice of, and respond to, the
allegations made against it.” Id. at 1267. The same is true here. Golden Bird’s counsel had
access to the information under the APO and Golden Bird was provided with the total Chinese
shipment information such that it had notice of, and could adequately respond to, the allegation
that the Chinese shipment volumes did not match its Section A responses. See Golden Bird’s
Cmts. on Petitioners’ Export Volume Request at 2–4, barcode 3196023 (Apr. 16, 2014); Pls.’
Reply to the Resps. of Def. and Def.-Intvrs. to Pls.’ Rule 56.2 Mots. for J. upon the Agency R. at
8–9, ECF No. 65 (“Golden Bird and Goodman Reply Br.”). Disclosure of the researcher’s
identity could prevent that researcher from assisting FGPA in the future, to the detriment of
FGPA’s business. Accordingly, Commerce’s decision not to challenge FGPA’s designation of
the information as BPI is supported by substantial evidence.
Additionally, the designation of the information as BPI did not deny Golden Bird due
process because Golden Bird had notice of Commerce’s decision and an opportunity to respond
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 15
to the allegations. See Sichuan Changhong Elec. Co. v. United States, 30 CIT 1886, 1890, 466
F. Supp. 2d 1323, 1327 (2006) (holding that in order to succeed on a due process claim the party
had to show that its opportunity to be heard was “unreasonably curtailed”). The public version
of FGPA’s submission contained the relevant information, namely the total quantity of fresh
garlic reported to Chinese authorities and the amount of the alleged discrepancy between that
quantity and the quantity reported to Customs. See Petitioners’ Golden Bird Export Volume
Request at 2. Further, the data concerned Golden Bird’s own shipping information, and Golden
Bird presumably had access to the same information from internal sources. Thus, Golden Bird
had sufficient notice of the information contained in the allegation to rebut it. Golden Bird was
also allowed to present arguments against the BPI treatment of the data as well as the underlying
factual allegations before Commerce. See Golden Bird’s Cmts. on Petitioners’ Export Volume
Request at 5–7. Accordingly, its opportunity to be heard was not unreasonably curtailed.
Because Golden Bird had access to the relevant information and had an opportunity to be heard
to rebut the information, there was no due process violation and Commerce’s determination is
supported by substantial evidence.
C. Selection of Total Adverse Facts Available
By statute, Commerce shall use facts otherwise available if a party:
(A) withholds information that has been requested by [Commerce],
(B) fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission of the
information or in the form and manner requested . . . ,
(C) significantly impedes a proceeding . . . , or
(D) provides such information but the information cannot be verified . . . .
19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2). Commerce may apply an adverse inference in selecting from the facts
otherwise available if the party “has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 16
comply with a request for information.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). This is referred to as applying
AFA. Commerce has discretion over whether to apply or not apply AFA. See AK Steel Corp. v.
United States, 28 CIT 1408, 1416–17, 346 F. Supp. 2d 1348, 1355 (2004). The issue of whether
a respondent has acted to the best of its ability and whether applying AFA is appropriate
“amounts to a line-drawing exercise that is precisely the type of discretion left within the
agency’s domain.” Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe Co. v. United States, 31 CIT 794, 812 (2007)
(quoting Boading Yude Chem. Indus. Co. v. United States, 25 CIT 1118, 1126, 170 F. Supp. 2d
1335, 1343 (2001)) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
The Federal Circuit has described the application of AFA as a two part inquiry. First,
Commerce must determine whether it has received less than the full and complete facts needed
to make a determination because a party has failed to provide requested information within the
deadline for submission. Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1381 (Fed. Cir.
2003). If so, Commerce must fill gaps in the record with facts otherwise available. Id. The
focus of this first inquiry is whether a party failed to provide information; a party’s reason for
that failure is irrelevant. Id. Commerce is permitted to draw an adverse inference, however,
only if it makes the second, separate determination that the respondent “has failed to cooperate
by not acting to the best of its ability to comply.” Id. Commerce is also required by statute to
provide a party with the opportunity to correct deficient responses prior to applying AFA. 19
U.S.C. § 1677m(d).
A respondent fails to cooperate to the best of its ability when it fails “to do the maximum
it is able to do.” Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382. The standard in 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) “does
not condone inattentiveness, carelessness, or inadequate record keeping.” Id. In determining
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 17
whether a party has failed to do the maximum it is able to do, Commerce employs another two-
part test. Id. at 1382. First, Commerce “make[s] an objective showing that a reasonable and
responsible importer would have known that the requested information was required to be kept
and maintained under the applicable statutes, rules, and regulations.” Id. Second, Commerce
make[s] a subjective showing that the respondent under investigation not only has
failed to promptly produce the requested information, but further that the failure to
fully respond is the result of the respondent’s lack of cooperation in either:
(a) failing to keep and maintain all required records, or (b) failing to put forth its
maximum efforts to investigate and obtain the requested information from its
records.
Id. at 1382–83.
Depending on the severity of a party’s failure to respond to a request for information and
failure to cooperate to the best of its ability, Commerce may select either partial or total AFA.
Generally, the “use of partial facts available is not appropriate when the missing information is
core to the antidumping analysis and leaves little room for the substitution of partial facts
without undue difficulty.” Mukand, Ltd. v. United States, 767 F.3d 1300, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
Where there are “pervasive and persistent deficiencies that cut across all aspects of the data,” all
of the reported information may be unreliable, making total AFA appropriate. See Zhejiang
DunAn Hetian Metal Co. v. United States, 652 F.3d 1333, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2011).
Commerce’s selection of AFA is supported by substantial evidence. First, Commerce’s
determination that Golden Bird’s response to its supplemental questionnaire was deficient is
supported by substantial evidence. Golden Bird produced partially completed CEDFs for only a
fraction of the sales during the POR. See Golden Bird Suppl. Quest. Resp. at 1, barcode
3204165 (May 23, 2014) (indicating that Golden Bird was providing “some” of the requested
CEDFs). The documents Golden Bird did produce lacked the official stamps and indicia of
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 18
authenticity that would allow the documents to be verified. See id. at Ex. 3; see also I&D Memo
at 33. Further, Golden Bird admitted to intentionally reporting false pricing information on the
documents submitted. Golden Bird Rebuttal Br. at 7–8, barcode 3208559 (Jun. 12, 2014).
Accordingly, it was reasonable for Commerce to determine that Golden Bird failed to comply
with Commerce’s request for information, thereby significantly impeding the proceeding.
Second, Commerce provided Golden Bird with an adequate opportunity to cure its
deficient response. Golden Bird acknowledged in its Supplemental Questionnaire Response that
it was not providing Commerce with all of the requested documentation, attempted to justify its
deficient response, and argued that it would have been able to provide a more adequate response
had it been given more time. Golden Bird Suppl. Quest. Resp. at 4–5. Commerce determined
that Golden Bird’s justifications were unsubstantiated and unsatisfactory, and hence, that no
additional time to respond was warranted. I&D Memo at 34–38. Commerce’s rejection of
Golden Bird’s explanations was reasonable. Golden Bird claimed that the CEDFs could not be
recovered in the amount of time allotted because they were retained by the numerous export
agents Golden Bird used but, provided no evidence that it used numerous export agents, or that it
had attempted to contact such agents to obtain the CEDFs. Golden Bird Suppl. Quest. Resp. at
3–4; I&D Memo at 35. Golden Bird also claimed that it did not retain the CEDFs because of
office space concerns, despite the fact that the documents could have been stored electronically,
and were required to be maintained under Chinese regulations. See id. at 36–37. Additionally,
Golden Bird acknowledges that the forms it did provide contained intentional inaccuracies. See
Golden Bird Rebuttal Br. at 7–8. Further, Golden Bird’s alternative method of verifying its
reported volume was insufficient, as it failed to account for over half of Golden Bird’s reported
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 19
sales. See Golden Bird Suppl. Quest. Resp. at 4–5; Golden Bird and Goodman Reply at 10.
With respect to the amount of time Golden Bird had to respond, not only did Golden Bird receive
two time extensions, but it received double the amount of time parties typically have to prepare
for verification. I&D Memo at 34. Verification is a far more intensive review process, and
Commerce routinely requests export licenses similar to the CEDFs requested in the
Supplemental Questionnaire during verification. Id. Golden Bird thus had the opportunity to
explain its failure to comply with the information request in the Supplemental Questionnaire, and
Commerce acted reasonably in determining that its explanations were lacking.11
Third, Commerce’s determination that Golden Bird failed to cooperate to the best of its
ability is supported by substantial evidence. As discussed above, Golden Bird’s explanations for
failing to file all of the requested CEDFs are unsubstantiated and unreasonable. See I&D Memo
at 35–37; Golden Bird Suppl. Quest. Resp. at 3–4 (indicating that if any export agent was used,
the same export agent was used for each shipment and failing to explain why documents could

11
The court notes that although Commerce specifically noted that Golden Bird’s response to its
Supplemental Questionnaire was deficient, in determining whether Golden Bird was provided
with notice and given an adequate opportunity to correct its deficient response, Commerce stated
that it “allowed Golden Bird to provide documentation to support what appeared to be a deficient
section A response.” I&D Memo at 34. Thus, it is not abundantly clear whether Commerce is
resting its determination on the deficient nature of Golden Bird’s Section A Response or
Supplemental Questionnaire Response. Such lack of clarity, however, does not render
Commerce’s determination unsupported by substantial evidence.
Golden Bird does not argue that Commerce failed to follow 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) in
selecting total AFA. If Golden Bird’s deficient response was its Section A Response, the
Supplemental Questionnaire provided a sufficient opportunity for Golden Bird to remedy or
explain the deficiency. If the deficient response was the Supplemental Questionnaire Response,
Golden Bird likely still received an adequate opportunity to remedy or explain the deficiency,
given the time constraints Commerce was operating under, the late nature of the allegations, the
two time extensions granted, and the fact that Golden Bird acknowledged its response was
deficient and attempted to justify such deficiency in the Supplemental Questionnaire Response.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 20
not have been stored electronically). As the CEDFs that Golden Bird failed to produce are
required to be maintained for three years by Chinese customs regulations, Golden Bird’s failure
to maintain them is evidence of its failure to cooperate to the best of its ability. I&D Memo at
38–39. Golden Bird maintains that it acted to the best of its ability because it provided
alternative evidence that it was the exporter of the quantity of fresh garlic reported. Golden Bird
Br. at 19. This alternate evidence, however, only accounted for a portion of the alleged Golden
Bird sales. Accordingly, the alternative evidence did nothing to cure the deficient response.12
Golden Bird did not explain why it did not supply alternative evidence for all of its alleged
shipments. The acknowledged price discrepancies between the evidence Golden Bird submitted
in its Supplemental Questionnaire Response and reported to Customs further indicate that
Golden Bird was not completely candid with Commerce, and are additional evidence of Golden
Bird’s failure to cooperate to the best of its ability. Thus, none of Golden Bird’s arguments
attempting to rationalize or explain its failure to provide the requested documents are persuasive;
accordingly, Commerce’s decision to select AFA is supported by substantial evidence.
Given the severity of Golden Bird’s failure to cooperate and the centrality of the deficient
response to the calculation of a dumping margin, Commerce properly selected total AFA.
Golden Bird’s sales volume is fundamental to the AD analysis, and was a critical component in
Golden Bird’s selection as a mandatory respondent. I&D Memo at 38–39. It is thus akin to the
failure to provide product-specific sales and cost data, which the Federal Circuit determined was

12
Golden Bird attempts to argue that the Chinese customs data is inaccurate and is responsible
for the discrepancies between the reported volumes. Golden Bird Br. at 19. In fact, the amount
reported in the Supplemental Questionnaire Response is closer to the amount reported to Chinese
customs than it is to the amount reported to Customs and listed in Golden Bird’s Section A
Response. I&D Memo at 27.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 21
sufficient to select total AFA in Mukand, Ltd. v. United States, 767 F.3d at 1307. Because the
sales data concerned the entire POR, this case is also distinguishable from Zhejiang DunAn
Hetian Metal Co. v. United States, where Commerce selected partial AFA to account for
discrepancies in sales volume for one month of the period of investigation. 652 F.3d at 1345–46,
1348 (reversing selection of partial AFA on other grounds). Further, Golden Bird’s argument
that it substantially complied with Commerce’s document request is meritless; Golden Bird
acknowledges that the documents submitted account for less than half of its reported sales
volume. Golden Bird and Goodman Reply at 10. Additionally, the fact that Golden Bird
intentionally submitted false pricing information also supports Commerce’s determination that
all of Golden Bird’s sales information was unreliable. See Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares
& Hardware Co. v. United States, Slip Op. 11-123, 2011 WL 4829947, at *14 (CIT Oct. 12,
2011) (holding that total AFA was appropriate where deficient responses concerned a substantial
portion of a party’s production inputs); Shanghai Taoen Int’l Trading Co. v. United States, 29
CIT 189, 199 n.13, 360 F. Supp. 2d 1339, 1348 n.13 (2005) (upholding selection of total AFA
where inconsistencies concerned the identity of a party’s suppliers). Thus, Commerce’s decision
to select total AFA is supported by substantial evidence.
D. Selection of the PRC-Wide Rate
As discussed above, Commerce’s selection of total AFA is supported by substantial
evidence; Commerce’s further selection of the PRC-wide rate, however, is not. Commerce
improperly ignored Golden Bird’s Separate Rate Certification in selecting the PRC-wide rate as
Golden Bird’s total AFA rate.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 22
1. Commerce’s Calculation
In an AD review of products from an NME country, Commerce employs a presumption
of state control. See Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1372 (Fed.
Cir. 2003). Unless a party rebuts the presumption by establishing de jure and de facto
independence from the NME country’s government, that party is assigned a country-wide AD
duty rate. Sigma Corp. v. United States, 117 F.3d 1401, 1405 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Peer Bearing
Co.-Changshan v. United States, 32 CIT 1307, 1309, 587 F. Supp. 2d 1319, 1324 (2008). Once a
party has demonstrated its independence and been granted a separate rate in one segment of the
proceeding, it can demonstrate its separate rate status eligibility by filing a separate rate
certification stating that it continues to meet the criteria for obtaining a separate rate. See
Initiation Notice, 77 Fed. Reg. at 77,018–19.
Golden Bird filed a separate rate certification, which Commerce determined was
sufficient in the Preliminary Results. See Preliminary I&D Memo at 6, 8. Commerce thus had
previously determined that Golden Bird was entitled to a separate rate and preliminarily
determined that Golden Bird continued to meet the criteria for obtaining a separate rate. See id.
at 6. The government argues that because of the pervasive nature of Golden Bird’s failure to act
to the best of its ability, Commerce could not rely on the information in Golden Bird’s Separate
Rate Certification in the Final Results. Gov. Br. at 31. According to Commerce’s logic, because
the only information on the record in the administrative review of Golden Bird’s independence
from government control was contained in the Separate Rate Certification that Commerce
disregarded, Golden Bird failed to rebut the presumption of government control and was
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 23
properly assigned the PRC-wide rate. See id. The government’s argument improperly conflates
the separate rate analysis with the selection of an AFA rate.
The court has held that the separate rate analysis is separate and distinct from the
selection of an AFA rate. Yantai Xinke Steel Structure Co. v. United States, Slip Op. 12-95,
2012 WL 2930182, at *14 (CIT July 18, 2012) (“This Court has consistently held that it is
unreasonable for Commerce to impute the unreliability of a company’s questionnaire responses
and submissions concerning its factors of production and/or U.S. sales to its separate rate
responses when there is no evidence on the record indicating that the latter were false,
incomplete, or otherwise deficient.”). Commerce cannot ignore a party’s separate rate
information solely because it selects total AFA, due to defects related to sales data. Foshan
Shunde, 2011 WL 4829947 at *16; Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co. v. United States, Slip Op.
10-108, 2010 WL 3982277, *5–6 (CIT Sept. 27, 2010); Qingdao Taifa Grp. Co. v. United States,
33 CIT 1090, 1098, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1231, 1240–41 (2009); Shandong Huarong Gen. Grp. Corp.
v. United States, 27 CIT 1568, 1595–96 (2003). Commerce’s determination that a party is not
entitled to a separate rate because its separate rate information is unreliable must be based on
substantial evidence. See Gerber Food (Yunnan) Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 753, 772, 387 F.
Supp. 2d 1270, 1287 (2005). When Commerce fails to make findings that a respondent’s
separate rate responses were inaccurate or deficient, its denial of a separate rate is unsupported
by substantial evidence. Yantai Xinke, 2012 WL 2930182 at *14.
Here, Commerce, having found the Separate Rate Certification sufficient, failed to make
a new finding that Golden Bird’s Separate Rate Certification was deficient in any respect. In
fact, Commerce’s determination to disregard Golden Bird’s Separate Rate Certification was
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 24
limited to two sentences in the I&D Memo. I&D Memo at 39 (“Because we determine that the
entirety of Golden Bird’s information is unusable, including its separate rate information, we
find that Golden Bird has not demonstrated its eligibility for separate rate status. As a result, for
purposes of these final results, we are treating Golden Bird as part of the PRC-wide entity.”).
Thus, Commerce’s rejection of Golden Bird’s separate rate status is based solely on the
discrepancies in its questionnaire responses and supplemental questionnaire responses related to
sales volume, neither of which concerned Golden Bird’s independence from government control.
To suddenly decide that Golden Bird, which has long been considered to be independent, see,
e.g., Fresh Garlic Producers Ass’n v. United States, 83 F. Supp. 3d 1330, 1332 (CIT 2015), is
part of the Chinese government because of sales data defects smacks of punishment. The general
presumption of state control is tenuous at best and rejecting Golden Bird’s rebuttal evidence on
the discrete point of government control is not reasonable. Remand is thus appropriate in this
case, as Commerce’s determination is not based on record evidence specific to the question of
whether Golden Bird is subject to state control. See Gerber Food, 29 CIT at 772, 387 F. Supp.
2d at 1287.
2. Applicable Law
The parties do not agree as to the applicable law for selecting a separate rate for Golden
Bird. On June 29, 2015, President Obama signed the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015
(“the Act”). Pub. L. No. 114-27, 129 Stat. 362 (2015). Section 502 of the Act (“§ 502” or
“Section 502”) amends 19 U.S.C. § 1677e, which sets the standard by which Commerce may
select AFA rates. Id. § 502, 129 Stat. at 383–84. Namely, § 502 significantly reduces the burden
for corroborating an AFA rate, as Commerce does not have to corroborate an AD duty rate that
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 25
has been applied in a separate segment of the same proceeding. Commerce is also no longer
required to tie an AD duty margin to the “commercial reality” of the interested party. Compare
id. § 502(d)(3), 129 Stat. at 384 (“If [Commerce] uses an adverse inference . . . [Commerce] is
not required . . . to demonstrate that the . . . dumping margin used by [Commerce] reflects an
alleged commercial reality of the interested party.”), with Gallant Ocean (Thai.) Co. v. United
States, 602 F.3d 1319, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“Although Commerce has discretion in choosing
from a list of secondary information to support its adverse inferences, Commerce must select
secondary information that has some grounding in commercial reality.”).
Given the significant changes to the statute outlined in § 502, whether the Act applies to
the court’s remand affects whether Commerce is required to corroborate Golden Bird’s AFA rate
and link it to Golden Bird’s commercial reality and whether separate rate status has any practical
significance in a total AFA situation. For example, in Qingdao Taifa Group Co. v. United States,
the court held that Commerce could not select a PRC-wide rate as an AFA rate when the party
had established its independence from government control, even where the selection of AFA was
appropriate in other respects. 33 CIT at 1098–99, 637 F. Supp. 2d at 1240–42. The court stated,
“[b]ecause an AFA rate must bear some relationship to the respondent’s actual dumping margin,
Commerce’s ability to apply the PRC-wide rate as respondent’s AFA rate is limited.” Id. at
1098, 637 F. Supp. 2d at 1240.
Under Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, courts are instructed “to apply the
law in effect at the time it renders its decision.” 416 U.S. 696, 711 (1974). A statute will not be
given retroactive effect, however, unless there is clear congressional intent, effectively creating a
presumption against retroactivity. Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 270 (1994).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 26
When a statute does not have express retroactive language, the court determines whether
applying the statute to the case at hand would allow the statute to have retroactive effect. Id. at
280. Retroactive effect is determined by looking at whether applying the statute “would impair
rights a party possessed when he acted, increase a party’s liability for past conduct, or impose
new duties with respect to transactions already completed. If the statute would operate
retroactively, our traditional presumption teaches that it does not govern absent clear
congressional intent favoring such a result.” Id. In Republic of Austria v. Altmann, the Supreme
Court described this inquiry as whether the relevant activity that the statute regulates occurred
after the effective date of the statute. 541 U.S. 677, 697 n.17 (2004) (quoting Landgraf, 511 U.S.
at 291 (Scalia, J., concurring)). In Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales, the court stated that a
retroactive consequence of applying a statute would “affect[] substantive rights, liabilities, or
duties on the basis of conduct arising before its enactment.” 548 U.S. 30, 37 (2006) (quoting
Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 278) (internal brackets omitted).
The parties agree that § 502 does not apply to the court’s present review of the Final
Results. Cmts. on Ct.’s Letter of July 30, 2015 5–7, ECF No. 78 (Sept. 3, 2015) (“Golden Bird,
Goodman, and QXF Suppl. Br.”); Consol. Pl. Shenzhen Xinboda Indus. Co., Ltd. Suppl. Br. in
Resp. to Ct.’s Questions 2–3, ECF No. 79 (Sept. 3, 2015) (“Xinboda Suppl. Br.”); Domestic
Indus.’s Resp. to the Ct.’s July 30, 2015 Letter Requesting Suppl. Briefing 3–4, ECF No. 80
(Sept. 3, 2015) (“FGPA Suppl. Br.”); Def.’s Resp. to the Ct.’s July 30, 2015 Order Requesting
Suppl. Briefing 3, ECF No. 81 (Sept. 3, 2015) (“Gov. Suppl. Br.”). The parties disagree,
however, as to whether § 502 will apply to a remand determination. The government concedes
that the relevant portions of the Act do not have any retroactive language and are not intended to
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 27
apply retroactively. Gov. Suppl. Br. at 4–5. Instead, the government argues that because a
remand determination is a new action by Commerce, as opposed to an action by a party, the
application of § 502 to a remand determination is not retroactive. Id. FGPA agrees with the
government that Commerce may apply the Act on remand without retroactive effect. FGPA
Suppl. Br. at 4–5. Golden Bird argues that applying § 502 on remand would improperly convert
the Act from being remedial to punitive, and would be a retroactive application. Golden Bird,
Goodman, and QXF Suppl. Br. at 5–7.
Section 502 does not have an express effective date. Commerce issued an interpretive
rule indicating that the Act is to have prospective effect only, and that § 502 will apply to
determinations made by Commerce on or after August 6, 2015. Dates of Application of
Amendments to the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws Made by the Trade Preferences
Extension Act of 2015, 80 Fed. Reg. 46,793, 46,794 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 6, 2015)
(“Interpretive Rule”). The Federal Circuit recently held that § 502 has prospective effect and
does not apply to “final administrative determinations that remain subject to judicial review.”
Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 802 F.3d 1339, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2015)
(“Ad Hoc Shrimp”). Accordingly, as the Final Results are a “final administrative determination”
currently subject to judicial review, and predate the enactment of the Act, the court did not apply
§ 502 in reviewing the Final Results.
Although the Federal Circuit did not directly address whether § 502 applies to remand
determinations in Ad Hoc Shrimp, the analysis the court conducted in holding that § 502 does
not apply to determinations currently subject to judicial review is instructive. Id. at 1351 n.12.
In holding that § 502 operates prospectively, the court noted that “[a] statute shall not be given
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 28
retroactive effect unless such construction is required by explicit language or by necessary
implication.” Id. at 1349 (quoting Fernandez-Vargas, 548 U.S. at 37). The court then looked to
the text of § 502, which contains no express effective date or language concerning the section’s
temporal reach. Id. at 1350–51. Next, the court relied on the normal rules of statutory
construction and held that those rules precluded the application of § 502 to the appeal before the
court. The court noted that when the normal rules of statutory construction do not dictate a
statute’s proper reach, the court “ask[s] whether applying the statute . . . would have a retroactive
consequence in the disfavored sense of affecting substantive rights, liabilities, or duties on the
basis of conduct arising before its enactment.” Id. at 1350 (quoting Fernandez-Vargas, 548 U.S.
at 37) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Neither § 502’s text nor its legislative history expressly states that § 502 is retroactive or
applies to remand determinations of cases that were subject to judicial review at the time of its
enactment. See S. Rep. No. 114-45, at 37 (2015) (discussing § 501, ultimately enacted as § 502).
Based on the normal rules of statutory construction, § 502 is not intended to apply retroactively.
Congress provided explicit effective dates for other provisions in the Act, both preceding and
following the date of enactment, indicating that had Congress intended the Act to have
retroactive effect, it would have said so. Ad Hoc Shrimp, 802 F.3d at 1350–51 (discussing the
statutory principle allowing a presumption of intent when Congress includes language in one
statutory provision that is excluded from another provision). This is particularly relevant given
the simultaneous enactment of the provisions with specified effective dates and § 502. See id. at
1351 (“The more apparently deliberate the contrast, the stronger the inference, as applied, for
example, to contrasting statutory sections originally enacted simultaneously in relevant
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 29
respects.”) (quoting Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 75 (1995)). Because § 502 is not intended to
have retroactive effect, the next question is whether applying § 502 to a remand determination
will result in the retroactive application of § 502.
In Landgraf v. USI Film Products, the Supreme Court reasoned that “[a] statute does not
operate ‘retrospectively’ merely because it is applied in a case arising from conduct antedating
the statute’s enactment.” 511 U.S. at 269. Rather, the court determined that it must evaluate
“familiar considerations of fair notice, reasonable reliance, and settled expectations” to
determine whether applying the statute would have retroactive effect. Id at 270. The court
explained the rationale for this rule:
Requiring clear intent assures that Congress itself has affirmatively considered the
potential unfairness of retroactive application and determined that it is an
acceptable price to pay for the countervailing benefits. Such a requirement
allocates to Congress responsibility for fundamental policy judgments concerning
the proper temporal reach of statutes, and has the additional virtue of giving
legislators a predictable background rule against which to legislate.
Id. at 272–73.
The government and FGPA make much of the fact that § 502 regulates Commerce’s
conduct in administrative proceedings, and that because a remand determination is a new
administrative proceeding, applying § 502 would not be retroactive. They also make much of
the fact that trade remedies laws, including AD laws, are inherently retroactive and that no party
has a right to a certain rate of duty. Consol. Pl. Shenzhen Xinboda Indus. Co., Ltd. Suppl. Br. in
Resp. to Court’s Questions Ex. 2, ECF No. 79 (Gov. Suppl. Br. at 2, ECF No. 85, Ad Hoc
Shrimp, No. 2014-1647 (Aug. 27, 2015) (citing SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, 537 F.3d 1373,
1380–81 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Arjay Assocs., Inc. v. Bush, 891 F.2d 894, 897 (Fed. Cir. 1989)). As
support for this in its supplemental brief filed before the Federal Circuit in Ad Hoc Shrimp, the
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 30
government cited SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, where the Federal Circuit relied on the
retrospective nature of duties and held that a change in Commerce’s methodologies between
administrative reviews was acceptable. Id.; see 537 F.3d at 1380–81. As this case concerns a
change between an original determination and a remand determination rather than between
separate administrative reviews, it is readily distinguishable. The government and FGPA, thus,
have misunderstood the critical conduct at issue. The relevant decision does not concern
entitlement to a particular rate of duty or the retrospective nature of the trade laws. Rather, it
concerns the decision Commerce made when it selected total AFA for Golden Bird. The date
Commerce made that determination is controlling, as it is the date on which the decision was
made that affected Golden Bird’s rights. See Martin v. Hadix, 527 U.S. 343, 357–58 (1999)
(“The inquiry into whether a statute operates retroactively demands a commonsense, functional
judgment about whether the new provision attaches new legal consequences to events completed
before its enactment.”) (quoting Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 270) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In Travenol Laboratories, Inc. v. United States, the Federal Circuit held that applying a
statutory provision, which was amended after final judgment was awarded by the CIT, but prior
to certain entries’ re-liquidation, would not result in the retroactive application of that provision.
118 F.3d 749, 752–54 (Fed. Cir. 1997). Central to the court’s holding was that the provision
concerned the calculation of interest, which was not determined until the entries were re-
liquidated. Id. at 753. In reaching that conclusion, the court stated that the retroactivity analysis
“focuse[s] on the interrelationship between the new law and past conduct . . . [and] depends upon
whether the conduct that allegedly triggers the statute’s application occurs before or after the
law’s effective date.” Id. at 752 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, this case
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 31
is distinguishable, as the crucial moment for retroactivity in this case is not liquidation, but
rather, Commerce’s determination that Golden Bird failed to cooperate to the best of its ability
and selected total AFA. Because Commerce’s decision to select total AFA occurred prior to
§ 502’s enactment, applying § 502 on remand would be an impermissible retroactive application.
To apply § 502 on remand would be in effect to apply the law retroactively by applying it
to a determination that occurred before the new law became effective. It would also serve to
treat parties differently merely because Commerce made an error in one case and not in another
decided at the same time. Additionally, the court rejects the argument that the Act is merely a
restatement of the law and does not change the standard by which it selects an AFA rate. The
Federal Circuit interpreted the AFA provisions of the old law as requiring corroboration of the
rate so that there was some basis in the commercial reality of a respondent. See, e.g., Gallant
Ocean, 602 F.3d at 1324. In contrast, the Act permits Commerce to select a rate that is
unconnected to such commercial reality. Section 502 thus clearly diverges from the prior
statutory AFA standard as interpreted by binding Federal Circuit precedent such that application
of the new standard would be an impermissible retroactive application.
The government’s reliance on Potomac Electrical Power Co. v. United States, as support
for applying § 502 on remand is also misplaced. 584 F.2d 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978). Although that
case did order an agency to apply a new law on remand after finding that the agency’s
determination did not satisfy the previously-applicable legal standard, Potomac is a pre-Landgraf
case, and the court applied a different, now-inapplicable standard. Id. at 1066–67. Specifically,
the court determined that the agency should apply the law in effect at the time of a decision
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 32
unless it would be manifestly unjust to do so. Id. at 1066. This is in stark contrast to Landgraf’s
presumption against retroactivity. See Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 265, 270.
Accordingly, § 502 of the Act does not apply to the remand determination ordered in this
case and Commerce is instructed not to apply the standards contained in § 502 on remand.
E. Fifteen-Day Liquidation Policy
Golden Bird next challenges Commerce’s 15-day liquidation policy. Golden Bird Br. at
28–34. Golden Bird argues that Commerce’s policy ignores 19 U.S.C. § 1516a and CIT Rule
3(a)(2)’s 30-day time limit for filing cases before the CIT, Commerce’s own timeline for filing
ministerial error allegations (within 30 days) under 19 C.F.R. § 351.224, and 19 U.S.C.
§ 1675(a)(3)(B), which provides “[l]iquidation shall be made . . . to the greatest extent
practicable, within 90 days after the instructions to Customs are issued.” Golden Bird Br. at 29–
31. The government responds that the court lacks jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) to hear
this claim, and that Golden Bird has not been harmed by this policy as its entries have not yet
been liquidated. Gov. Br. at 60–63. The government further argues that even if the court does
have jurisdiction, Commerce’s policy permissibly fills a statutory gap. Id. at 60, 63.
Although Golden Bird brought its claim under § 1581(c) jurisdiction, and filed its
summons and complaint separately, it asks the court to consider its argument under either
§ 1581(c) or § 1581(i) jurisdiction. Golden Bird and Goodman Reply at 18–19; Summons at 3,
Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co. v. United States, No. 14-00163 (July 7, 2014), ECF No. 1;
Compl. at 2, Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co. v. United States, No. 14-00163 (July 7, 2014), ECF
No. 7. Golden Bird claims the liquidation instructions are an integral part of the Final Results
and are thus reviewable under § 1581(c), and alternatively, that given the similarity between
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 33
§ 1581(c) and § 1581(i) jurisdiction, the court should analyze the issue even if they are not an
integral part of the Final Results. Golden Bird and Goodman Reply at 18–19. Golden Bird’s
arguments are without merit.
As regards Golden Bird individually, there has been no showing of injury that the court
can address as its entries have not been liquidated and will not be liquidated until this litigation is
complete. That is, it moved swiftly and obtained injunctive relief before liquidation instructions
were acted upon. See Statutory Inj., Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co. v. United States, No. 14-
00163 (July 17, 2014), ECF No. 9. Additionally, because other cases have addressed
Commerce’s 15-day liquidation policy, the issue has not evaded judicial review, at least to the
extent of the granting of declaratory relief. See, e.g., NTN Bearing Corp. of America v. United
States, 46 F. Supp. 3d 1375, 1380–81, 1383–88 (2015) (exercising § 1581(i) jurisdiction in
§ 1581(c) case over 15-day policy challenge where parties properly followed procedures for
filing a § 1581(i) case); Mittal Steel Galati S.A. v. United States, 31 CIT 730, 736–38, 491 F.
Supp. 2d 1273, 1280–82 (2007) (addressing 15-day policy in a § 1581(c) case where Commerce
directly addressed the policy in the issues and decision memorandum and where the parties did
not challenge the court’s jurisdiction). Although there is a serious issue as to whether Commerce
acts lawfully when it forces a party into court before the statutory time for commencing suits, if
Golden Bird seeks a remedy on this issue going forward it needs to properly file a case under
§ 1581(i) seeking broader injunctive relief. There is no remedy that the court can give in this
case on this complaint that will ameliorate this situation.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 34
II. Goodman
A. Specific Facts
Goodman requested both an NSR and an administrative review on November 27, 2012.
Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China: Initiation of Antidumping Duty New Shipper
Review; 2011-2012, 78 Fed. Reg. 88, 89 (Dep’t Commerce Jan. 2, 2013); Goodman’s Req. for
Administrative Review, bar code 3107472 (Nov. 27, 2012). Goodman requested that Commerce
accept its Section A Questionnaire Response filed in its NSR in lieu of a separate rate application
in the administrative review proceeding on February 15, 2013. Goodman’s Request for
Department to Accept SAQR Resp. in Lieu of Separate Rate Application, bar code 3119618-01
(Feb. 15, 2013). In its Preliminary Results, Commerce did not consider Goodman for a separate
rate because Goodman had filed a concurrent NSR and Commerce stated that Goodman would
receive the rate determined in the NSR. Preliminary I&D Memo at 6. Goodman’s NSR was
rescinded on April 21, 2014, because Commerce concluded that Goodman did not have any bona
fide sales during the POR. Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China: Final Rescission
of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review of Shijiazhuang Goodman Trading Co., Ltd., 79 Fed.
Reg. 22,098, 22,098–99 (Dep’t Commerce Apr. 21, 2014). Thereafter, Commerce rescinded
Goodman’s administrative review because, based on the results of the NSR, Goodman did not
have any reviewable sales during the POR. I&D Memo at 40–41. In effect, Goodman was
subject to the PRC-wide rate.
Goodman alleges that Commerce improperly excluded it from the eighteenth
administrative review because Goodman is de facto and de jure independent from the Chinese
government and is thus entitled to a separate rate. Goodman Br. at 10. Specifically, Goodman
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 35
argues that a lack of bona fide sales is an improper basis on which to rescind an administrative
review, and that Commerce’s action was arbitrary and capricious because Commerce did not
examine the bona fides of any other respondents’ sales. Id. Goodman further contends that
because it is independent of government control, Commerce’s failure to assign it a separate rate
was a failure to perform a ministerial act. Id. at 11. Finally, Goodman challenges the validity of
the PRC-wide rate, arguing that it is punitive and invalid, as it is out of date and divorced from
commercial reality. Id. at 11–15.
The government responds that because Goodman’s sales during the POR were not
commercially reasonable, there were no reviewable sales during the POR. Gov. Br. at 11.
Accordingly, Commerce properly rescinded the administrative review. Id. Additionally, the
government and FGPA argue that it was not arbitrary or capricious to examine only Goodman’s
bona fides because none of the other separate rate respondents filed an NSR. Id. at 12; Domestic
Indus.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Foreign Exps.’ Mots. for J. on the Agency R. at 39–40, ECF No. 58
(“FGPA Resp.”). Although the rescission of the administrative review resulted in the application
of the PRC-wide rate, FGPA argues that the rate was not applied in the administrative review,
but rather, Commerce’s action allowed the determination made during the NSR to stand. FGPA
Resp. at 40–41. The government argues that the PRC-wide rate should be challenged in the NSR
review. See Gov. Br. at 12. Thus, neither the government nor the FGPA believe it is proper to
address Goodman’s PRC-wide rate challenge in this case, and the court agrees.
B. Application of the PRC-Wide Rate
Under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2), in an administrative review, Commerce is instructed to
evaluate each entry. Under 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(3), Commerce “may rescind an
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 36
administrative review . . . if [Commerce] concludes that, during the period covered by the
review, there were no entries, exports, or sales of the subject merchandise.” Here, Commerce
relied on its determination in the NSR and rescinded the administrative review because
Goodman did not have any bona fide sales during the POR, and there were no non-related entries
at issue.13 Golden Bird, Goodman, and QXF Suppl. Br. at 1–2; Gov. Suppl. Br. at 2.
In evaluating the bona fides of entries, Commerce is permitted to exclude certain sales
when they are unrepresentative or extremely distortive. See Windmill Int’l Pte., Ltd. v. United
States, 26 CIT 221, 224, 193 F. Supp. 2d 1303, 1307 (2002); FAG U.K., Ltd. v. United States, 20
CIT 1277, 1281–82, 945 F. Supp. 260, 265 (1996). “Given Commerce’s discretion in employing
a methodology to exclude sales . . . that are unrepresentative or distortive, that is, non-bona fide
ones, the Court must determine whether Commerce’s actions in this case were reasonable.”
Windmill, 26 CIT at 230, 193 F. Supp. 2d at 1312. Here, Commerce’s actions were reasonable
as it cannot evaluate a company for application of a separate rate to its sales when there are no
sales that are not unrepresentative or distortive. As there were no reviewable entries, Commerce
properly rescinded the review. Because all of the sales were not bona fide, there were no sales
within the POR for which Commerce could grant Goodman a separate rate.
Goodman argues that it was arbitrary and capricious of Commerce to examine the bona
fides of its sales when it did not examine the bona fides of any other separate rate respondents’
sales. Goodman, however, ignores the fact that no other separate rate respondent filed an NSR,
and, accordingly, Commerce had a reasonable explanation for why it treated Goodman

13
The court uses sales and entries interchangeably because the distinction has no import on these
facts.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 37
differently. When Goodman filed the NSR hoping for expedited review, it became subject to the
potential negative impact of that review on the administrative review. See 19 C.F.R.
§§ 351.214(i) (indicating that an NSR decision is to be issued no later than 450 days after its
initiation), 351.213(h) (indicating than an administrative review decision is to be issued no later
than 545 days after the last day of the anniversary month). Additionally, once Commerce had
the information concerning the non-bona fides of Goodman’s sales it could not ignore that
relevant information. Floral Trade Council of Davis v. United States, 13 CIT 242, 242, 709 F.
Supp. 229, 230 (1989). Finally, because Commerce properly rescinded the administrative
review, refusing to grant Goodman a separate rate was not a failure to perform a ministerial act.
Neither party has presented persuasive argument or binding case law concerning
Commerce’s proper actions where a company may be independent of government control, but
has no reviewable entries. At the present time, it appears that Commerce simply assumes that
there are not entries of real sales of an independent company. Although the court again notes its
skepticism as to the factual basis underlying the presumption of state control, at least for some
sectors of the Chinese economy, Goodman has not challenged that presumption and the court
will not make such an argument on its behalf. See Henderson ex rel. Henderson v. Shineski, 562
U.S. 428, 434 (2011) (“Under [the adversarial] system, Courts are generally limited to
addressing the claims and arguments advanced by the parties.”); see also Castro v. United States,
540 U.S. 375, 386 (2003) (Scalia, J., concurring) (“Our adversary system is designed around the
premise that the parties know what is best for them, and are responsible for advancing the facts
and arguments entitling them to relief.”). Thus, Commerce’s refusal to conduct an
administrative review and the resulting subsequent application of the PRC-wide rate is supported
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 38
by substantial evidence. Any challenge to the PRC rate as applied to Goodman may only
proceed in the challenge to the NSR results and not here.
III. Surrogate Country Selection
Xinboda and QXF challenge Commerce’s selection of the Philippines as the primary
surrogate country. Xinboda Br. at 3; QXF Br. at 7. Specifically, Xinboda contends that
Commerce erred when it treated economic comparability as a “threshold” test for surrogate
country selection. Xinboda Br. at 13. Xinboda argues that instead, economic comparability
should have been concurrently weighed against the other factors impacting Commerce’s
selection of a surrogate country—significance of production, merchandise comparability, and
data quality. Id. at 14. Xinboda argues that had Commerce considered these factors
simultaneously, it would have selected India, or alternatively, Thailand, as its primary surrogate
country. Id. at 13, 18. Conversely, the government asserts that economic comparability is
indeed a “threshold” test for surrogate country selection and cites the language of 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677b(c)(4) as support. Gov. Br. at 46–48.
Both Xinboda and QXF challenge Commerce’s determination that the Philippines is a
significant producer of fresh garlic. Xinboda Br. at 22–24; QXF Br. at 8–10. These respondents
contend that a country must produce a comparatively large quantity of merchandise to be
designated a significant producer. Xinboda Br. at 24–25; QXF Br. at 8–9. Arguing that the
quantity of production is not the sole determiner of significant producer status, the government
dismisses their contention. Gov. Br. at 51.
Finally, Xinboda argues that India and Thailand offered better quality data than the
Philippines. Xinboda Br. at 26–32, 34–36. The government responds that the Philippines offered
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 39
the best available information because it was the only economically comparable country that
offered tax and duty-free data that were linked to a governmental source. Gov. Br. at 45, 53.
As discussed in further detail below, the court holds that although it may have been
permissible for Commerce to start its analysis by looking at economic comparability, its ultimate
selection of the Philippines is not supported by substantial evidence because that country is not a
significant producer of fresh garlic under any reasonable criterion selected to date.
A. Surrogate Country Selection Process
To calculate the normal value of merchandise exported from NME countries, Commerce
uses surrogate values—the costs of producing comparable merchandise in economically
comparable ME countries. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4). Prior to calculating surrogate values,
however, Commerce must select a country from which to derive these surrogate values. This
requires Commerce to engage in a multi-part process, which in an ordinary case should result in
a usable surrogate country. Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 30 CIT 1671, 1679, 462 F. Supp. 2d
1262, 1271 (2006); see also Policy Bulletin 04.1, Non-Market Economy Surrogate Country
Selection Process (Mar. 1, 2004), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/ policy/bull04-1.html
(last visited Nov. 20, 2015) (“Policy Bulletin 04.1”).14 Initially, Commerce compiles a list of
ME countries that are economically comparable to the NME country. Policy Bulletin 04.1.
Commerce then identifies which of the listed countries produces comparable merchandise. Id.

14
This bulletin is a compilation of the International Trade Administration’s guidelines for
antidumping administrative reviews. Though not binding authority, courts, including this one,
view this bulletin as indicative of Commerce’s best practices and statutory interpretations for
reviews of AD duty orders. See, e.g., DuPont Teijin Films v. United States, 997 F. Supp. 2d
1338, 1342–45 (CIT 2014); Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardwares Co. v. United
States, 896 F. Supp. 2d 1313, 1320–23 (CIT 2013).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 40
Next, Commerce identifies the countries on the list that are significant producers of the subject
merchandise. Id. Commerce selects from the remaining countries the one that provides the best
available and highest quality data as the primary surrogate country. Id.
1. Economic Comparability
Commerce is to value the FOPs from an ME country which is “at a level of economic
development comparable” to the NME country. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4)(A). Although the
statute does not define comparable economic development,15 because per capita GNI is a
“consistent, transparent, and objective measure to determine economic comparability,” courts
have concluded that Commerce’s use of this information is a reasonable interpretation of its
statutory duty. See Jiaxing Brother Fastener Co. v. United States, 961 F. Supp. 2d 1323, 1328,
1330 (CIT 2014) (noting that GNI is both similar to, and more accurate than, Gross Domestic
Product (“GDP”), which 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(b) indicates is proper for Commerce to use); see
also Fujian Lianfu Forestry Co. v. United States, 33 CIT 1056, 1077, 638 F. Supp. 2d 1325, 1349
(2009) (explaining that per capita GNI data provide Commerce with a broad sense of countries’
varying levels of economic development).
Once countries are placed on Commerce’s list of economically comparable ME countries,
Commerce does not evaluate how closely each country’s per capita GNI reflects that of the NME

15
When Commerce interprets the AD statutes to which it must adhere in conducting an
administrative review of an AD duty order, the court conducts a two-part test, under Chevron,
U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), to determine
whether that interpretation is entitled to deference. Where Congress has spoken directly to the
question at issue, Commerce must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of
Congress. Id. at 842–43. If, however, the statute is vague or silent on an issue, the court upholds
Commerce’s interpretation so long as the interpretation is reasonable. See id. at 843; DuPont
Teijin Films USA, LP v. United States, 27 CIT 962, 965–66, 273 F. Supp. 2d 1347, 1351 (2003).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 41
country at issue. See Tehnoimportexport v. United States, 15 CIT 250, 255–56, 766 F. Supp.
1169, 1175 (1991) (explaining that the statutory mandate is simply to ensure that the surrogate
country is a comparable economy, not the most comparable economy). Instead, Commerce
considers each of these listed countries to be equally economically comparable to the NME
country. Policy Bulletin 04.1; see Tehnoimportexport, 15 CIT at 255, 766 F. Supp. at 1175.
Xinboda contends that Commerce should have selected Thailand as the primary surrogate
country, because its per capita GNI for the relevant period was closest to that of the PRC.
Xinboda Br. at 32. As the court has held before, however, “the law does not require [Commerce]
to choose the most comparable economy, but rather a comparable economy.”
Tehnoimportexport, 15 CIT at 256, 766 F. Supp. at 1175. Because with regard to economic
comparability both Thailand and the Philippines “reasonably could have been selected as
surrogates,” the court will not disturb Commerce’s selection of the Philippines merely because
Thailand’s per capita GNI was closer to that of the PRC. Id. Other problems remain, however.
2. Significant Producer16
Next, Xinboda and QXF contend that the Philippines is not a significant fresh garlic
producer, because it produces considerably less than either India or Thailand. Xinboda Br. at 22;
QXF Br. at 8–9. Arguing that “significant producer” is not necessarily synonymous with
“largest producer,” the government defends Commerce’s selection of the Philippines as the
PRC’s surrogate country. Gov. Br. at 51. The government further argues that Philippine
production only appears to be de minimis when compared to that of the PRC, the world’s largest

16
No parties contest Commerce’s determination in the surrogate country selection process that
the countries on the list produce comparable merchandise.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 42
fresh garlic producer. Id. The court, however, is not convinced by the government’s arguments,
and concludes that Commerce’s determination is not supported by substantial evidence.
When selecting a surrogate country, Commerce “shall utilize, to the extent possible, the
prices or costs of factors of production in one or more market economy countries that are . . .
significant producers of comparable merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4). There is no
statutory definition of “significant producer”; however, the International Trade Administration
(“ITA”) offers some guidance on how to interpret the term. Policy Bulletin 04.1. The ITA
explains that Commerce should not compare production levels in the NME country and the
potential surrogate countries in order to identify significant producers. Id. Instead, Commerce
should define “significant producer” in relation to world production and trade. Id.; see DuPont
Teijin Films v. United States, 997 F. Supp. 2d 1338, 1342 (CIT 2014).
Because the court has previously held, and it adheres to that view, that significant
producer “is not statutorily defined, and is inherently ambiguous,” the only question to be
answered is whether Commerce’s definition of significant producer is “based on a permissible
construction of the statute.” Shandong Rongxin Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United States, 774 F. Supp.
2d 1307, 1316 (CIT 2011) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843).
The court has suggested that an interpretation of “significant producer” countries as those
whose domestic production could influence or affect world trade would be a permissible
construction of the statute. Id. This follows from the plain meaning of the word “significant” as
something “having or likely to have influence or effect.” Significant, Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary, (1981). This definition, however, necessarily requires comparing
potential surrogate countries’ production to world production of the subject merchandise. Upon
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 43
doing so, it becomes clear that the Philippines is not a significant producer of garlic under
Commerce’s normal definition of the term. Worldwide production of fresh garlic in 2011 was
over 23 million metric tons. See Golden Bird’s Submission of Surrogate Country Selection
Cmts. and Surrogate Value Info. at Ex. 1, PD 110–15 (June 26, 2013). That same year,
Philippine production totaled 9,056 metric tons, or less than 0.04% of the worldwide total. Id. It
cannot be plausibly maintained that the Philippines’ miniscule garlic production had any
meaningful effect on world trade.
Commerce nonetheless argues that this case required a different approach because the
output of the PRC—far and away the world’s largest—causes all other countries’ production to
appear minimal by comparison. Gov. Br. at 51. Therefore, the court must determine whether it
was permissible for Commerce to identify as significant producers those countries whose
production has no meaningful effect on the world garlic trade, but whose production quantity
Commerce determined was significant. It is difficult to determine whether Commerce’s alternate
methodology rested on a permissible construction of the statute, because Commerce has not
explained the criteria upon which it relied in concluding that the Philippines was a significant
producer of fresh garlic. The court concludes that although Commerce analyzed the significance
of the quantity of fresh garlic production, in reality, it improperly determined that a country was
a significant producer if it had “any commercially meaningful production.”
A deviation from Commerce’s normal approach is reasonable in situations where there
are only a handful of producers of comparable merchandise in the entire world. See Policy
Bulletin 04.1 (giving the example of a situation where only three countries produce the goods in
question). This, however, is not a situation in which there are so few producers of fresh garlic
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 44
that “any commercially meaningful production is significant.” Id. In fact, the U.N. lists over
ninety-six countries as producers of fresh garlic. Golden Bird’s Submission of Surrogate
Country Selection Cmts. and Surrogate Value Info. at Ex. 1. Although not all of these countries
are significant producers, this suggests that there was no need for Commerce to deviate from its
usual interpretation of significant producer, as there are a multitude of countries engaged in the
production of fresh garlic. Still, Commerce is free to depart from its prior practice in evaluating
whether a country is a significant producer, so long as that evaluation rests on a reasonable
interpretation of the statutory language.
In its I&D Memo, Commerce notes that a country’s production in comparison to the
worldwide total “is but one lens that [Commerce] utilizes” in making its determination. I&D
Memo at 7. “Here,” Commerce continues, “[we] relie[d] on a different lens” to conclude that
“the quantity [of garlic] produced in the Philippines surely qualifies as significant.” Id. at 8. The
problem is that Commerce never specifies what this “different lens” was. Commerce was
equally conclusory in its Preliminary I&D Memo, where it produced a table of the garlic
production of six countries economically comparable to the PRC, stating—without elaboration—
that “[t]his production data indicates that [five of the countries, including the Philippines] are
significant producers of comparable merchandise.” Preliminary I&D Memo at 10. The
production of the five “significant” countries ranged from 1,500 to almost 76,000 metric tons,
meaning that the production of countries deemed significant varied by a factor of fifty. See id.
On the other hand, the sixth country considered—and the only one deemed non-significant—had
no garlic production whatsoever. Id. Where more than a mere handful of garlic-producing
countries compete on the global market, there is little justification for interpreting significant
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 45
production to mean simply “non-zero” production. See Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 789 F.
Supp. 2d 1364, 1371 (CIT 2011) (concluding that Commerce erred when it identified Equatorial
Guinea as a significant producer of wooden bedroom furniture despite the fact that the country’s
exports were de minimis).
What is clear from Commerce’s actions, however, is that its interpretation of significant
producer involved no comparative analysis. By removing the comparative aspect of the
significant producer analysis, and not specifying the criteria on which it relied to determine that
the quantity of production was significant, Commerce erred and its determination is not
supported by substantial evidence. The court is therefore unpersuaded that Commerce’s
identification of the Philippines as a significant producer of fresh garlic was based on a
reasonable interpretation of the statute. Thus, the court remands this issue to Commerce for
reconsideration.17
3. Data Quality
Finally, both Xinboda and QXF contend that there were potential surrogate countries,
specifically India and Thailand, which offered better quality data than the Philippines. Xinboda
at 26–36; QXF Br. at 9. Commerce did not evaluate the Indian data’s quality because India was
not economically comparable to the PRC. See I&D Memo at 10. Commerce concluded that the

17
Upon remand, Commerce can decide to compile a second list of potential surrogate countries.
DuPont Teijin Films v. United States, 896 F. Supp. 2d 1302, 1306–07 (CIT 2013). To do so,
Commerce must redo its multi-part surrogate country selection process. Policy Bulletin 04.1. If
Commerce does not identify significant producers on this second list, “[Commerce] may find it
is appropriate to rely on data from other countries,” potentially including India. Issues and
Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the Second Administrative Review of Certain
Steel Threaded Rod from the People’s Republic of China, A-570-932, at 4 (Nov. 5, 2012),
available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2012-27438-1.pdf (last visited Nov.
20, 2015).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 46
Thai data were of lesser quality than the Philippine data because Commerce was unable to
confirm that the former were duty-exclusive, tax-exclusive, and linked to a governmental
source.18 Id.
Because there is not substantial evidence to support Commerce’s selection of the
Philippines as the PRC’s surrogate country, the court need not determine whether the Philippines
provided the best quality data.
B. Exclusion of India
Xinboda also challenges Commerce’s use of economic comparability as a “threshold”
test for surrogate country selection. Xinboda argues that if Commerce had instead weighed all of
the surrogate country selection criteria simultaneously, Commerce would have placed India on
its list of potential surrogate countries. Xinboda Br. at 13. In addition, Xinboda argues that
because there were no economically comparable significant producers of fresh garlic with quality
data, India should have been considered as a surrogate country, notwithstanding its exclusion
from Commerce’s initial list. Id. at 14, 17. Although in this case Commerce likely did not err in
initially excluding India from its list of comparable countries, the court agrees with Xinboda that
India may have to be considered as a potential surrogate country on remand.
In compiling its initial list of potential surrogate countries, Commerce typically treats
economic comparability as a first step. See Policy Bulletin 04.1 at n.2 (explicitly rejecting an
alternative method whereby the statutory factors are considered simultaneously and weighed
against one another). By restricting its list of potential surrogate countries to those that are

18
The court is unclear about whether a “governmental source” implies reliability versus
particular private sources.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 47
economically comparable to the NME country in a normal case, Commerce can better ensure
that its normal value calculation accurately reflects the cost of producing the subject merchandise
in a hypothetical ME country.
There are cases where Commerce recognizes that economic comparability should not be
considered as a first step. See Policy Bulletin 04.1. Generally this is when the subject
merchandise is “unusual or unique,” often because only a few countries produce it, or because
“major inputs are not widely traded internationally.” Id. Therefore, Commerce almost always
compiles its initial list of potential surrogate countries exclusively on the basis of economic
comparability. Id. There are two situations in which it is appropriate for Commerce to select a
surrogate country that is not on this initial list: (1) when Commerce is unable to identify a
significant producer among the potential surrogate countries on its list; and (2) when Commerce
is unable to obtain data of a sufficiently high quality from any of the potential surrogate countries
on its list. Id.
Xinboda argues that India, as “the only country that can truly be considered a significant
garlic producer after China,” should have been selected as the primary surrogate country.
Xinboda Br. at 23. Xinboda also notes that India “had been used as a surrogate country in all
reviews of fresh garlic from China” in the past, up through the sixteenth administrative review.
Id. at 22. Although this latter observation is true, by the eighteenth administrative review,
Commerce determined—and Xinboda conceded—that India was no longer economically
comparable to the PRC on the basis of per capita GNI.19 I&D Memo at 6; Xinboda Br. at 16; see

19
The World Bank reports that India’s 2011 per capita GNI was $1,410—less than a third of the
PRC’s per capita GNI ($5,000) for the same year. GNI per capita, Atlas Method (Current US$),
(continued . . .)
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 48
also Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 882 F. Supp. 2d 1366, 1372 n.9,
1374–76 (CIT 2012) (remanding Commerce’s selection of India as the PRC’s surrogate country,
in part, because Commerce paid little attention to the fact that India’s 2008 per capita GNI was
approximately one-third of the PRC’s for that same year). Fresh garlic is neither unique nor
unusual merchandise,20 and there is no indication that key inputs are not widely traded. Thus,
Commerce likely did not err in employing its usual practice of treating economic comparability
as a first step.
Nonetheless, here, Commerce might have to consider India as a potential surrogate
country. The government argues that the exceptions to the normal rule do not apply here, as
Commerce determined that there was an economically comparable significant producer with
quality data on its initial list, namely the Philippines. I&D Memo at 5–10. As discussed above,
however, this determination was not supported by substantial evidence. If, on remand,
Commerce can identify on its list at least one economically comparable significant producer
which has reliable data, then its decision to exclude India will remain supported by substantial

(continued . . .)
The World Bank, available at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD/countries
(last visited Nov. 20, 2015).
20
The court points to the Philippines’ ranking as the forty-fourth world producer of fresh garlic
as evidence that too many countries produce fresh garlic for it to be considered unique or unusual
merchandise. See Xinboda Br. at 22–24 (citing 2011 statistics that the Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations collected about worldwide fresh garlic production). But see
Crawfish Processors Alliance v. United States, 28 CIT 646, 654, 343 F. Supp. 2d 1242, 1250–51
(2004) (concluding that Commerce’s failure to apply economic comparability as a threshold test
and subsequent selection of Australia, an ME country, that was not economically comparable to
the PRC, the NME country, was supported by substantial evidence because Australia was the
only ME country that was also a significant live crawfish producer), rev’d on other grounds, 477
F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2007).
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 49
evidence. See DuPont Teijin Films v. United States, 896 F. Supp. 2d 1302, 1306–07 (CIT 2013).
Otherwise, Commerce may have to expand its surrogate country list to include other ME
countries, possibly including India.21
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Final Results are sustained in part and remanded in part.
On remand, Commerce is to consider evidence on the record concerning Golden Bird’s
independence from government control to determine whether the company is entitled to separate
rate status based solely on that evidence. If, upon remand, Commerce determines that Golden
Bird is entitled to separate rate status, it is to determine an appropriate AD margin specific to
Golden Bird, taking into consideration Commerce’s determination, sustained here, to select total
AFA and applying the law extant at the time of the Final Results. Finally, Commerce is to
reconsider its surrogate country selection in the light of the court’s ruling concerning its
interpretation of “significant producer.” Commerce shall have until January 29, 2016, to file its
remand results. The parties shall have until February 29, 2016, to file objections, and the
government shall have until March 14, 2016, to file its response.
Dated: November 30, 2015 /s/ Jane A. Restani
New York, New York Jane A. Restani
Judge

21
There is no need to address specific surrogate value issues as there may be a new principal
surrogate country selected. The court suggests, however, that if the same surrogate data is used
Commerce take a fresh look at its use of net weights and adjustments to import statistics and
provide clear explanations for its decisions.