Timken Co. v. United States ( 2016 )


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  •                                        Slip Op. 16- 47
    UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
    THE TIMKEN COMPANY,
    Plaintiff,
    Before: Jane A. Restani, Judge
    v.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155
    UNITED STATES,
    Defendant,
    NSK LTD., NSK CORPORATION, NSK
    PRECISION AMERICA, INC., NTN
    BEARING CORP. OF AMERICA, NTN
    CORPORATION, NTN BOWER, INC., NTN
    DRIVESHAFT, INC., AMERICAN NTN
    BEARING MANUFACTURING CORP.,
    JTEKT CORPORATION, JTEKT NORTH
    AMERICA, INC., NACHI-FUJIKOSHI
    CORPORATION, NACHI AMERICA, INC.,
    NACHI TECHNOLOGY, INC., NSK
    BEARINGS EUROPE, LTD., NSK EUROPE
    LTD.,
    Defendant-Intervenors.
    OPINION
    [Commerce’s Final Results of Remand Redetermination in antidumping duty administrative
    review sustained.]
    Dated: May 10, 2016
    Geert M. De Prest, Stewart and Stewart, of Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff. With
    him on the brief was Terence P. Stewart.
    L. Misha Preheim, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
    U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant. With him on the brief
    were Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson,
    Director, and Claudia Burke, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Scott D. McBride,
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                Page 2
    Senior Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S.
    Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.
    Alexander H. Schaefer and Hea Jin Koh, Crowell & Moring, LLP, of Washington, DC,
    for defendant-intervenors NSK Ltd., NSK Corporation, NSK Precision America, Inc., NSK
    Bearings Europe, Ltd., and NSK Europe Ltd.
    Diane A. MacDonald, Riggle and Craven, of Chicago, IL, argued for defendant-
    intervenors NTN Bearing Corp. of America, NTN Corporation, NTN Bower, Inc., NTN
    Driveshaft, Inc., and American NTN Bearing Manufacturing Corp. With her on the brief was
    David J. Craven.
    Neil R. Ellis, Justin R. Becker, Rajib Pal, Sidley Austin, LLP, of Washington, DC, for
    defendant-intervenors JTEKT Corporation and JTEKT North America, Inc.
    Greyson L. Bryan, Jr., David J. Ribner, McAllister M. Jimbo, O’Melveny & Myers, LLP,
    of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenors Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation, Nachi America,
    Inc., and Nachi Technology, Inc.
    Restani, Judge: This matter is before the court following the U.S. Department of
    Commerce’s (“Commerce”) Final Results of Remand Redetermination, ECF No. 85 (“Remand
    Results”). The court remanded to Commerce to apply its differential pricing (“DP”) analysis in
    the 2009–2010 annual antidumping duty (“AD”) administrative review of imports of ball
    bearings and parts thereof from Japan and the United Kingdom. Timken Co. v. United States, 
    79 F. Supp. 3d 1350
    , 1352, 1361 (CIT 2015) (“Timken”). Commerce has complied with the court’s
    remand order and, for the reasons stated below, Commerce’s Remand Results are sustained.
    BACKGROUND
    The facts of this case have been documented in the court’s previous opinion, and the
    court presumes familiarity with that opinion. See 
    id.
     at 1351–55. There, The Timken Company
    (“Timken”) contested Commerce’s decision not to apply its DP analysis in the challenged
    administrative reviews. See 
    id. at 1352
    ; see also Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof from Japan and
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                    Page 3
    the United Kingdom: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews and
    Rescission of Review in Part; 2009–2010, 
    79 Fed. Reg. 35,312
     (Dep’t Commerce June 20, 2014)
    (“Final Results”). The court agreed that Commerce had abused its discretion by departing from
    its routine practice of applying the DP analysis rather than the Nails test to address potential
    targeted dumping. Timken, 79 F. Supp. 3d at 1352, 1361. Thus, on October 8, 2015, Commerce
    published, under protest, its Remand Results, in which it applied its DP analysis. Remand
    Results at 1, 2. The court’s reasoning in its prior opinion fully addresses the issue and will not
    be addressed further here.
    Commerce uses its DP analysis to “determine whether an alternative comparison
    methodology is appropriate.” Id. at 3. Typically, in administrative reviews, Commerce uses the
    average-to-average (“A-A”) methodology, without zeroing, 1 as the default methodology to
    calculate weighted-average dumping margins. Antidumping Proceedings: Calculation of the
    Weighted-Average Dumping Margin and Assessment Rate in Certain Antidumping Duty
    Proceedings; Final Modification, 
    77 Fed. Reg. 8,101
    , 8,101–03 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 14, 2012)
    (“Final Modification”). Relevant to this case, Commerce also sometimes uses the average-to-
    1
    Under the average-to-average (“A-A”) methodology without zeroing, Commerce compares
    “monthly weighted-average export prices with monthly weighted-average normal values, and . . .
    grant[s] an offset for all such comparisons that show export price exceeds normal value in the
    calculation of the weighted-average margin of dumping.” Antidumping Proceedings:
    Calculation of the Weighted-Average Dumping Margin and Assessment Rate in Certain
    Antidumping Duty Proceedings; Final Modification, 
    77 Fed. Reg. 8,101
    , 8,102 (Dep’t
    Commerce Feb. 14, 2012) (“Final Modification”).
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                   Page 4
    transaction (“A-T”) alternative comparison methodology, with zeroing, 2 to calculate a weighted-
    average dumping margin. Id. at 8,101.
    In performing the DP analysis, Commerce uses two tests to determine whether there is “a
    pattern of [export prices] or [constructed export prices] for comparable merchandise that differs
    significantly among purchasers, regions, or time periods.” Remand Results at 3. “This pattern is
    commonly referred to as ‘targeted dumping.’” Timken, 79 F. Supp. 3d at 1352. First,
    Commerce uses the “Cohen’s d test” to measure “the extent of the difference between the mean
    of a test group and the mean of a comparison group.” Remand Results at 4. Commerce may
    calculate a Cohen’s d coefficient only when “the test and comparison groups of data each have at
    least two observations, and when the sales quantity for the comparison group accounts for at
    least five percent of the total sales quantity of the comparable merchandise.” Id. When
    evaluating “the extent to which the net prices to a particular purchaser, region or time period
    differ significantly from the net prices of all other sales of comparable merchandise,” Commerce
    considers the difference significant if the calculated Cohen’s d coefficient “is equal to or exceeds
    the large (i.e., 0.8) threshold.” Id. Second, Commerce uses the “ratio test” to determine “the
    extent of the significant price differences for all sales.” Id. Under this test, Commerce
    determines if the value of sales to purchasers, regions, and time periods that pass Cohen’s d falls
    between the 0 to 33 percent range, 33 to 66 percent range, or the 66 to 100 percent range of total
    2
    Under the average-to-transaction (“A-T”) methodology with zeroing, Commerce compares “the
    weighted-average normal value to the export price of individual transactions for comparable
    merchandise . . . [and does not] offset the results of the comparisons for which export price was
    less than normal value by the results of comparisons for which export price exceeded normal
    value.” Id. at 8,101 (footnote omitted).
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                     Page 5
    sales. Id. at 4–5. Respectively to the percent range calculated, Commerce will either apply A-A
    to all sales, A-A to the sales that don’t pass Cohen’s d and A-T to the sales that do pass Cohen’s
    d (i.e., “mixed methodology”), or A-T to all sales. See id. at 5.
    Next, Commerce “examine[s] whether using only the [A-A] method can appropriately
    account for such differences” by determining “whether using an alternative method . . . yields a
    meaningful difference in the weighted-average dumping margin as compared to” A-A without
    zeroing. Id. Commerce considers a difference “meaningful” if “there is a 25 percent relative
    change in the weighted-average dumping margin between the [A-A] method and the appropriate
    alternative method when both rates are above the de minimis threshold, or . . . the resulting
    weighted-average dumping margin moves across the de minimis threshold.” Id. If the difference
    is meaningful as defined by Commerce, then Commerce determines that the default A-A without
    zeroing methodology cannot account for the price differences and that use of an alternative
    method is appropriate. Id.
    Relevant to this appeal, after applying the DP analysis, Commerce calculated weighted-
    average dumping margins for NTN Corporation and NTN Kongo Corporation of 6.37 percent,
    for NSK Japan of 2.79 percent, and for NSK UK of 6.47 percent. 3 Remand Results at 41, 42.
    3
    For the antidumping duty (“AD”) order for Japan, Commerce assigned to the non-selected
    respondents a rate of 4.58 percent, which was “the simple-average of the weighted average
    dumping margin of NSK Japan and NTN, the two mandatory respondents[.]” Final Results of
    Remand Redetermination 9, ECF No. 85 (“Remand Results”). In addition, Commerce
    individually reviewed Asahi Seiko Co., Ltd. (“Asahi”) and Mori Seiki Co., Ltd. (“Mori Seiki”),
    applying the differential pricing (“DP”) analysis to calculate a margin. Id. at 5–6. After
    determining that each company had a pattern of prices for comparable merchandise that differed
    significantly and that under the ratio test the value of sales that passed the Cohen’s d test fell
    between 33 percent and 66 percent of total value, Commerce assigned a weighted-average
    (continued . . . )
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                      Page 6
    For each of these companies, Commerce determined that under the Cohen’s d test, prices
    differed significantly, and it determined that under the ratio test, the value of sales that passed the
    Cohen’s d test fell between 33 percent and 66 percent of total value. Id. at 7–8. Commerce then
    concluded that A-A without zeroing could not appropriately account for such price differences
    for each of the companies. Id. Thus, the margins increased from the Final Results, where
    Commerce had assigned zero margins to all companies from Japan and the United Kingdom.
    Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 35,313–14.
    NTN Precision America, Inc., NTN Bearing Corp. of America, NTN Corporation, NTN
    Bower, Inc., NTN Driveshaft, Inc., and American NTN Bearing Manufacturing Corp.
    (collectively, “NTN” 4) challenge Commerce’s Remand Results. NTN argues that Commerce
    deprived it of a meaningful opportunity to comment on the Draft Results of Remand
    Redetermination, bar code 3296505-01 (Aug. 6, 2015) (“Draft Remand Results”). Def.-Intrvnr.
    NTN’s Cmts. on Final Results of Remand Redetermination 2–7, ECF No. 118 (“NTN Cmts.”).
    NTN also argues that Commerce abused its discretion by applying the DP analysis because the
    methodology itself is erroneous, id. at 22–24, 28–29, and Commerce’s specific application of its
    dumping margin of 1.33 percent to Asahi and of 0.65 percent to Mori Seiki. Id. at 40, 41. For
    the AD order for the United Kingdom, Commerce assigned to “responding companies which [it]
    did not select for individual examination” a margin of 6.47 percent, which was the margin
    assigned to NSK UK—the only company that was individually examined. Id. at 9.
    4
    The court includes NTN Kongo Corporation, for which Commerce calculated an AD rate, when
    it refers to “NTN” as there is no meaningful difference between the entities for the purposes of
    this opinion.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                Page 7
    DP analysis in this case to NTN’s sampled sales database 5 was unlawful, id. at 7–22. NTN
    further contends that Commerce failed to adequately explain why the default methodology could
    not take into account price differences, id. at 24–28. 6
    The government and Timken respond that NTN was provided sufficient notice of
    Commerce’s application of its DP analysis and therefore had a meaningful opportunity to
    respond to the Draft Remand Results. Def.’s Resp. to Cmts. Regarding the Remand
    Redetermination 4–6, ECF No. 109 (“Gov. Resp.”); Pl.’s Cmts. in Supp. of the Final Results of
    Remand Redetermination 7–12, ECF No. 110 (“Timken Resp.”). They maintain that
    Commerce’s DP analysis is lawful, refuting each of NTN’s general challenges, Gov. Resp. at 6–
    9, 13–15; Timken Resp. at 6–7, 23–27, and arguing that application of the DP analysis to NTN’s
    sampled database was proper, Gov. Resp. at 16–25; Timken Resp. at 16–22, 27–30. They add
    5
    In this case and in most of the previous reviews under the AD order for imports of ball
    bearings, Commerce has employed a sampling methodology for U.S. sales where it randomly
    selects a total of six-weeks over the 52-week period of review, selecting one week from each
    two-month period of the period of review. See Remand Results at 14 n.25, 18; NTN’s Cmts. on
    Draft Remand Redetermination at Ex. 1, bar code 3299960-01 (Aug. 20, 2015) (“NTN Draft
    Remand Cmts.”). The respondents then report U.S. sales information for the selected six weeks,
    only.
    6
    NSK Ltd., NSK Corporation, NSK Precision America, Inc., NSK Bearings Europe, Ltd., and
    NSK Europe Ltd. (collectively, “NSK”) and NTN continue to disagree with the court’s remand
    order, and they argue that Commerce was not required to apply its DP analysis in this case.
    Cmts. on the Dep’t’s Results of Remand Redetermination on Behalf of NSK 1–2, ECF No. 90
    (“NSK Cmts.”); Def.-Intrvnr. NTN’s Cmts. on Final Results of Remand Redetermination 1–2,
    ECF No. 118 (“NTN Cmts.”). As indicated, the court has already held that Commerce acted
    arbitrarily by not applying its DP analysis and finds no reason to revisit that decision. See
    Timken, 79 F. Supp. 3d at 1357–60. NSK and NTN have not provided the court with any
    additional reasons as to why its prior holding is incorrect. Further, NSK acknowledges that
    Commerce’s “Remand Results are consonant with this Court’s Opinion and order.” NSK Cmts.
    at 2.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                     Page 8
    that certain of NTN’s arguments were not properly exhausted. Gov. Resp. at 22; Timken Resp.
    at 12–16. The government also responds that Commerce properly explained why the default
    methodology could not account for the pattern of prices that differed significantly. Gov. Resp. at
    9–11.
    JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
    The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 
    28 U.S.C. § 1581
    (c) (2012). The court upholds
    Commerce’s determination in an administrative review unless it is “unsupported by substantial
    evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C.
    § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).
    DISCUSSION
    I.      NTN’s Extension Request
    NTN argues that it was deprived of a meaningful opportunity to comment on the Draft
    Remand Results because it did not receive electronic notification of the filing of the Draft
    Remand Results and, NTN should have been provided more than seven days to comment
    because Commerce’s DP methodology is a complicated scientific technique not previously
    applied in administrative reviews of this AD order. NTN Cmts. at 2–7. Thus, NTN requests
    remand and for the court to order reopening of the record so that it may further develop its
    arguments. Id. at 7. The government and Timken respond that Commerce corrected for the lack
    of electronic notification by restarting the original seven-day comment period, and NTN
    provided substantive comments. Gov. Resp. at 6; Timken Resp. at 9–12. The government also
    contends that NTN had notice that Commerce would apply the then well-known DP analysis,
    pursuant to the court’s remand order. Gov. Resp. at 4–5; see also Timken Resp. at 7–9.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                     Page 9
    Commerce’s discretion in setting time limits to comment on draft results of
    redetermination is broad, as there is no statute or regulation governing its conduct in this
    situation. 7 When Commerce, however, provides interested parties an opportunity to comment, as
    it did here, Commerce’s discretion is limited because “[w]here a right to be heard exists, due
    process requires that right be accommodated at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”
    See Mid Continent Nail Corp. v. United States, 
    34 CIT 512
    , 517, 
    712 F. Supp. 2d 1370
    , 1375
    (2010) (quoting Barnhart v. U.S. Treasury Dep’t, 
    588 F. Supp. 1432
    , 1438 (CIT 1984) (alteration
    in original)).
    Commerce provided NTN with a meaningful opportunity to comment on the Draft
    Remand Results. Based on the facts of this case, NTN’s argument, regarding the failure of
    Commerce’s electronic filing system, ACCESS, to send automated notification to NTN’s
    counsel, is irrelevant. When Commerce filed its Draft Remand Results on ACCESS on August
    6, 2015, it provided interested parties seven days to comment; and when Commerce learned of
    the electronic notification issue after receiving extension requests from NTN and Asahi Seiko
    Co., Ltd. (“Asahi”), it granted a seven-day extension until August 20, 2015 to file comments.
    Draft Remand Results at 12; Letter from Commerce to All Interested Parties at 1, bar code
    3298225-01 (Aug. 13, 2015). Commerce provided a remedy that fully addressed the lack of
    earlier electronic notification. Moreover, although Commerce provided NTN with only seven
    7
    Neither the court’s order nor the statute expressly required Commerce to issue its Draft
    Remand Results: Commerce was required to file only its final Remand Results with the court.
    See Golden Dragon Precise Copper Tube Grp., Inc. v. United States, Slip Op. 16-17, 
    2016 WL 720659
    , at *3 (CIT Feb. 22, 2016) (“Commerce is permitted to establish remand procedures
    encouraging parties to meaningfully participate in the administrative proceeding.”) (citing Vt.
    Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 
    435 U.S. 519
    , 543–44 (1978)).
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                     Page 10
    days to comment on the Draft Remand Results, this amount of time was not unreasonable. See,
    e.g., Sichuan Changhong Elec. Co. v. United States, 
    30 CIT 1886
    , 1892, 
    466 F. Supp. 2d 1323
    ,
    1329 (2006) (upholding a four-day comment period). NTN knew more than a month before
    comments were initially due that the court had ordered Commerce to apply the DP analysis. See
    Timken, 79 F. Supp. 3d at 1350, 1361. NTN, therefore, had an opportunity to familiarize itself
    with that methodology. Indeed, NTN submitted thoughtful comments regarding the DP analysis
    in general and specifically as to its application to NTN’s sampled database. 8 See NTN’s
    Comments on Draft Remand Redetermination at 3–14, bar code 3299960-01 (Aug. 20, 2015)
    (“NTN Draft Remand Cmts.”); see also Mid Continent Nail, 34 CIT at 517, 
    712 F. Supp. 2d at 1375
     (“If, however, a [party] makes thoughtful comments that Commerce addresses in its
    determination, then, ‘as a practical matter [the party] was not substantially deprived of an
    opportunity to be heard before the agency.’” (quoting Borden Inc. v. United States, 
    23 CIT 372
    ,
    375 n.3 (1999))). Accordingly, NTN was provided an opportunity and actually did meaningfully
    comment on Commerce’s Draft Remand Results; therefore, its request to remand again and order
    reopening of the record is denied.
    8
    In addition, Commerce’s regulations provide that “[u]nless expressly precluded by statute,
    [Commerce] may, for good cause, extend any time limit established by this part.” 
    19 C.F.R. § 351.302
    (b) (2013). As discussed above, however, time limits to comment on draft results of
    redetermination are not provided for in Commerce’s regulations, meaning they are not
    “established by this part.” Therefore, in the present situation, it is not clear, and the parties have
    not argued, whether it is Commerce’s practice to grant extensions for “good cause.”
    Nevertheless, Commerce did grant a seven-day extension, for what is presumably good cause
    due to the failure of Commerce’s electronic notification system. See Letter from Commerce to
    All Interested Parties at 1, bar code 3298225-01 (Aug. 13, 2015). NTN has not established that
    there was good cause to extend the deadline for an additional seven days, given that NTN knew
    Commerce would be applying its DP methodology as ordered by the court.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                    Page 11
    II.    Differential Pricing
    Commerce’s regulations provide that in an administrative review it will use the A-A
    method “unless [it] determines another method is appropriate in a particular case.” 
    19 C.F.R. § 351.414
    (c)(1) (2013). To determine whether an alternative comparison methodology is
    appropriate, Commerce has decided that its “examination of this question in the context of
    administrative reviews, . . . is, in fact, analogous to the issue in antidumping investigations.”
    Remand Results at 3; see also Final Modification, 77 Fed. Reg. at 8,102 (“[W]hen conducting
    reviews under the modified methodology, [Commerce] will determine on a case-by-case basis
    whether it is appropriate to use an alternative comparison methodology by examining the same
    criteria that [Commerce] examines in original investigations pursuant to section 777A(d)(1)(A)
    and (B) of the Act.”). Therefore, the statutory language governing investigations is instructive.
    The statute provides that Commerce may determine whether dumping is occurring—that
    is “the subject merchandise is being sold in the United States at less than fair value”—by using
    the A-T method if: “(i) there is a pattern of export prices (or constructed export prices) for
    comparable merchandise that differ significantly among purchasers, regions, or periods of time,
    and (ii) [Commerce] explains why such differences cannot be taken into account using” A-A or
    transaction-to-transaction (“T-T”). 9 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B). Because the statute is silent
    with regard to which comparison methodology Commerce is to use in administrative reviews and
    how Commerce should determine which alternative methodology to use, see JBF RAK LLC v.
    9
    Under the transaction-to-transaction (“T-T”) methodology, which Commerce uses “in unusual
    situations,” Commerce “compar[es] normal values of individual transactions to the export prices
    of individual transactions for comparable merchandise.” Final Modification, 77 Fed. Reg. at
    8,101 n.7.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                     Page 12
    United States, 
    790 F.3d 1358
    , 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2015), Commerce’s approach is deemed lawful if
    its “methodology and procedures are reasonable means of effectuating the statutory purpose, and
    there is substantial evidence in the record supporting [its] conclusions,” Ceramica
    Regiomontana, S.A. v. United States, 
    10 CIT 399
    , 404–05, 
    636 F. Supp. 961
    , 966 (1986), aff’d
    
    810 F.2d 1137
     (Fed. Cir. 1987).
    A.      Commerce’s Methodology
    1.      General Challenges
    NTN argues that Commerce’s DP analysis is “fatally flawed” because it double counts
    the sales that “pass” the Cohen’s d test, NTN Cmts. at 22–23; it captures tiny differences such as
    exchange rate fluctuations that are not the result of targeted dumping, 
    id.
     at 23–24; and it
    compares prices between CONNUMs rather than comparing prices to particular customers,
    regions, or time periods, id. at 24. NTN also challenges the methodology as unlawfully
    incorporating zeroing in administrative reviews, arguing that zeroing is World Trade
    Organization (“WTO”) inconsistent. Id. at 28–29.
    Timken argues that the validity of the DP analysis is not properly before the court, and, in
    any event, the court has already sustained Commerce’s use of DP. Timken Resp. at 23–24. The
    government and Timken also both disagree with NTN’s challenges and respond that the DP
    analysis does not double count because the value of the sales that pass are only included once in
    the numerator of the ratio test. Gov. Resp. at 8; Timken Resp. at 25–26. They also contend that
    even if the DP analysis accounts for tiny differences, the statute does not require Commerce to
    consider the reason why prices differ significantly. Gov. Resp. at 8–9; Timken Resp. at 24–25.
    They further dispute NTN’s argument relating to CONNUMs as failing to acknowledge that the
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                   Page 13
    statutory language, adopted in reviews, guides Commerce to consider a pattern of export prices
    “for comparable merchandise.” Gov. Resp. at 9–10; Timken Resp. at 26–27. Both parties argue
    that the use of zeroing has been upheld in the DP context and other contexts, with the
    government arguing that the court is not in a position to determine whether Commerce is
    violating the United States’ WTO obligations. Gov. Resp. at 13–14; Timken Resp. at 6–7.
    Timken is incorrect that the validity of the DP analysis is not subject to review by the
    court. Although Timken is correct that an intervening party is not allowed to bring claims
    “clearly beyond the scope of the original litigation,” see Torrington Co. v. United States, 
    14 CIT 56
    , 59, 
    731 F. Supp. 1073
    , 1076 (1990), the scope of the original litigation centered on whether
    Commerce should have applied its DP analysis. The validity of Commerce’s DP analysis is
    plainly within the scope of Timken’s complaint, which requests that Commerce apply its DP
    analysis. See Compl. ¶ 30, ECF No. 7. If Commerce has constructed the methodology in a way
    that is invalid and therefore unlawful, Commerce may not apply it. It follows then that NTN, for
    whom Commerce originally assigned a zero margin when it did not apply the DP analysis, but on
    remand received a non-de minimis margin when Commerce did apply DP, could challenge the
    validity and application of the DP analysis employed. Thus, NTN has not impermissibly
    enlarged the scope of the original litigation, as framed by the parties. Further, the validity of the
    DP methodology as applied to this case could not be addressed by the court until it actually was
    applied to the facts of this case. 10
    10
    It was appropriate, however, for NTN to have raised some general, non-case specific
    arguments prior to remand, most particularly its zeroing arguments. Such arguments, which are
    (continued . . . )
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                   Page 14
    NTN’s general challenges to Commerce’s DP analysis, however, fail. First, NTN’s
    double counting claim is unpersuasive. The purpose of Commerce’s DP analysis is to find a
    pattern of prices that differ significantly; therefore, in NTN’s example situation 11 where there are
    only two purchasers, A and B, if the prices to purchaser A differ significantly from prices to
    purchaser B and vice-versa, then it is reasonable that sales to both purchasers will be counted as
    passing Cohen’s d. As Commerce explains, these sales are then included in both the numerator
    and the denominator of the ratio, and, importantly, the value of these sales is included only once
    in the numerator and once in the denominator. See Remand Results at 26–27. Under
    Commerce’s methodology, even if some sales are included in a test group and later in a
    comparison group, their value is counted only once in the numerator of the ratio if they pass
    Cohen’s d. Moreover, NTN’s concern that the number of sales that pass Cohen’s d will be
    artificially inflated cannot be taken as a truism because, as Commerce correctly explains, if in the
    hypothetical above, sales to purchasers A and B both do not pass Cohen’s d, then the value of
    essentially facial challenges, were known and are deemed waived, but they are addressed here
    for completeness.
    11
    NTN’s example provides:
    If there are two customers (A and B) for a CONNUM, [Commerce] compares
    sales to each customer. If sales to A differ significantly from sales to B, sales to
    A pass the Cohen’s d test. Then, however, [Commerce] examines sales to B,
    which, because they differ significantly from sales to A, will also pass the test.
    This effectively applies the test to the same sales twice (one with a positive
    Cohen’s d and one with the negative Cohen’s d of the same value) . . . [and]
    unfairly inflates the number of sales that “pass” the Cohen's d test.
    NTN Cmts. at 23.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                   Page 15
    both will be included in the denominator of the ratio test. See id. at 27. Therefore, in the second
    situation, sales passing Cohen’s d will be reduced.
    Second, NTN has not established that Commerce’s DP analysis, which may capture
    differences in prices that are not the result of targeted dumping, is unlawful. Despite guidance
    from the Statement of Administrative Action (“SAA”), which indicates that A-T was typically
    used to avoid potentially concealing targeted dumping under an A-A methodology, see Uruguay
    Round Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, vol. 1, at
    843, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4177–78, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
    Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) has made clear that the statute does not require Commerce “to
    determine the reasons why there is a pattern of export prices for comparable merchandise that
    differs significantly,” JBF RAK, 790 F.3d at 1368. Therefore, in the light of the Federal
    Circuit’s decision, whether NTN’s U.S. sales were not intentionally targeted or whether the price
    differences were due to an external factor, such as shifting exchange rates, Commerce’s
    methodology lawfully identifies a pattern of export prices that differ significantly. See Remand
    Results at 24–25 (“The court has already found that the purpose or intent behind an exporter’s
    pricing behavior in the U.S. market is not relevant to [Commerce’s] analysis.”). 12
    12
    NTN only provides a hypothetical and does not provide evidence that the price differences in
    its sales were solely due to an external factor totally beyond an exporter’s control, such as
    exchange rates, and not targeting. The Federal Circuit’s opinion in JBF RAK does not appear to
    speak to a situation where a respondent actually demonstrates that the price differences are not
    the result of targeting. Although the Federal Circuit expressed concern that “requiring
    Commerce to determine the intent of a targeted dumping respondent would create a tremendous
    burden on Commerce that is not required or suggested by the statute,” JBF RAK, 790 F.3d at
    1368 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting JBF RAK LLC v. United States, 
    991 F. Supp. 2d 1343
    , 1355 (CIT 2014)), such a burden might not exist where a respondent itself provides that
    (continued . . . )
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                   Page 16
    Third, Commerce’s decision to compare purchasers, regions, and time periods by
    analyzing CONNUMs appears reasonable. The government correctly recognizes that the statute
    governing investigations is helpful because it directs Commerce to use A-T when there is a
    “pattern of export prices (or constructed export prices) for comparable merchandise that differ
    significantly among purchasers, regions, or periods of time.” See Gov. Resp. at 9 (quoting 19
    U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B)(ii)). Thus, in reviews as well as in investigations, Commerce looks
    for a pattern of prices for comparable merchandise, a term that Commerce identifies by “product
    control number[, i.e. CONNUM,] and any characteristics of the sales, other than purchaser,
    region and time period, that [Commerce] uses in making comparisons between [export price] or
    [constructed export price] and [normal value] for the individual dumping margins.” Remand
    Results at 3. Then, Commerce compares the prices for comparable merchandise for a particular
    purchaser, region, or time period to prices for all other purchasers, regions, or time periods. Id.
    at 29. NTN fails to demonstrate that using CONNUMs as a basis for establishing “comparable
    merchandise” is unreasonable; instead, it incorrectly believes that Commerce cannot limit its
    price comparisons to comparable merchandise. See NTN Cmts. at 24. But, as discussed, NTN’s
    information. Indeed, faced with the Statement of Administrative Action’s (“SAA”) clear
    expression that the alternative comparison methodology is typically employed to address
    targeted dumping, the substantial evidence standard might require a different result. Uruguay
    Round Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, vol. 1, at
    843, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4177–78 (“New section [19 U.S.C. § 1677f-
    1(d)(1)(B)] provides for a comparison of average normal values to individual export prices or
    constructed export prices in situations where an average-to-average or transaction-to-transaction
    methodology cannot account for a pattern of prices that differ significantly among purchasers,
    regions, or time periods, i.e., where targeted dumping may be occurring.”). This is not the case
    before the court.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                    Page 17
    argument cannot be reconciled with the statutory language for investigations, which guides
    Commerce’s practice here.
    Fourth, Commerce lawfully employed zeroing as part of its DP analysis. The courts have
    repeatedly held that zeroing is lawful in administrative reviews. See Union Steel v. United
    States, 
    713 F.3d 1101
    , 1103, 1104 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Timken Co. v. United States, 
    354 F.3d 1334
    ,
    1342 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 13 The use of zeroing here is no different. Here, NTN’s concern derives
    from the fact that when Commerce uses its “mixed methodology,” Commerce uses A-T with
    zeroing on sales that pass Cohen’s d and then it allegedly applies zeroing again when it
    determines the final AD margin by not allowing negative dumping margins to offset positive
    margins for the targeted sales. NTN Cmts. at 28–29. But, as the court has recognized correctly,
    the goal of measuring the effect of a pattern of prices that differ significantly is effectuated by
    using A-T with zeroing at both stages and not by somehow diluting the A-T margin when it is
    aggregated. See Apex Frozen Foods Private Ltd. v. United States, Slip Op. 16-9, 
    2016 WL 471948
    , at *20–21 (CIT Feb. 2, 2016). Commerce, in applying its mixed methodology,
    13
    These cases also address NTN’s argument that the application of zeroing is inconsistent with
    the United States’ World Trade Organization (“WTO”) obligations. See NTN Cmts. at 29; Def.-
    Intrvnr. NTN’s Reply Cmts. in Opp’n to the Final Results of Remand Redetermination 7, ECF
    No. 116 (“NTN Reply”) (citing Panel Report, United States—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing
    Measures on Large Residential Washers from Korea ¶ 8.1.a.xii, WT/DS464/T (Mar. 11, 2016)
    (“United States—Washers from Korea”)). In the case cited by NTN, the WTO Panel simply
    extends the same reasoning for why it believed zeroing to be WTO-inconsistent in the past. See
    United States—Washers from Korea at ¶ 7.206 (“We consider that the use of zeroing in the
    context of the [A-T] comparison methodology would not lead to a fair comparison, . . . [and]
    therefore find that the use of zeroing in the context of the [A-T] comparison methodology is ‘as
    such’ inconsistent with Article 2.4.”). The Federal Circuit has rejected this same reasoning as
    unpersuasive to show that Commerce’s practice of zeroing in reviews is unreasonable under the
    U.S. statute. Timken Co. v. United States, 
    354 F.3d 1334
    , 1343–44 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                    Page 18
    reasonably and “proportionately applies the remedy across the sales.” 
    Id.
     Substantial record
    evidence, such as the 54.7 percent of NTN’s sales that pass Cohen’s d, Remand Results at 8,
    supports the proposition that zeroing should be applied to those 54.7 percent sales so that
    Commerce may measure the effect of the concealed dumping. See Apex, 
    2016 WL 471948
    , at
    *18 (“[W]ithout zeroing the A-A and A-T comparison methodologies would always be
    mathematically equivalent, obviating any benefit derived from having an alternative comparison
    methodology in the statute.” (internal quotation omitted)). Thus, NTN’s general challenges to
    Commerce’s DP analysis in this case are without merit.
    2.      Application to NTN’s Sampled Sales Database
    NTN challenges Commerce’s application of its DP analysis to NTN’s sampled sales
    database, arguing that the sampled database is not representative of NTN’s overall sales. NTN
    Cmts. at 7–13. NTN also argues that Commerce was required to test the validity of the sampled
    sales database under general statistical principles before it could use the database in its DP
    analysis. 
    Id.
     at 13–16. It further contends that Commerce abused its discretion by applying the
    DP analysis to a subset of sales because certain portions of the DP analysis requires
    consideration of a respondent’s total sales, 
    id.
     at 20–22, and that Commerce could not ascertain a
    pattern from the data provided in the six-week sample, 
    id.
     at 17–20.
    The government and Timken respond that NTN failed to exhaust certain arguments by
    failing to raise them before Commerce. Gov. Resp. at 17, 22; Timken Resp. at 12–16, 21. They
    dispute NTN’s arguments pertaining to the statistical validity of the sample and the general
    statistical principles. Gov. Resp. at 16, 21–25; Timken Resp. at 21–22, 27–30. They also argue
    that Commerce did not abuse its discretion in applying its DP analysis to a sampled sales
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                      Page 19
    database and that the application in this case was lawful. Gov. Resp. at 18–21; Timken Resp. at
    18–21.
    As a preliminary matter, NTN did fail to exhaust certain arguments in its comments on
    Commerce’s Draft Remand Results. The court “shall, where appropriate, require the exhaustion
    of administrative remedies.” 
    28 U.S.C. § 2637
    (d). Exhaustion “protect[s] administrative agency
    authority and promote[s] judicial efficiency.” Itochu Bldg. Prods. v. United States, 
    733 F.3d 1140
    , 1145 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing McCarthy v. Madigan, 
    503 U.S. 140
    , 145 (1992)). Before
    the court, NTN asserts that Commerce’s methodology of randomly selecting six weeks of
    sampled sales 14 is not statistically valid, NTN Cmts. at 7–13, and argues that Commerce’s use of
    an unrepresentative sampled database in its DP analysis is unlawful because the database must
    fulfill key statistical “assumptions of normality, independence of observations, [and] variances,”
    
    id.
     at 13–16. Neither of these arguments were properly raised and developed before
    Commerce. 15 See NTN Draft Remand Cmts. at 1–14. Issues pertaining to Commerce’s
    14
    Here, Commerce employed the same random six-week sampling methodology that it
    employed in the 1990–1991 administrative review of the AD order on ball bearings. See Nachi-
    Fujikoshi Corp. v. United States, 
    19 CIT 914
    , 916, 917, 
    890 F. Supp. 1106
    , 1108–09 (1995); see
    also NTN Draft Remand Cmts. at Ex. 1 (providing Commerce’s current sampling methodology).
    NTN attempts to discredit Commerce’s sampling methodology by pointing out that in the 2010–
    2011 administrative review (i.e., the review immediately following the present review),
    Commerce stopped sampling and used each respondents’ entire sales database. NTN Cmts. at
    11–12. But, Commerce’s change in methodology is insufficient to show its present sampling
    methodology is unlawful. See Apex Frozen Foods Private Ltd. v. United States, 
    37 F. Supp. 3d 1286
    , 1302 n.7 (CIT 2014) (“If an agency practice reasonably complies with statute, that practice
    is not rendered invalid simply because the agency replaces it with an equally defensible
    policy.”).
    15
    With regards to the statistical validity, the statute provides that Commerce may use
    “statistically valid samples, if there is a significant volume of sales of the subject merchandise”
    (continued . . . )
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                    Page 20
    sampling and DP methodologies are areas where requiring exhaustion is especially appropriate
    because these issues relate to “complex economic and accounting decisions of a technical nature,
    for which agencies possess far greater expertise than courts.” See Fujitsu Gen. Ltd. v. United
    States, 
    88 F.3d 1034
    , 1039 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Therefore, the court declines to consider these
    arguments.
    Further, Commerce did not abuse its discretion when it applied the DP analysis to a
    subset of sales. Although NTN points to language from Commerce’s explanation of its DP
    methodology to argue that Commerce can conduct a DP analysis only when it has all sales data,
    see NTN Cmts. at 20–22, the sampled sales database is the universe of sales on the record and
    and Commerce has the exclusive “authority to select . . . statistically valid samples.” 19 U.S.C.
    §§ 1677f-1(a), (b). NTN did state in its comments before Commerce that Commerce
    has never stated that these sample [six] weeks are in any way representative of the
    entire year of bearing sales, or that they are statistically-valid samples, and it [sic]
    unlikely that they ever could be. The sample weeks are chosen by [Commerce]
    without knowledge of the entire universe of sales, are different each year, and are
    not evenly spaced throughout the year.
    NTN Draft Remand Cmts. at 5. NTN, however, in its comments before Commerce, does not cite
    to 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(a) or (b), does not provide factual support from the record to explain why
    Commerce’s approach is not statistically valid, and does not attempt to establish the limitations
    imposed by the phrase “statistically valid.” Therefore, it does not appear that NTN’s statement
    was sufficient to apprise Commerce of the fact that NTN was attempting to challenge the
    sampling methodology as a violation of 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(a) or (b) and any such challenge is
    waived. Regardless, absent any fact-based argument which would cause it to reach a different
    conclusion, the court adheres to Nachi-Fujikoshi, which held that Commerce’s bearings
    sampling methodology employed in this case, where Commerce randomly selects one week from
    each two-month interval of the period of review, is a reasonable exercise of agency discretion
    under a previous, but similarly-worded version of the statute. See 19 CIT at 918–19, 890 F.
    Supp. at 1109–10.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                     Page 21
    Commerce reasonably applied its DP analysis to the sales information that it had. 16 NTN knew
    before remand that Commerce had a sampled database, even objecting to the DP analysis as
    invalid based on that limitation, NTN Draft Remand Cmts. at 5, but it did not ask Commerce to
    reopen the record to obtain full reporting of sales and it did not ask the court to require it. It
    never offered its full database and cannot now complain about its absence. 17
    Given that the court has already upheld Commerce’s sampling methodology employed in
    this case as a basis for calculating a weighted-average dumping margin, it appears reasonable for
    Commerce to use the same six-week sample for purposes of calculating a weighted-average
    dumping margin when conducting a DP analysis. The relevant statutory language, covering
    targeting in investigations, does not require a different conclusion as it does not limit the type or
    representativeness of databases that Commerce may use in its pattern analysis. See 19 U.S.C.
    § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B).
    NTN’s argument that Commerce cannot ascertain a “pattern” from the sampled database
    in this case fails. As explained, Commerce’s methodology requires that the test group and the
    comparison group each have two observations before Commerce can compare the two groups.
    Remand Results at 4. If they do not have at least two observations each, then Commerce cannot
    compare the two groups and the value of the sales in those groups is included in the denominator
    of the ratio test. Thus, NTN’s argument that Commerce used “point estimates” and “discerned a
    16
    Thus, where the DP methodology calls for Commerce to consider “total sales” or “all sales,”
    Commerce has interpreted that to mean total or all reported sales (i.e., all sales covered in the six
    sampled weeks). See Remand Results at 4–5.
    17
    In fact, it has not established that it exists.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                Page 22
    ‘pattern’ based on the comparison of one sale to one other sale” is incorrect. 18 See NTN Cmts. at
    17–18. Instead, Commerce disqualified those sales and, by putting their value in the
    denominator of the ratio test, decreased the likelihood that the DP analysis would show a pattern
    of prices that differed significantly. 19 Commerce’s application of its DP analysis to NTN’s sales
    was lawful. 20
    18
    NTN also argues that a pattern discerned from comparing two point estimates would be
    “unreliable for projecting generalizations for the entire year of pricing behavior.” NTN Cmts. at
    18. NTN fails to provide information on how often Commerce’s DP analysis relied on only two
    observations for each group. Regardless, NTN’s argument also relies on the mistaken belief that
    Commerce was required to determine a pattern for all sales. As the court has explained,
    Commerce properly treated the sampled sales database as the universe of sales in conducting its
    DP analysis.
    19
    This situation differs importantly from a challenge to Commerce’s DP analysis that required
    remand by the court. There, a domestic producer successfully challenged Commerce’s
    explanation of its ratio test thresholds because Commerce’s inclusion of disqualified sales in the
    denominator of the ratio test decreased the benefit derived by the domestic producer by
    decreasing the overall value of sales that might receive the A-T remedy. See U.S. Steel Corp. v.
    United States, No. 14-00263, Slip Op. 16-44, at *14–17 (CIT May 5, 2016). NTN, on the other
    hand, stands to benefit from Commerce’s disqualification of these sales, and Timken, the
    domestic producer, does not challenge Commerce’s approach. In addition, although NTN argues
    that significant quantity of sales CONNUMs had only one or two observations, NTN Cmts. at
    17, sales value is what is important for the ratio test. As Commerce recognized, the sales value
    for these disqualified sales that were included in the denominator was quite small as a percentage
    of overall sales value, see Remand Results at 20, and is insufficient in this case to render
    Commerce’s decision unlawful.
    20
    NTN couches many of its challenges to Commerce’s DP analysis using the terms
    “representative” and “statistically valid.” These terms appear to derive from the portions of the
    statute that discuss the method by which Commerce may select samples (or may average). See
    19 U.S.C. §§ 1677f-1(a)–(b). In fact, the word “representative” does not appear in the current
    version of the statute but instead derives from an old version. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(b)
    (1984). Regardless, once Commerce appropriately selects a sample, these provisions do not
    speak to how Commerce must use that sample (e.g., in a DP analysis). Therefore, these statutory
    provisions do not further NTN’s argument.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                Page 23
    B.      Commerce’s Explanation Requirement
    NTN requests that the court remand the case to Commerce because it argues that
    Commerce has not explained why the default methodology, A-A without zeroing, cannot account
    for the price differences. NTN Cmts. at 24–27. NTN also argues that any difference in the
    margin derived from each of the methods is mostly attributable to the effect of zeroing used in
    A-T. Id. at 27–28. The government responds that its explanation, where it explained by
    reference to an example, in this case was adequate. Gov. Resp. at 11–13.
    Commerce’s explanation of why A-A cannot account for the price differences here is
    adequate. 21 The present case is different from other cases where the court determined that
    Commerce provided a conclusion rather than an adequate explanation under 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-
    1(d)(1)(B)(ii). See, e.g., Beijing Tianhai Indus. Co. v. United States, 
    106 F. Supp. 3d 1342
    , 1351
    (CIT 2015) (rejecting Commerce’s explanation because it relied on “confirmation bias” where it
    in essence reasoned that “because substantial dumping was not found using A-A, but [was]
    found using A-T, it was permissible for [Commerce] to use the alternative A-T methodology.”);
    Beijing Tianhai Indus. Co. v. United States, 
    7 F. Supp. 3d 1318
    , 1332 (CIT 2014) (holding that
    Commerce failed to adequately explain where Commerce simply stated that A-T was necessary
    because any pattern of price differences was hidden using A-A). Commerce has explained that
    21
    Although the statute for investigations also requires Commerce to explain why the transaction-
    to-transaction (“T-T”) methodology cannot account for the pattern of prices that differ
    significantly, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(d)(1)(B)(ii), Commerce, in the present administrative
    review, has only provided a reason why A-A is not appropriate. No party has argued that
    Commerce was required by its practice to explain why T-T is not an appropriate comparison
    method in an administrative review and it is fairly obvious that this product is not the kind of
    large-scale item for which T-T might be used.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                   Page 24
    “there must be a significant and meaningful difference in U.S. prices in order to resort to an
    alternative comparison method,” indicating that an alternative comparison is appropriate where,
    in comparing the alternative methods, “the weighted-average dumping margin will change by at
    least 25 percent or the weighted-average dumping margin will change [from non-de minimis] to
    be de minimis.” 22 Remand Results at 33.
    According to Commerce, in such instances, “the normal value is in the middle of the
    range of individual U.S. prices such that there is both a significant amount of dumping and a
    significant amount of offsets generated from non-dumped sales,” id. at 32, and, therefore,
    Commerce will “find that the A-A method is not appropriate,” id. at 33. Commerce reasons that
    in this situation A-T is appropriate because the significant differences in U.S. price are “large
    enough” such that “not only is there a non-de-minimis amount of dumping, but that there also is
    a meaningful amount of offsets to impact the identified amount of dumping.” Id. at 33.
    Commerce’s rationale, therefore, recognizes that in this situation, A-T can account for this by not
    allowing these offsets to dilute the weighted-average dumping margin in the same way that A-A
    might. See id. at 31 (“The comparison of a dumping margin based on weighted-average U.S.
    price . . . precisely examines the impact on the amount of dumping which is hidden or masked.”).
    Such an explanation is reasonable and demonstrates why Commerce believes A-A, which allows
    22
    In reviews, Commerce treats “as de minimis any weighted-average dumping margin . . . that is
    less than 0.5 percent ad valorem, or the equivalent specific rate.” 
    19 C.F.R. § 351.106
    (c).
    Moreover, at oral argument, the government noted that NTN’s non-de minimis rate of 6.37
    percent using A-T with zeroing constituted more than a 25 percent relative change in the
    dumping margin. As discussed in the Remand Results, NTN’s rate also crossed over from de
    minimis using A-A without zeroing to non-de minimis using A-T with zeroing. Remand Results
    at 8. NTN does not refute that the change in its dumping margin was meaningfully or
    significantly different, as defined by either of Commerce’s criteria.
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                    Page 25
    for offsets and might mask significant price differences, cannot account for these price
    differences. See Apex, 
    2016 WL 471948
    , at *17 n.24 (“The court can discern from Commerce’s
    explanation that A-A cannot account for the pattern of significant price differences because A-A
    masked the dumping that was occurring as revealed by the A-T calculated margin.”).
    NTN’s other arguments also lack merit. As previously discussed, although NTN argues
    that Commerce’s use of zeroing with A-T creates artificially higher dumping margins, NTN
    Cmts. at 27–28, NTN has not explained why the use of zeroing in this context is unlawful.
    Indeed, Commerce’s methodology appears to be a lawful attempt to effectuate the goal of the
    statute by measuring the effect of the pattern of prices that differ significantly. See Apex Frozen
    Foods Private Ltd. v. United States, 
    37 F. Supp. 3d 1286
    , 1296 (CIT 2014) (“[B]y comparing
    Apex’s nonzeroed A-A rate to its zeroed A-T rate, the agency found the precise amount of
    dumping—including dumping from the targeted sales—that A-A masked. Commerce could then
    decide whether that dumping was great enough to merit an exceptional remedy.”). Moreover,
    NTN’s citation to United States—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Large
    Residential Washers from Korea, WT/DS464/T (Mar. 11, 2016) (“United States—Washers from
    Korea”) is unconvincing. There, the WTO Panel interpreted a similarly-worded but ultimately
    different provision, Article 2.4.2 of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the
    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (“AD Agreement”). United States—Washers
    from Korea ¶ 7.73. The differences in the two provisions is evident: the WTO Panel clarified
    that Article 2.4.2 requires “an investigating authority [to] analyse the prevailing factual
    circumstances in order to consider the possibility that something other than targeted dumping is
    responsible for these relevant price differences,” 
    id.,
     but the Federal Circuit has made clear that
    Consol. Court No. 14-00155                                                                Page 26
    the U.S. statute does not require Commerce to investigate why a pattern of prices that differ
    significantly exists, JBF RAK, 790 F.3d at 1368. In any event, whatever light a WTO decision
    might eventually shed, the WTO Panel’s decision in United States—Washers from Korea is not
    final as it has been appealed by the United States. U.S. Appeals Panel Report on Large
    Residential Washers from Korea, World Trade Organization: 2016 News Items (Apr. 19, 2016),
    available at https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news16_e/ds464apl_19apr16_e.htm (last
    visited Apr. 22, 2016). Thus, NTN’s reliance on the WTO’s interpretation of Article 2.4.2 is
    misplaced.
    CONCLUSION
    For the reasons stated above, Commerce’s Remand Results are sustained. Judgment will
    enter accordingly.
    /s/ Jane A. Restani
    Jane A. Restani
    Judge
    Dated: May 10, 2016
    New York, New York