New Am. Keg v. United States , 2024 CIT 129 ( 2024 )

Slip Op. 24-129
UNITED STATES
COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Court No. 20-00008
NEW AMERICAN KEG, d/b/a
AMERICAN KEG COMPANY,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant,
and
NINGBO MASTER INTERNATIONAL
TRADE CO., LTD., and GUANGZHOU
JINGYE MACHINERY CO., LTD.,
Defendant-Intervenors.
Before: M. Miller Baker, Judge
OPINION
[The court sustains Commerce’s third remand redeter-
mination.]
Dated: November 25, 2024
Whitney M. Rolig, Andrew W. Kentz, and Nathaniel
Maandig Rickard, Picard Kentz & Rowe LLP, Wash-
ington, DC, on the comments for Plaintiff.
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 2
Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attor-
ney General; Patricia M. McCarthy, Director; and Ash-
ley Akers, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation
Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
Washington, DC, on the comments for Defendant. Of
counsel on the comments was Vania Wang, Senior At-
torney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforce-
ment & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
Gregory S. Menegaz and Alexandra H. Salzman,
deKieffer & Horgan, PLLC, Washington, DC, on the
comments for Defendant-Intervenors.
Baker, Judge: This long-running antidumping saga
involving steel beer kegs from China returns for a
fourth time. In its last visit, domestic producer Amer-
ican Keg challenged the Department of Commerce’s
decision to place contemporaneous (2018) Mexican
wage data on the record to determine surrogate labor
costs for Chinese producer and mandatory respondent
Ningbo Master. See Slip Op. 24-11, at 3, 2024 WL
379968, at *1 (CIT Jan. 31, 2024) (Am. Keg III). 1 The
court held that the agency abused its discretion in so
doing. Contrary to the stated rationale, see Appx4436,
informational accuracy did not require that step when
the non-contemporaneous (2016) Brazilian wage data
on the existing record—as adjusted to 2018 using that
country’s consumer price index (CPI), also on the
1 The court presumes the reader’s familiarity with its pre-
vious opinions. See also Slip Op. 21-30, 2021 WL 1206153(CIT Mar. 23, 2021) (Am. Keg I); Slip Op. 22-106, 2022 WL
4363320 (CIT Sept. 13, 2022) (Am. Keg II).
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 3
record—were accurate. Am. Keg III, Slip Op. 24-11, at
4, 2024 WL 379968, at *1.
The court also held that the Department abused its
discretion insofar as it reopened the record because of
its preference for data from countries producing iden-
tical (rather than merely comparable) merchandise. 2
Agency policy is to use information from nations mak-
ing the latter when there are “difficulties” with figures
from countries manufacturing the former, id. at 4, 6,
2024 WL 379968, at *2, and because the burden of cre-
ating an adequate record lies with the parties, id. at
4–5, 2024 WL 379968, at *2. Here, there were difficul-
ties with the existing Mexican labor information be-
cause it was non-contemporaneous (2016), id. at 4,
2024 WL 379968, at *2, and Ningbo Master failed to
place contemporaneous statistics from that nation or
the applicable CPI inflator on the record, Appx4485.
On remand, Commerce found the non-contempora-
neous Brazilian wage information suitable for deter-
mining Ningbo Master’s margin and adjusted it using
that country’s CPI inflator that was also on the record.
Appx4482. At the same time, the Department rejected
the company’s request to reopen the record to allow
submission of a Mexican CPI inflator to adjust the lat-
ter country’s wage data. Appx4485. It reasoned that
the former nation’s figures were “equally reliable,”
save for the agency’s “general preference” for a country
producing identical merchandise. Appx4484. As the
2 Mexico produces identical steel kegs, but Brazil only pro-
duces “comparable” products. See id. at 3, 2024 WL 379968,
at *1.
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 4
applicable CPI inflator on the existing record could
make those statistics contemporaneous, it was unnec-
essary to collect new information. Appx4485.
The agency also rejected Ningbo Master’s argument
that the Mexican labor data are the best available in-
formation, either with the Brazil CPI inflator or with
no adjustment at all. Appx4487. It explained that the
record does not show whether “the rate of inflation ex-
perienced” by those countries is the same. Appx4488.
Moreover, the adjusted Brazilian wage rate data sat-
isfied the agency’s contemporaneity preference, while
the unadjusted Mexican figures did not. Id.Ningbo Master now contends that Commerce’s de-
cision not to reopen the record to add a Mexican CPI
inflator was arbitrary and capricious. ECF 99, at 5–15.
The company also assails the Department’s reliance on
the Brazilian wage figures and CPI inflator, repeating
its argument that the non-contemporaneous Mexican
wage information—even without an inflator—is still
the “best available information” on the record such
that use of the former is not supported by substantial
evidence. Id. at 15–22. As explained below, the court
rejects both lines of attack and sustains the agency’s
redetermination.
I
In challenging Commerce’s decision not to reopen
the record and use a Mexican CPI inflator to adjust
that nation’s wage information, Ningbo Master asserts
several theories. It first argues the failure to allow the
submission of this new data was arbitrary because the
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 5
Department sometimes exercises its discretion to do
so. Id. at 5–9.
But discretionary authority need not be used in
every case; instead, it suffices if the agency “exam-
ine[d] the relevant data and articulate[d] a satisfac-
tory explanation for its action including a rational con-
nection between the facts found and the choice made.”
Motor Veh. Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (cleaned up).
That’s exactly what happened here: Commerce ex-
plained that it was unnecessary to reopen the record
to inflate the Mexican wage figures when the existing
Brazilian information and applicable CPI adjustor
suited the agency’s purposes. Appx4485.
The company also contends that “Commerce has a
frequent practice” of itself placing CPI inflators on the
public record. ECF 99, at 9–10. The company cites sev-
eral such examples. Id. at 10–13. It asserts that the
Department’s failure to do so here is arbitrary because
it was “contrary to well-established practice.” Id. at 13.
Those instances, however, did not involve reopening a
record after remand when the existing one “allow[ed]
an accurate margin calculation.” Am. Keg III, Slip Op.
24-11, at 5, 2024 WL 379968, at *2. Ningbo Master is
in the “awkward position [of] argu[ing] that Commerce
abused its discretion by not relying on evidence that
[the company] itself failed to introduce into the rec-
ord.” QVD Food Co. v. United States, 658 F.3d 1318,
1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011). As “the burden of creating an
adequate record lies with interested parties and not
with Commerce,” id. (cleaned up), the agency reason-
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 6
ably chose to rely on the record built by the parties,
which permitted an accurate margin calculation.
In a variation on the same theme, Ningbo Master
asserts that the Department acted contrary to normal
practice, and thus arbitrarily, by not selecting the ex-
isting Mexican wage data as the best available infor-
mation and then placing that nation’s CPI inflator on
the record. ECF 99, at 14–15. The company quotes the
second remand results, where the agency stated that
it
applies a hierarchy in selecting the most appro-
priate labor values, does not typically consider
the inflator determinative of which data to se-
lect, and may place inflators on the record dur-
ing an administrative proceeding when neces-
sary. Ordinarily, Commerce determines how to
inflate the data (if necessary) after the data has
been selected.
ECF 99, at 14 (quoting Appx4435–4436).
There are at least two problems with Ningbo Mas-
ter’s argument. To begin with, it relies on reasoning
that the court has already rejected. As explained in
American Keg III, the Department’s reopening of the
record to use new contemporaneous Mexican wage
data was arbitrary because the existing record—cre-
ated by the parties—allowed for an accurate margin
calculation. Slip Op. 24-11, at 4–5, 2024 WL 379968,
at *2. It would be just as arbitrary to reopen the record
to use a new CPI inflator from that nation to adjust
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 7
the existing non-contemporaneous Mexican labor rate
information.
Moreover, the agency’s (since-recanted) reasoning
that the company invokes is flawed on its own terms.
That discussion cites (see Appx4436 nn.38–39) a Com-
merce notice announcing the methodology for calculat-
ing labor value after the Department has selected a
primary surrogate country. See Antidumping Method-
ologies in Proceedings Involving Non-Market Econo-
mies: Valuing the Factor of Production: Labor, 76 Fed.
Reg. 36,092, 36,094 (Dep’t Commerce June 21, 2011)
(explaining that the Department “will value [a non-
market-economy] respondent’s labor input using in-
dustry-specific labor costs prevailing in the primary
surrogate country, as reported in Chapter 6A of the
[International Labour Organization] Yearbook of La-
bor Statistics” under a methodology applying various
“filters”) (emphasis added); id. at 36,094 n.11 (explain-
ing the “filters”). The disputed issue in this case in-
volves an antecedent question: the selection of a surro-
gate country for labor valuation.3 As discussed below,
a different agency practice governs that subject. See
Import Administration Policy Bulletin 04.1, Non-Mar-
ket Economy Surrogate Country Selection Process
(Mar. 1, 2004).
Finally, Ningbo Master maintains that the CPI in-
flator (based on Brazilian currency, the real) was a
3 Commerce originally selected Malaysia as the primary
surrogate country. Appx3529. The Department has since
abandoned that choice as to labor costs, see Appx1452–
1457, and instead (finally) settled on Brazil.
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 8
mismatch for the wage data from that country (denom-
inated in U.S. dollars) and thus “introduce[d] inaccu-
racies” that warranted reopening the record. ECF 99,
at 15. The Department, however, noted that under its
practice, “U.S. dollar–denominated surrogate values
should be inflated based on the country in which the
expense was incurred, not the currency in which it was
reported.” Appx4487 (quoting 79 Fed. Reg. 57,047 and
accompanying Issues & Decision Memo. at Cmt. 4).
The company does not outline the “inaccuracies” that
it contends result from this approach, and in any event
the agency reasonably explained its choice.
II
Ningbo Master argues in the alternative that even
if Commerce did not abuse its discretion in declining
to reopen the record to allow use of the Mexican CPI,
its decision to rely on the Brazilian wage data and in-
flator is unsupported by substantial evidence. ECF 99,
at 15. The company asserts that the Mexican wage
data on the record were still the best available infor-
mation for the margin calculation, either inflated us-
ing the Brazilian CPI or with no such adjustment. Id.at 20–22.
When, as here, the agency must determine the nor-
mal value of a product from a nonmarket-economy
country, its “valuation of the factors of production
shall be based on the best available information” as to
the value of those factors in a nation with a market
economy. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1). Because Congress
did not define “best available information,” Commerce
identified “non-dispositive policy preferences” to guide
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 9
its selection. Xiamen Int’l Trade & Indus. Co. v. United
States, 953 F. Supp. 2d 1307, 1312 (CIT 2013). “[T]he
Department prefers surrogate[ ] values that are con-
temporaneous with the period of review, publicly
available, product-specific, representative of broad
market average prices, and free of taxes and import
duties.” Id. at 1312–13. The agency also has a general
preference for surrogate values from producers of iden-
tical goods, but will use figures from “countries that
produce a broader category of reasonably comparable
merchandise” when the former present “data difficul-
ties.” Policy Bulletin 04.1, at 2 n.6; Appx4484.
As noted above, the Department found “no defini-
tive information on the record” showing the Brazilian
wage data were inaccurate. Appx4482. Commerce
acknowledged its “general preference” for identical
subject merchandise when calculating surrogate val-
ues, Appx4484, but found that both countries’ wage
data were “equally reliable” in all other respects, id.And it acknowledged that the inability to inflate the
non-contemporaneous Mexican figures was a “data dif-
ficult[y].” Id. Thus, the Department faced using either
the Brazilian information, which satisfied each of the
non-dispositive policy preferences, or its Mexican
counterpart, which did not. The agency determined
that its general preference for a surrogate value de-
rived from a country producing identical merchandise
“does not outweigh” the Brazilian data’s satisfaction of
the other preferences. Appx4484–4485; see Xiamen,
953 F. Supp. 2d at 1312–13 (“Commerce has not iden-
tified a hierarchy among these factors, and the weight
accorded to a factor varies depending on the facts of
each case.”).
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 10
Ningbo Master attacks that decision, arguing that
the Mexican data are preferable because that country
produces identical merchandise. ECF 99, at 18. But
Commerce’s preference for a surrogate value from a
country making the same goods is just that: a prefer-
ence, one of several non-dispositive factors the agency
considers. See Xiamen, 953 F. Supp. 2d at 1312; see
generally Policy Bulletin 04.1. The Department found
that its predilection for data contemporaneity carried
more weight than its partiality for product likeness.
Appx4484. The company may be unhappy with how
the agency weighed those factors, but the latter’s deci-
sion is supported by substantial evidence.
Put differently, it appears Ningbo Master seeks to
convert a regulatory preference into a substantive rule
of decision. But because the statute requires Com-
merce to identify the “best available information” by
comparing the datasets on the record, the Department
cannot point to a regulatory preference as its only rea-
son—rather, a preference can be a tiebreaker between
datasets that are otherwise equal. See NTSF Seafoods
Joint Stock Co. v. United States, Ct. Nos. 20-00104,
20-00105, Slip Op. 22-38, at 50–51, 2022 WL 1375140,
at *17 (CIT Apr. 25, 2022) (citing Peer Bearing Co.–
Changshan v. United States, 752 F. Supp. 2d 1353,
1373 (CIT 2011)). Moreover, to the extent this case
presents competing regulatory preferences (identical
merchandise versus contemporaneity), Policy Bulletin
04.1 explains how the agency will resolve that matter.
It followed those instructions here.
Ningbo Master also argues that there are no actual
“data difficulties” with the Mexican wage information
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 11
because Commerce can simply apply the Brazilian in-
flator. ECF 99, at 20. But that issue has already been
resolved. When this case returned from the initial re-
mand, the Department used a Brazilian inflator on
Mexican labor data. The court remanded again be-
cause the agency failed to explain how it was appropri-
ate to use an inflator applicable to a different country,
especially in view of its published guidance calling for
the use of the “relevant Consumer Price Index.” Am.
Keg II, Slip Op. 22-106, at 6, 2022 WL 4363320, at *2
(emphasis in original) (quoting 76 Fed. Reg. at 36,094).
Commerce then acknowledged that such an adjust-
ment would be inappropriate. Appx3638. In the most
recent remand, it explained that it “has no practice of
adjusting the underlying data from one alternative
surrogate country using another [such] country’s CPI
data.” Appx4487. In asserting that the Department
should nevertheless do so here, Ningbo Master’s only
arguments are that the adjustment would be minimal
and that Brazil is economically comparable to Mexico.
ECF 99, at 20, 21–22. But that is not the agency’s
standard practice. See 76 Fed. Reg. at 36,094 (describ-
ing practice of inflating earnings data “using the rele-
vant Consumer Price Index”) (emphasis added). Com-
merce also observed that the two countries being “eco-
nomically comparable” in terms of GDP does not in-
trinsically show that “the rate of inflation experienced
by each country is the same.” Appx4488. Ningbo Mas-
ter points to no other evidence to support its conclusion
that the Brazilian inflator is “relevant” to Mexico.
The company also asserts that even without an in-
flator, the Mexican wage data are superior to the
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 12
Brazilian. ECF 99, at 19, 21. It overlooks that the issue
before the court “is not to evaluate whether the infor-
mation Commerce used was actually the best availa-
ble, but rather whether a reasonable mind could con-
clude that [the agency] chose the best available infor-
mation.” Jiangsu Zhongji Lamination Materials Co.
(HK) v. United States, Ct. No. 21-00138, Slip Op.
23-84, at 11, 2023 WL 3863201, at *4 (CIT June 7,
2023) (cleaned up) (quoting Zhejiang DunAn Hetian
Metal Co. v. United States, 652 F.3d 1333, 1341 (Fed.
Cir. 2011)). Given the choice between non-contempo-
raneous and non-inflatable Mexican data and non-con-
temporaneous but inflatable Brazilian data, the De-
partment chose the latter. Id. That was reasonable.
Finally, Ningbo Master contends that Commerce
cannot rely on the Brazilian data because that country
does not produce a comparable product. ECF 99, at 18–
19. The company failed to exhaust its administrative
remedies by not definitively raising the issue before
the agency. 4 See Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United
4 Even though American Keg advocated for the use of Bra-
zilian wage information in the initial investigation, Ningbo
Master did not challenge “the comparability of Brazilian
production.” ECF 101, at 22. And when commenting on
Commerce’s draft first remand redetermination, which
found that Brazil manufactures comparable goods, the Chi-
nese company’s only response was an aside that its Ameri-
can counterpart submitted “information that Brazil pro-
duces a supposedly comparable product, steel wheels.”
Appx3563 (emphasis added). Such “[p]assing references do
not raise arguments.” I.D.I. Int’l Dev. & Inv. Corp. v.
United States, Ct. No. 20-00107, Slip Op. 21-82, at 32, 2021
WL 3082807, at *11 (CIT July 6, 2021) (citing ArcelorMittal
Ct. No. 20-00008 Page 13
States, 548 F.3d 1375, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (holding
parties are “procedurally required to raise [an] issue
before Commerce at the time [the agency] was ad-
dressing the issue”); Dorbest, Ltd. v. United States, 604
F.3d 1363, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (finding the exhaus-
tion requirement justified because “fairness . . . re-
quires as a general rule that courts should not topple
over administrative decisions unless the administra-
tive body not only has erred but has erred against ob-
jection made at the time appropriate under its prac-
tice”) (quoting United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck
Lines, 344 U.S. 33, 37 (1952)).
* * *
Just as beer kegs eventually (and sadly) run dry, all
litigation—even this case—must end in the fullness of
time. The court sustains the Department’s third re-
mand redetermination. A separate judgment will is-
sue. See USCIT R. 58(a).
Dated: November 25, 2024 /s/ M. Miller Baker
New York, NY Judge
France v. AK Steel Corp., 700 F.3d 1314, 1325 n.6 (Fed. Cir.
2012)).