People v. Zapotocky , 18 Brief Times Rptr. 310 ( 1994 )

869 P.2d 1234 (1994)

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Michael Paul ZAPOTOCKY, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 93SA80.

Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.

February 14, 1994. Rehearing Denied March 14, 1994.

John W. Suthers, Dist. Atty., Fourth Judicial Dist., Colorado Springs, for plaintiff-appellant.

David F. Vela, State Public Defender, Karen M. Gerash, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for defendant-appellee.

Justice MULLARKEY delivered the Opinion of the Court.

This appeal is brought by the People of the State of Colorado from a finding by the trial court that section 16-8-114.5(2), 8A C.R.S. (1993 Supp.), pertaining to the termination of criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant, is unconstitutional on its face and as applied to the defendant-appellee, Michael Paul Zapotocky.^[1] Finding that the trial court incorrectly construed the statute, we hold that the statute is constitutional. We reverse and remand the case with directions.

I

Zapotocky was charged with second degree murder in El Paso District Court on August 30, 1988. It is alleged that on July 22, 1988, he kicked Rowan Monteith to death in the bathroom of a workshop for the developmentally disabled in Colorado Springs. Zapotocky, who is presently thirty-four years old, is severely developmentally disabled and moderately retarded. His autism and retardation appear to stem from brain trauma suffered at birth. As a consequence, Zapotocky suffers from an organic personality disorder which periodically has resulted in explosive and assaultive behavior throughout his life.

On September 30, 1988, the trial court ordered that Zapotocky be examined to determine his competency. Zapotocky then moved to terminate the criminal proceeding pursuant to section 16-8-114.5(2), 8A C.R.S. (1986). At that time, the statute required the court to terminate the criminal proceeding if there was a substantial probability that the defendant would not be restored to competency within the foreseeable future.

If, on the basis of the available evidence,... there is a substantial probability that the defendant will not be restored to competency within the foreseeable future, the court shall terminate the criminal proceeding and the commitment or treatment order under section 16-8-112(2) and shall either order the release of the defendant or the commencement of civil proceedings under the provisions of article 10 of title 27, C.R.S.

§ 16-8-114.5(2), 8A C.R.S. (1986).

A competency hearing was held pursuant to section 16-8-111, 8A C.R.S. (1986), on December 15, 1988. At that hearing, the trial court found Zapotocky to be incompetent to proceed, but it did not dismiss the criminal case without additional evidence obtained by evaluations. Instead, the trial court reset the case for a hearing regarding termination of the criminal proceeding and ordered that Zapotocky be released on bond to his family.

On February 2, 1989, the trial court held a hearing on Zapotocky's motion to terminate the criminal proceeding. Although evidence was presented that Zapotocky would not be restored to competency, the trial court did not dismiss the case, concluding that Zapotocky must first be committed to the department of institutions pursuant to section 16-8-112(2), 8A C.R.S. (1986).^[2] The trial court then committed Zapotocky to the Mental Health Institute at Pueblo.

Zapotocky again moved to terminate the criminal proceeding on April 5, 1989. At a hearing on April 21, 1989, the trial court heard further evidence that Zapotocky would not be restored to competency. However, the trial court again refused to find that there was a substantial probability that Zapotocky would not be restored to competency in the foreseeable future and did not terminate the criminal proceeding. According to the trial court, Zapotocky's motion was premature because the department of institutions had not exhausted every treatment alternative before concluding that Zapotocky's condition would not improve.^[3]

On April 27, 1989, the General Assembly amended section 16-8-114.5(2) (the amended statute) to provide that a court could terminate a criminal proceeding against an incompetent defendant only upon motion of the district attorney. Ch. 150, sec. 1, § 16-8-114.5(2), 1989 Colo.Sess.Laws 867, 867. The district attorney refused to move to dismiss the criminal proceeding because he believed that Zapotocky was a threat to public safety and that civil commitment would not adequately protect the public.

A fourth hearing was held on February 19, 1993. At this hearing, the trial court found Zapotocky to be "forever and totally incompetent." The trial court also applied the amended statute to Zapotocky and declared the statute to be unconstitutional in violation of Zapotocky's due process rights and the doctrine of separation of powers. The trial court then dismissed the charges against Zapotocky under the pre-1989 statute and ordered the commencement of civil commitment proceedings under sections 27-10-101 to -129, 11B C.R.S. (1989).

II

Due process precludes placing a defendant on trial while he is incompetent. Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 172, 95 S.Ct. 896, 904, 43 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975); Coolbroth v. District Court, 766 P.2d 670, 673 (Colo.1988); Jones v. District Court, 617 P.2d 803, 806 (Colo.1980). See also § 16-8-110(1), 8A C.R.S. (1986) (stating "no person shall be tried, sentenced, or executed if he is incompetent to proceed"). A person is incompetent to proceed when he "is suffering from a mental disease or defect which renders him incapable of understanding the nature and course of the proceedings against him or of participating or assisting in his defense or cooperating with his defense counsel." § 16-8-102(3), 8A C.R.S. (1986).

In Colorado, when the trial court has reason to believe that a defendant is incompetent to proceed, it must suspend the proceeding and determine the competency of the defendant. § 16-8-110(2)(a), 8A C.R.S. (1986). If the trial court determines that the defendant is competent to proceed, the criminal proceeding continues. § 16-8-112(1). On the other hand, if the trial court finds that the defendant is incompetent to proceed, the proceeding is not resumed.^[4] Instead, section 16-8-112(2) provides that the trial court must commit the defendant to the custody of the department of institutions until he is able to stand trial. However, the defendant cannot remain confined for a period in excess of the maximum term which could be imposed for the offense, less minimum good time. § 16-8-114.5(1). Moreover, the trial judge has a duty to review the defendant's case at least every six months to consider the probability that the defendant will be restored eventually to competency and the justification for continued commitment. § 16-8-114.5(2); Parks v. Denver Dist. Court, 180 Colo. 202, 207, 503 P.2d 1029, 1032 (1972).

If the defendant is charged with an offense which does not involve violent behavior, the trial court may order the defendant to undergo outpatient treatment at an appropriate facility. § 16-8-112(2). The trial court also may release the defendant on bail under the criteria set forth in Colorado statutes and the Rules of Criminal Procedure, section 16-8-112(3), even if the defendant is charged with a violent crime. People v. White, 819 P.2d 1096, 1098 (Colo.App.1991).

The question raised in this case concerns what occurs when it becomes apparent the defendant is unlikely in the foreseeable future to regain competency to stand trial. Prior to April 27, 1989, the trial court was required to terminate the criminal proceeding and any commitment or treatment order rendered by the court pursuant to section 16-8-112(2), once it determined that there was a substantial probability that the defendant would not be restored to competency. § 16-8-114.5(2), 8A C.R.S. (1986). The court then was required to order either the release of the defendant or the commencement of civil commitment proceedings. Id. Under the amended statute, however, a trial court can terminate the criminal proceedings only upon motion of the district attorney. § 16-8-114.5(2), 8A C.R.S. (1993 Supp.). It is this limitation which caused the trial court to find the statute to be unconstitutional facially and as applied.

III

We first address whether the trial court correctly held that the amended statute is an unconstitutional violation of Zapotocky's due process rights. Although the reasons for its decision are unclear, it appears that the trial court believed that the amended statute is unconstitutional because it allows the state both to maintain criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant and to keep the defendant confined, even though it is unlikely that the defendant will ever be tried. We believe that this conclusion is based on an erroneous interpretation of the statute.

A

A court's primary task in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. People v. Schuett, 833 P.2d 44, 47 (Colo.1992); People v. Terry, 791 P.2d 374, 376 (Colo.1990). In order to discern legislative intent, we look first to the language of the statute itself. People v. Davis, 794 P.2d 159, 183 (Colo. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1018, 111 S.Ct. 662, 112 L.Ed.2d 656 (1991); People v. District Court, 713 P.2d 918, 921 (Colo.1986). When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, the statute must be interpreted as written without resort to interpretive rules and statutory construction. Jones v. Cox, 828 P.2d 218, 221 (Colo.1992). However, if the intended scope of the statutory language is unclear, a court may apply other rules of statutory construction and look to pertinent legislative history. Terry, 791 P.2d at 376; Griffin v. S.W. Devanney & Co., Inc., 775 P.2d 555, 559 (Colo.1989). A court also may consider the consequences of a particular construction when determining the legislature's intent. Walgreen Co. v. Charnes, 819 P.2d 1039, 1044 (Colo.1991); § 2-4-203, 1B C.R.S. (1980).

Section 16-8-114.5(2), as amended in 1989, provides:

If, on the basis of the available evidence,... there is a substantial probability that the defendant will not be restored to competency within the foreseeable future, upon motion of the district attorney, the court may terminate the criminal proceeding and the commitment or treatment order under section 16-8-112(2) and may either order the release of the defendant or the commencement of civil proceedings under the provisions of article 10 of title 27, C.R.S.

Ch. 150, sec. 1, § 16-8-114.5(2), 1989 Colo. Sess.Laws 867, 867 (emphasis added).

The constitutionality of this subsection depends on the scope of the district attorney's ability to control the fate of an incompetent defendant embodied in the phrase "upon motion of the district attorney." Zapotocky argues, and the trial court apparently concluded, that section 16-8-114.5(2) as amended mandates that the district attorney must file a motion before the trial court can terminate criminal proceedings and before the trial court can order the defendant released or civilly committed. Under this construction of the statute, the trial court is powerless to release or civilly commit the defendant unless the district attorney moves to terminate the proceedings.

However, section 16-8-114.5(2) also can be interpreted to give the district attorney authority only to initiate the dismissal of the criminal charges. Under this interpretation, the amended statute does not require a motion by the district attorney before the trial court can release or civilly commit a defendant. It merely describes what the trial court may do once a motion has been filed by the district attorney and the proceedings are terminated pursuant to that motion. Because the scope of the district attorney's authority under section 16-8-114.5(2) is unclear, the statute is ambiguous. We must therefore look beyond the statutory language in order to discover the legislature's intent.

1

The legislative history of section 16-8-114.5(2) demonstrates that the legislature was primarily concerned with giving the district attorney authority over the decision whether to terminate the criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant. The amendments to section 16-8-114.5(2) were proposed in House Bill 1197, whose prime sponsor was State Representative Tim Foster. In a hearing before the House Judiciary Committee on January 26, 1989, Representative Foster stated that the prior version of section 16-8-114.5(2) allowed a defendant who had been declared mentally incompetent to avoid facing criminal charges even after being restored to competency.

Essentially, the status of the law as it currently is, if you are deemed not competent to stand trial, you are then sent on to the State Hospital where you can serve no longer than you would serve if you were convicted of the crime. It's after that that the law gets a little on the tricky side. You are reviewed then every six months to determine whether you have a substantial likelihood of regaining competence. Once a determination is made that you are not likely, or substantially likely, to regain competence in the foreseeable future, ... we mandate that the court shall terminate the criminal proceedings, which obviously then means that the statute of limitations begins to run, ...^[5]

Audiotape of Hearings before House Judiciary Committee on House Bill 1197, January 26, 1989, 57th General Assembly (emphasis added). The bill would close what Representative Foster referred to as a "loophole" by allowing the criminal charges to remain pending so that the statute of limitations for prosecuting the defendant would not lapse. Id.

Stephen ErkenBrack, then district attorney for the Twenty-First Judicial District (Mesa County), also spoke in favor of the bill before the House Judiciary Committee at the January 26th hearing. ErkenBrack testified that the law would directly affect a case then pending in Mesa County in which psychiatric reports concerning the defendant's competency were conflicting. His concern was that the court would have no choice but to terminate the criminal proceedings should it believe that the defendant would not be restored to competency in the foreseeable future. "And, yet, the statute of limitations is running, which is three years, and in three years we will have no opportunity to prosecute this case in the event that she is restored to competency." Id.

ErkenBrack also believed that the amendment would allow the district attorney to control the continued commitment of an incompetent defendant. However, Representative Foster did not discuss the bill in these terms. For example, in his closing comments before the House Judiciary Committee, Foster explained that the amendment "simply stops the statute of limitations from running." Id. Later, Foster stated "[a]ll we're talking about here is not the DA deciding whether [an incompetent defendant] is released or not, but whether the charges will continue to pend." Id. Since Representative Foster was the sponsor of the bill, his statements concerning the bill's purpose should be accorded substantial weight. See North Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 526-27, 102 S.Ct. 1912, 1920-21, 72 L.Ed.2d 299 (1982); Edwards v. Valdez, 602 F.Supp. 361, 368-69 (D.Colo.1985), rev'd on other grounds, 789 F.2d 1477 (10th Cir.1986); City of Aspen v. Meserole, 803 P.2d 950, 953 (Colo.1990).

A court also may consider the title of the legislation in resolving uncertainties concerning legislative intent. City of Ouray v. Olin, 761 P.2d 784, 789 (Colo.1988); Martinez v. Continental Enter., 730 P.2d 308, 313 (Colo.1986); 2A Norman J. Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction § 47:03 (5th ed. 1992). The title of H.B. 1197 was "an act concerning the limitation of mandatory dismissals of criminal actions due to the substantial probability that the accused will not be restored to competency in the foreseeable future." Ch. 150, 1989 Colo.Sess.Laws 867, 867 (emphasis added). Like the legislative history, the title of the amendment focuses on the mandatory termination of criminal proceedings. It does not mention the release or civil commitment of the defendant. This narrowly drawn title supports the conclusion that the legislature intended to limit the scope of the district attorney's authority to the termination of criminal proceedings without affecting the trial court's authority to terminate the criminal commitment or treatment order and then release or civilly commit the defendant.

We also recognize that statutory terms should be construed in a manner that avoids constitutional infirmities. Committee for Better Health Care v. Meyer, 830 P.2d 884, 894 (Colo.1992); Renteria v. State Dept. of Personnel, 811 P.2d 797, 799 (Colo.1991). Thus, if a statute is capable of alternative constructions, one of which is constitutional, then the constitutional interpretation must be adopted. People v. McBurney, 750 P.2d 916, 920 (Colo.1988). We must also presume that the legislature acts with awareness of prior decisional law on the subject matter under inquiry when it amends a statute. Davis, 794 P.2d at 181. We believe that the district attorney cannot control the decision to release or civilly commit an incompetent defendant consistent with Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715, 92 S.Ct. 1845, 32 L.Ed.2d 435 (1972), and therefore decline to interpret the statute in a manner which would give the district attorney this authority.

In Jackson, the United States Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of Indiana's system for pre-trial commitment of a criminal defendant. The defendant was a mentally retarded deaf mute who could communicate only to a limited extent by sign language. After the defendant was indicted on two counts of robbery, the trial court found him to be incompetent to proceed and committed him to the state department of mental health "until sane." Practically speaking, this was a commitment for life since the defendant would never attain the competence required for trial. On certiorari, the Supreme Court held that the defendant had been deprived of equal protection because Indiana's statutes subjected criminal defendants to a more lenient commitment standard and a more stringent standard of release than those applied to persons not charged with crimes. Id., 406 U.S. at 730, 92 S.Ct. at 1854. The Court likewise concluded that the indefinite commitment of a criminal defendant solely because he lacked the capacity to proceed deprived him of equal protection and due process. Id., 406 U.S. at 730, 738, 92 S.Ct. at 1854, 1858.

The Court thus held that a person charged with a criminal offense who is committed solely on account of his incompetency to proceed to trial "cannot be held more than the reasonable period of time necessary to determine whether there is a substantial probability that he will obtain that capacity in the foreseeable future." Id., 406 U.S. at 738, 92 S.Ct. at 1858. Commitment at this point safeguards the rights of the defendant by protecting him from a criminal prosecution when he is unable to defend himself and ensuring that he will be afforded a trial comporting with due process if he later becomes capable of assisting in his own defense. See State ex rel. Haskins v. County Court, 62 Wis.2d 250, 214 N.W.2d 575, 579 (1974). Colorado's pre-trial commitment procedures also protect the public interest by confining the defendant to the extent necessary for the protection of society. Parks, 180 Colo. at 208, 503 P.2d at 1032.

However, Jackson makes it clear that a state cannot continue to confine the defendant under its criminal commitment statutes if it is unlikely that the defendant ever will attain competency. When the determination is made that there is no substantial probability that the defendant will be restored to competency, "the State must either institute the customary civil commitment proceeding that would be required to commit indefinitely any other citizen, or release the defendant." 406 U.S. at 738, 92 S.Ct. at 1858 (emphasis added). Granting the district attorney the discretion to control the release or civil commitment of a defendant found unlikely to become competent in the foreseeable future thus would violate the express holding of Jackson.

The People maintain that, even if the district attorney has such discretion, Colorado's criminal commitment statutes nonetheless comply with Jackson because they contain significant procedural safeguards which protect an incompetent defendant from being inappropriately committed for an indefinite period. Specifically, the People argue that section 16-8-112(2) allows the trial court to order outpatient treatment in any case where the defendant is not charged with a violent offense; section 16-8-112(3) leaves the trial court discretion to release any defendant on bond; and section 16-8-114.5(2) mandates that the trial court review the defendant's case at least every six months with regard to the justification for continued confinement. Finally, section 16-8-114.5(1) dictates that the defendant cannot be committed for a period in excess of the minimum term which could be imposed for the offense for which he is charged, less any earned time to which he would be entitled under the state's parole eligibility formula. We reject the People's analysis.

In Parks, this court upheld the constitutionality of Colorado's criminal commitment statutes in a case involving a defendant found to be incompetent to proceed. However, Parks does not support the proposition that the state can continue to hold the defendant under a criminal commitment once it has been determined that the defendant is unlikely to attain competency in the foreseeable future. In fact, we explicitly stated in Parks that "[i]f it becomes apparent that the defendant is unlikely to ever regain competency to stand trial, then civil commitment proceedings should be instituted." 180 Colo. at 207, 503 P.2d at 1032. The reasons for terminating criminal commitment at that point are apparent. Criminal commitment can no longer be justified as protecting the rights of a defendant who is unlikely to ever stand trial. Instead, continued criminal commitment becomes "the custodial warehousing of an individual who cannot appropriately be dealt with by the criminal law." Haskins, 214 N.W.2d at 579.

We realize that continued commitment of the defendant still may be necessary for the protection of society. However, the mere filing of criminal charges does not justify less procedural and substantive protections than are available to others against whom criminal charges have not been filed. Jackson, 406 U.S. at 724, 92 S.Ct. at 1851. In Parks, we noted that the crucial criterion for a civil commitment proceeding — dangerousness to oneself or to others — is identical to that which is used in criminal commitment proceedings. 180 Colo. at 208, 503 P.2d at 1032. However, the People do not, and cannot, maintain that there is no difference in the substantive and procedural commitment standards under the two commitment schemes. In fact, the district attorney refused to move to terminate the criminal proceedings against Zapotocky due to the lower standards for commitment and release in a civil commitment proceeding.

In light of these constitutional concerns and the legislative history of H.B. 1197, we hold that section 16-8-114.5(2) as amended gives the district attorney the authority to initiate the termination of criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant. However, the statute does not give the district attorney the power to dictate whether the defendant will be released or civilly committed once the trial court determines that there is not a substantial probability that the defendant will be restored to competency in the foreseeable future.

IV

Having concluded that the legislature did not intend to give the district attorney control over the trial court's decision to release or civilly commit an incompetent defendant, we now must consider whether requiring a motion by the district attorney before the trial court can terminate the criminal action comports with the United States and Colorado Constitutions. The trial court concluded that this requirement violates due process because it allows criminal charges to remain pending against an incompetent defendant even though those charges can never be proved since the defendant lacks the mental capacity to be tried. The trial court also held that the requirement violates the separation of powers doctrine because it gives the district attorney "veto power" over the dismissal decision. We will address each of these arguments in turn.

A

In declaring the amended statute to be an unconstitutional violation of due process, the trial court apparently believed that the defendant has a right to dismissal of criminal charges if it does not appear reasonably likely that he will be competent to stand trial in the future. We disagree.

The question of the disposition of criminal charges against an incompetent defendant was left unanswered by the United States Supreme Court in Jackson. The defendant had argued that "fundamental fairness" required that the charges against him be dismissed, whereas the state believed that it was entitled to hold the charges pending indefinitely. 406 U.S. at 739, 92 S.Ct. at 1858. The Court noted that other courts have justified the dismissal of criminal charges under these circumstances on grounds of "the Sixth-Fourteenth Amendment right to a speedy trial, or the denial of due process inherent in holding pending criminal charges indefinitely over the head of one who will never have a chance to prove his innocence." Id., 406 U.S. at 740, 92 S.Ct. at 1859 (footnote omitted). However, the Court did not order the charges dismissed, but remanded the case to the Indiana courts for the initial determination of this issue. Id.

Several courts have considered this issue in light of Jackson, but none has held that charges against an incompetent accused must be dismissed as a matter of due process. See, e.g., State v. Gaffey, 92 N.J. 374, 456 A.2d 511, 517 (1983) (stating "Jackson ... does not mandate that the dismissal of criminal charges involving an incompetent must always be with prejudice in order to pass constitutional muster"); People v. Williams, 48 Ill.App.3d 842, 6 Ill.Dec. 386, 392, 362 N.E.2d 1306, 1312 (1977) ("We do not believe that Jackson can be read as requiring a State to either try unfit defendants or dismiss the pending criminal charges against them."). In Haskins, the Wisconsin Supreme Court recognized that it is "a rather pointless and a cruel application of the law, as well as an additional burden on prosecutors and courts, to keep pending criminal charges that will never be brought to trial." 214 N.W.2d at 584. However, the court believed this issue to be a "legislative problem." Id. "[T]here is no authority for a trial judge to sua sponte order a dismissal." Id.

An examination of incompetency laws in other states supports the view that the dismissal of criminal charges against incompetent defendants is a legislative choice and is not constitutionally compelled. In some states, a trial court must dismiss the charges if it determines that the defendant will probably remain incompetent to proceed. See, e.g., Mo.Ann.Stat. § 552.020.10(6) (Vernon 1987); Mont.Code Ann. § 46-14-221(2) (1993). In other states, dismissal of criminal charges is discretionary. See, e.g., Ariz. R.Crim.P. 11.6(e); Ark.Code Ann. § 5-2-310(c) (Michie 1993); Haw.Rev.Stat. § 704-406(3) (1992 Supp.). In still others, the trial court must dismiss the charges against an incompetent defendant in some circumstances, whereas dismissal is discretionary in others. See Minn.R.Crim.P. 20.01(6) (providing that the criminal proceedings must be dismissed if the prosecuting attorney has not filed a notice of intention to prosecute the defendant when he has been restored to competency unless the defendant is charged with murder); N.J.Rev.Stat. §§ 2C:4-6c and -6e (1982).

The reasons for allowing criminal charges to remain pending are clear. As the New Jersey Supreme Court explained in Gaffey, the decision to dismiss charges based only on the likelihood of recovery "is purely prognostication," and may turn out to be incorrect. 456 A.2d at 516-17. In addition,

[t]he risk of error can increase when the determination is made within a relatively short time following defendant's incompetency. Hence, if such a prediction is or can be wrong, other considerations, such as the protection of society and the public interest in effective law enforcement, militate strongly in favor of the right to continue or renew the prosecution or at least preserving the opportunity to do so.

Id. at 517.

Allowing the criminal charges to remain pending does not mean that the defendant will never have the opportunity to have the charges dismissed. By statute, the defendant's counsel may assert any legal objection to the prosecution which is susceptible to determination prior to trial and does not require the personal participation of the defendant. § 16-8-112(4), 8A C.R.S. (1986). See also Ex parte Kent, 490 S.W.2d 649, 652-53 (Mo.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1077, 94 S.Ct. 596, 38 L.Ed.2d 484 (1973); Model Penal Code § 4:06(3) (1985). The right to have such motions heard can preserve important defense matters and may result in a dismissal. Haskins, 214 N.W.2d at 579. Dismissal of the charges for lack of speedy trial may also be appropriate.^[6]See, e.g., United States v. Lancaster, 408 F.Supp. 225, 228-29 (D.D.C.1976); Gaffey, 456 A.2d at 518; Haskins, 214 N.W.2d at 585-86; People ex rel. Myers v. Briggs, 46 Ill.2d 281, 263 N.E.2d 109, 113 (1970). However, speedy trial claims can only be resolved on a case-by-case basis, Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 522, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 2188, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972); Falgout v. People, 170 Colo. 32, 42, 459 P.2d 572, 577 (1969), and Zapotocky has not made such a claim in this case.

We recognize that at least two federal courts prior to Jackson held that criminal charges against an incompetent defendant must be dismissed as a matter of due process. See United States ex rel. von Wolfersdorf v. Johnston, 317 F.Supp. 66, 68 (S.D.N.Y.1970); United States v. Jackson, 306 F.Supp. 4, 6 (N.D.Cal.1969). However, in those cases, the relevant statutory provisions prohibited the defendant from obtaining medical treatment through civil commitment so long as the criminal charges were pending. Colorado's statutes pertaining to civil commitment do not suffer from this infirmity. In Colorado, a defendant can be civilly committed even if criminal proceedings are pending. Section 27-10-123, 11B C.R.S. (1989) specifically provides that:

[Civil commitment proceedings] shall not be initiated or carried out involving a person charged with a criminal offense unless or until the criminal offense has been tried or dismissed; except that the judge of the court wherein the criminal action is pending may request the district or probate court to authorize and permit such proceedings.

(Emphasis added).^[7] Therefore, there is no statutory support for the proposition that Zapotocky will be deprived of the treatment opportunities available through civil commitment in the event that the district attorney does not move to terminate the criminal proceeding.^[8]

We therefore hold that section 16-8-114.5(2), requiring a motion by the district attorney before the criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant can be terminated, does not violate due process.

B

The trial court also held that section 16-8-114.5(2) violates the separation of powers doctrine because it deprives the trial court of the ability to dismiss a case and makes the district attorney the final arbiter of the defendant's fate. Again, we disagree.

Article III of the Colorado Constitution divides the powers of state government into three distinct branches or departments and directs that "no person or collection of persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others." This precept, also known as the separation of powers doctrine, imposes on the judiciary both a proscription against interfering with the executive or legislative branches, and a duty to perform its constitutional and statutory obligations with complete independence. Pena v. District Court, 681 P.2d 953, 956 (Colo.1984). Courts cannot, under the pretense of deciding a case, assume power vested in either the legislative or executive branch of government. People v. Montgomery, 669 P.2d 1387, 1389 (Colo.1983).

This case requires us to examine the role of the district attorney and the trial court with respect to the dismissal of criminal charges. At common law, the trial court had no power to enter or to direct the district attorney to enter a dismissal. People v. Dennis, 164 Colo. 163, 165, 433 P.2d 339, 340 (1967). See also Haskins, 214 N.W.2d at 584 (stating "in the absence of a statute to the contrary, a court has no power before trial to dismiss criminal charges"); Model Penal Code § 4:06 cmt. 3 at 247. Instead, "[s]uch power was vested in the prosecuting attorney alone and could be exercised only by him." Dennis, 164 Colo. at 165, 433 P.2d at 340.

This is not to say that a trial court cannot exercise its supervisory authority and dismiss pending charges against a defendant on constitutional grounds. See United States v. Turner, 620 F.Supp. 525, 527 (D.Colo. 1985), aff'd, 799 F.2d 627 (10th Cir.1986). However, the trial court's role with regard to the propriety of maintaining the prosecution generally is limited to a consideration of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the prosecution. See Dennis, 164 Colo. at 166, 433 P.2d at 340 (quoting People v. Zobel, 54 Colo. 284, 287, 130 P. 837, 838 (1913)). Thus, we have held that the decision to request dismissal of pending criminal charges is within the district attorney's discretion, and this decision may not be controlled or limited by judicial intervention. People v. District Court, 632 P.2d 1022, 1024 (Colo.1981); People v. Lichtenstein, 630 P.2d 70, 72 (Colo. 1981); People v. District Court, 186 Colo. 335, 338-39, 527 P.2d 50, 52 (1974).

Under the 1989 amendments to section 16-8-114.5(2), the legislature has transferred the decision to dismiss pending criminal proceedings against incompetent defendants from the trial court to the district attorney. Placing the termination decision with the district attorney is consistent with the traditional powers of the trial court and the prosecutor. Therefore, section 16-8-114.5(2) does not violate separation of powers principles.

V

Finally, Zapotocky argues that the current version of section 16-8-114.5(2) should not be applied to him since his criminal proceeding was initiated and pending before the statute was amended. According to Zapotocky, application of the amended statute to him runs counter to principles of statutory construction and constitutes a violation of the proscription against ex post facto laws.^[9] We disagree.

As a general rule, changes in statutes are presumed to be prospective in application. § 2-4-202, 1B C.R.S. (1980); Continental Title Co. v. District Court, 645 P.2d 1310, 1314 (Colo.1982). Additionally, article I, section 10 of the United States Constitution states that "[n]o state shall ... pass any ... ex post facto law." The Colorado Constitution similarly provides that "[n]o ex post facto law... shall be passed by the general assembly." Colo. Const. art. II, § 11. Taken together, these constitutional provisions prohibit the General Assembly from retroactively altering the definition of crimes or increasing the punishment for criminal acts. Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43, 110 S.Ct. 2715, 2719, 111 L.Ed.2d 30 (1990). See also Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 28, 101 S.Ct. 960, 963, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981); Turman v. Romer, 729 F.Supp. 1276, 1279 (D.Colo.1990); People v. Billips, 652 P.2d 1060, 1064 (Colo. 1982).

A statute is not rendered unconstitutional as an ex post facto law merely because the facts upon which it operates occurred before the adoption of the statute. Billips, 652 P.2d at 1064. Rather, two elements must be present before a criminal law will be stricken down as ex post facto. First, the law must be retrospective, that is, it must apply to events occurring before its enactment. Second, the law must disadvantage the person affected by it. Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 430, 107 S.Ct. 2446, 2451, 96 L.Ed.2d 351 (1987); Weaver, 450 U.S. at 29, 101 S.Ct. at 964.

To be retrospective, the law must change the legal consequences of acts completed before its effective date. Weaver, 450 U.S. at 31, 101 S.Ct. at 965. In our opinion, the amended statute is not unconstitutionally retrospective. The relevant "act" for purposes of this statute is not the conduct which allegedly resulted in the death of Rowan Monteith. The amended statute did not alter either the elements of the crime of second degree murder or deprive Zapotocky of a defense to the crime.

The "act" upon which both the pre-1989 and the amended statute operate is the determination by the trial court that there is a substantial probability that the defendant will not be restored to competency in the foreseeable future. Under both versions of the statute, the criminal proceedings cannot be terminated until the trial court makes this finding, even though the institution treating the defendant may have previously prepared a report regarding his or her competency. This is because competency to stand trial is a matter for judicial determination; it is not a finding made on the basis of rubber-stamping the report of a psychiatrist. Haskins, 214 N.W.2d at 582.

Here, expert evidence was presented before the statute was amended to establish that Zapotocky would not be restored to competency. The trial court, however, explicitly declined to make a finding of indefinite incompetency until February 19, 1993 — several years after the statute was amended. Since, under both versions of section 16-8-114.5(2), a court cannot terminate criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant until this finding is made, and the trial court did not make this finding until after the statute was amended, no retrospective application is involved in this case. Accordingly, application of the amended statute to Zapotocky does not violate the ex post facto clauses of the United States and Colorado Constitutions.

VI

In summary, we hold that the trial court erred in declaring section 16-8-114.5(2) to be unconstitutional. Properly construed, the statute requires only that the district attorney file a motion before the trial court can dismiss criminal proceedings against an incompetent defendant, and does not affect the trial court's duty to release or civilly commit an incompetent defendant once it determines that the defendant is unlikely to be restored to competency in the foreseeable future. This requirement does not violate Zapotocky's due process rights or the doctrine of separation of powers. In addition, application of the amended statute to Zapotocky was not ex post facto because the trial court's finding of indefinite incompetency occurred after the amended statute became effective. Therefore, we reverse and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

SCOTT, J., does not participate.

NOTES

[1] We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to section 13-4-102(1)(b), 6A C.R.S. (1993 Supp.).

[2] This statutory subsection provides, in pertinent part:

If the final determination is that the defendant is incompetent to proceed, the court shall commit the defendant to the custody of the department of institutions, ... Such commitment or treatment shall continue until the defendant is found competent to proceed or until otherwise terminated under the provisions of section 16-8-114.5.

[3] Zapotocky appealed this decision to the court of appeals. In an unpublished decision, People v. Zapotocky, No. 89CA0872 (Colo.App. Oct. 25, 1990), the court of appeals dismissed the appeal because there was no final order.

[4] However, the trial court may continue the proceeding to decide matters which are susceptible to determination prior to trial and which do not require the personal participation of the defendant. § 16-8-112(4), 8A C.R.S. (1986).

[5] In 1989, section 16-5-401(1)(a) provided that the prosecution must be commenced within a particular limitations period running from the commission of an offense. A defendant's incompetency did not toll the limitations period. See § 16-5-401(2) to (9), 8A C.R.S. (1986 and 1989 Supp.).

[6] The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article II, section 16, of the Colorado Constitution.

[7] In fact, at the February 2, 1989 hearing, the trial court stated that it was prepared to ask the district court to authorize civil commitment of Zapotocky pursuant to section 27-10-123.

[8] Zapotocky states that termination of the criminal proceeding is necessary to secure funding through other state agencies. However, he does not point to a state statute or regulation which would compel this result.

[9] The trial court requested briefs regarding the applicability of the amended statute to Zapotocky's case. However, no briefs or a trial court ruling on this issue appears in the record.