J. Wm. Foley, Inc. v. United Illuminating Co. ( 2015 )


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    J. WM. FOLEY, INC. v. THE UNITED
    ILLUMINATING COMPANY
    (AC 36194)
    Gruendel, Mullins and Mihalakos, Js.
    Argued November 19, 2014—officially released June 23, 2015
    (Appeal from Superior Court, judicial district of
    Hartford, Complex Litigation Docket, Bright, J.)
    Ira S. Sacks, with whom were Gerard P. Brady, and,
    on the brief, Alan J. Sobol and Paul G. Ryan, for the
    appellant (plaintiff).
    Jonathan M. Freiman, with whom were Timothy A.
    Diemand and Ivana D. Greco, for the appellee
    (defendant).
    Opinion
    MULLINS, J. The plaintiff, J. Wm. Foley, Inc. (Foley),
    appeals from the judgment of the trial court, after a
    bench trial, rendered in part in favor of the defendant,
    The United Illuminating Company (United). Foley
    claims that the court improperly: (1) denied its claim
    for compensation arising from delays in a construction
    project in which Foley served as a contractor; (2) con-
    cluded that it was not entitled to a 10 percent markup on
    United’s settlement payments to Foley’s subcontractors
    pursuant to a markup provision in the parties’ contract;
    (3) denied its claims for interest; (4) rejected its tort
    claims; and (5) denied its request for leave to file a
    fifth amended complaint. We affirm the judgment of
    the trial court.
    The relevant facts found by the court in its memoran-
    dum of decision are as follows. To meet the growing
    energy demands of southwest Connecticut, United
    undertook the construction of a sixty-nine mile power
    transmission line. As a part of that endeavor, United
    was required to install an underground power transmis-
    sion line over a six mile stretch of land between Bridge-
    port and Stratford (project). ‘‘Doing so was not simply
    a matter of digging a single six mile trench through
    open land, laying a six mile transmission line in the
    trench, and then filling it in. [United’s] route passed
    through congested residential and commercial areas,
    and included work on public roads. In addition, to pro-
    tect the transmission line, concrete would be poured
    into the trench to encase the line in a ‘duct bank.’
    Finally, the transmission line would be laid in segments
    and connected to other segments along the length of
    the duct banks. These connection points are known as
    splice chambers. . . .
    ‘‘To complete the work required on the project,
    [United] sought bids from qualified contractors who
    would be responsible for digging the trenches, laying
    the transmission line, installing the duct banks and
    splice chambers, laying the transmission line into the
    splice chambers and filling in the trenches. On or about
    January 25, 2006, Foley submitted a bid of $43,344,000
    to do all of this work, except for supplying and installing
    the transmission line. . . .
    ‘‘In submitting this bid, Foley considered the draw-
    ings [United] gave to potential bidders as part of the
    bid package. These drawings showed various obstruc-
    tions a contractor should expect to encounter when
    doing the trenching and laying work called for by the bid
    request. Among these obstructions were other utilities
    already in the area where the work was to be performed.
    [United] notified Foley that it was the low bidder on the
    contract, and Foley and [United] then began negotiating
    the terms of a contract.’’
    On or about September 29, 2006, United and Foley
    entered into a contract for Foley’s work on the project
    (contract). The contract reflected an understanding by
    the parties that Foley could encounter site conditions
    not identified in the drawings. Specifically, the contract
    provided that ‘‘in the event that [Foley] encounters
    unknown or misidentified site conditions whose pres-
    ence will cause a change in [Foley’s] scope of work or
    delay in the critical path’’ Foley would be entitled to
    additional compensation. ‘‘Critical path’’ was defined
    in the contract as ‘‘the particular sequence of tasks,
    activities, and/or other [m]ilestones associated with
    performance of the [w]ork which must be accomplished
    as scheduled in order for the [w]ork and the [p]roject
    as a whole to be completed on time and in accordance
    with the [c]ontract [d]ocuments, including the [p]roject
    [s]chedule.’’1 The contract included a lump sum con-
    tract price of $53,348,057.
    Article 6 of the contract outlined a mechanism for
    compensating Foley for the expenses that it incurred
    from unexpected obstacles. When Foley sought addi-
    tional compensation, § 6.4 (a) required that Foley sub-
    mit to United a ‘‘[c]hange [o]rder’’ request. The change
    order request had to include ‘‘an equitable schedule
    and/or price adjustment to compensate [Foley] for the
    actual, demonstrable delay in the [c]ritical [p]ath and/
    or the cost of [Foley’s] additional [w]ork.’’ Section 6.1
    (d) provided that claims for additional compensation
    would be ‘‘irrevocably waived and released’’ unless
    Foley submitted its change order request within ten
    business days of the event or decision giving rise to the
    claim (ten day rule). ‘‘Pursuant to § 6.1 (e), [United]
    then had ten business days to respond to Foley’s pro-
    posal. . . . Pursuant to § 6.3, if [United] agreed with
    the proposal, a change order would issue. . . . Thus,
    based on the structure of the agreement, the parties
    . . . intended that any price adjustments related to
    delay were to be resolved as part of the above process
    and addressed on a change order by change order
    basis.’’
    United hired Black & Veatch to serve as its consultant
    on, and coordinator of, the project.2 Foley hired as sub-
    contractors Manafort Brothers, Inc. (Manafort) and
    A.M. Rizzo Electrical Contractors, Inc. (Rizzo). Mana-
    fort dug the trenches and installed the duct banks and
    splice chambers. Rizzo installed the piping in the
    trenches that would include the transmission line. After
    Rizzo installed the piping, Manafort then refilled the
    trenches.
    According to their anticipated schedule, the parties
    expected the project to take approximately one year
    to complete. Foley was to commence construction in
    October, 2006, and have construction substantially com-
    pleted3 by November, 2007. Foley did not notify United
    that the project was substantially complete, however,
    until November, 2008, approximately one year after the
    expected completion date.
    There were many reasons for delays to the project.
    On the one hand, United was responsible for some of
    those reasons, which included: failing to secure neces-
    sary easements; postponing work on the project due to
    the construction of a separate transmission line; tardily
    remediating soil contamination; and failing to resolve
    a municipal zoning dispute in a timely manner. On the
    other hand, various performance and workmanship
    issues by Foley and its subcontractors also slowed the
    project. For example, Manafort’s use of trench boxes
    that were ill suited for the densely populated urban
    conditions encountered during construction caused
    delays to the project.
    ‘‘By far though, the biggest obstacles the parties
    encountered on the project were unknown under-
    ground utilities and other conditions [that] were not
    shown on the project drawings. Foley and Manafort
    started encountering these obstacles as early as Janu-
    ary, 2007. They continued to encounter them through-
    out virtually the entire project. The unknown conditions
    encountered included everything from abandoned
    water pipes ranging in size up to 60 inches in diameter
    located in positions different than what was shown on
    the project drawings; gas lines and other underground
    utilities not shown on the drawings at all; unexpected
    amounts of rock; a culvert that was missing one side
    that everyone thought was there; and soil contaminated
    by PCBs.4 Overall, while the number of expected under-
    ground interferences shown in the project drawings
    was 415, over the life of the project Foley and Manafort
    encountered 1209.’’ (Footnote added.)
    Almost immediately after construction began, Foley
    encountered undisclosed obstacles and, pursuant to
    § 6.4 (a) of the contract, requested additional compen-
    sation for the resulting costs by submitting to United
    change order requests. ‘‘By the summer of 2007 though,
    Foley and [United] were in dispute over what level
    of detail needed to be provided in the [change order
    requests]. Given the number of obstacles and issues it
    was encountering, Foley thought that it was impractical
    for it to identify the critical path impact associated with
    each submittal it made. Consequently, it proposed [to
    United] that the parties resolve the direct cost part of
    the [change order requests] when presented and reserve
    for later any resolution of critical path impact.’’
    In particular, on July 23, 2007, Foley proposed alter-
    ing the procedures set forth in § 6.4 (a), whereby Foley
    would be permitted to include in its change order
    requests only the direct costs associated with an obsta-
    cle, while reserving to the parties ‘‘all rights, remedies
    and defenses’’ concerning critical path delays. On
    August 3, 2007, however, United declined that proposal,
    and informed Foley that claims for additional compen-
    sation must comply with article 6 of the contract. Upon
    receipt of United’s refusal, Foley reiterated to Manafort
    that change order requests must include ‘‘a cost and
    resource loaded schedule showing impact to the critical
    path,’’ that ‘‘[a]ll claims must have all of the information
    shown in Article 6,’’ and that ‘‘the time limitations out-
    lined in Article 6 are in effect.’’
    On August 15, 2007, Manafort informed Foley that it
    believed that United’s requirements were impractical,
    and inquired whether, after submitting change order
    requests, it should continue work or halt construction
    until United issued a change order. On August 20, 2007,
    Foley replied: ‘‘[United] is not waiving the time limits
    for submitting a claim as contained in the [c]ontract,
    Article 6. . . . Please also be reminded that requests
    for adjustments to the critical path schedule affecting
    your subcontract work must be received in time for
    Foley to make any necessary adjustments to the overall
    critical path schedule and submit its proposal to
    [United] for such change in the work.’’ (Emphasis in
    original.) That same day, Foley forwarded Manafort’s
    inquiry to United, and submitted another proposal to
    adjust the change order process. Foley suggested that
    United issue change orders in two parts: the first part
    would pertain to increased direct costs; the second part
    would address adjustments for delays in the critical
    path.
    In a letter dated August 28, 2007 (August, 2007 letter),
    United represented to Foley that it would modify the
    change order process, but in a manner different from
    what Foley had proposed. Under the adjusted proce-
    dure, United first would negotiate the direct costs asso-
    ciated with the obstacle, and then United and Foley
    would negotiate ‘‘the number of days delay to the crew
    . . . .’’ United clarified, however, that this modification
    pertained only to crew delays, and not critical path
    delays.5
    Specifically, United explained: ‘‘When the negotia-
    tions are complete, a change order will be drafted in
    the agreed dollar amount (Direct Costs). The change
    order will also list the agreed amount of crew-day delay;
    not schedule delay. The idea is to keep the crew delays
    with the appropriate change order event. The listing
    of the crew-day delay will not signify that [United]
    has waived any provision of the contract. A day of
    delay to a particular crew shall not be understood as
    being equal to a day of delay of the project schedule
    [a critical path delay]. These change orders will not
    affect either party’s rights or liabilities for delay and
    impact costs, except that the change order will have
    settled the issue of how many days delay was experi-
    enced by the impacted crew only.’’ (Emphasis added.)
    As construction progressed, Foley continued to
    encounter unanticipated obstacles and, in turn, submit-
    ted to United change order requests for direct costs
    and crew delays. United continued to issue change
    orders that provided additional compensation to Foley.6
    In spite of that, however, ‘‘Foley never, during the
    course of the project, submitted a critical path delay
    analysis or claim with any [change order request]. While
    it did regularly submit updates to critical path schedules
    . . . those schedules did not assign responsibility for
    any particular delay to any particular event or party.’’
    On October 10, 2008, as work on the project was in
    its final stages, Foley, for the first time, submitted to
    United a claim for a delay of the project, a critical path
    delay. This claim, however, did not include a critical
    path delay analysis. In its submission, ‘‘Foley basically
    claimed that the project took thirteen months longer
    than expected, the entire delay was [United’s] fault,
    and, as a result, Foley had additional overhead and
    related costs of $6,174,122.45 for which [United] was
    responsible. . . . While Foley attached documents in
    support of its claimed increased costs, it did not submit
    a critical path delay analysis with its claim.’’
    United refused to compensate Foley for the delay
    claim. Thereafter, Foley filed the present action seek-
    ing, inter alia, compensation for ‘‘delays in the critical
    path caused by unknown or misidentified site condi-
    tions, and caused by the extra, additional, and impacted
    work ordered, directed, or otherwise required on the
    project.’’7
    In 2011, Foley submitted to United two additional
    versions of its delay claim, neither of which included
    a critical path delay analysis. Again, ‘‘Foley had taken
    a ‘global cost approach’ to the claim. . . . Essentially,
    Foley was claiming that all delays on the project were
    clearly [United’s] responsibility and it had to prove noth-
    ing more than the amount of costs it incurred because
    the project took longer to complete than planned.’’
    In June, 2012, Foley, for the first time, presented
    United with a time impact analysis pertaining to delays
    in the critical path. This analysis was prepared by Riv-
    erso Associates, Foley’s scheduling consultant during
    the project. In connection with this report, ‘‘[o]n August
    10, 2012, approximately one month before the start of
    trial, Foley submitted a fourth version of its [delay]
    claim to [United]. The amount of this claim was
    $4,854,206.93.’’ During trial, however, Foley’s primary
    witness on damages acknowledged errors in Foley’s
    delay claim, and Foley reduced the amount that it was
    claiming to $4,691,882.44.
    On September 3, 2013, after a bench trial, the court,
    Bright, J., issued a memorandum of decision. The court
    concluded that Foley had ‘‘irrevocably waived and
    released’’ its delay claim because it had failed to timely
    submit its claim to United. The court further concluded
    that, even if notice had been timely, Foley did not dem-
    onstrate that the delays for which United allegedly was
    responsible delayed the critical path of the project.
    Accordingly, the court rendered judgment in favor of
    United on the breach of contract count regarding the
    delay claim.
    The court, additionally, rejected Foley’s tort claims,
    the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and
    fair dealing claim, and its claim that United violated
    the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA),
    General Statutes § 42-110a et seq. The court also denied
    Foley’s claim to recoup 10 percent of the settlement
    payments made by United to Foley’s subcontractors,
    and rejected Foley’s claim for unanticipated legal costs.
    The court found in Foley’s favor, however, on three
    change order requests for additional direct costs that
    Foley claimed United wrongfully had rejected, and
    awarded Foley $1,051,143.30. The court, nonetheless,
    rejected Foley’s claim for statutory interest on all
    amounts unpaid by United.8 This appeal followed.
    Additional facts and procedural history will be set
    forth as necessary.
    I
    DELAY CLAIM
    Foley first claims that the court improperly denied
    its delay claim. Specifically, Foley contends that the
    court incorrectly determined that: (A) the ten day rule
    in the contract applied to critical path delay claims;
    and (B) Foley did not timely submit its critical path
    delay claim to United and, therefore, irrevocably waived
    and released its delay claim.9 We are not persuaded.
    Initially, we set forth our standard of review. Foley’s
    delay claim sounds in breach of contract. ‘‘It is well
    settled that in order to recover for breach of contract,
    a plaintiff must prove that he or she sustained damages
    as a direct and proximate result of the defendant’s
    breach.’’ Warning Lights & Scaffold Service, Inc. v.
    O & G Industries, Inc., 
    102 Conn. App. 267
    , 271, 
    925 A.2d 359
     (2007). ‘‘[W]hether there was a breach of con-
    tract is ordinarily a question of fact. . . . Our review,
    therefore, is under the clearly erroneous standard.’’
    (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Smithfield Associ-
    ates, LLC v. Tolland Bank, 
    86 Conn. App. 14
    , 21, 
    860 A.2d 738
     (2004), cert. denied, 
    273 Conn. 901
    , 
    867 A.2d 839
     (2005).
    A
    Applicability of Ten Day Rule
    First, Foley claims that the ten day rule did not apply
    to the delay claim. We are not persuaded.
    Foley’s claim requires us to construe the meaning of
    the contract. In construing a contract, ‘‘[t]he contract
    must be viewed in its entirety, with each provision read
    in light of the other provisions . . . and every provision
    must be given effect if it is possible to do so.’’ (Citation
    omitted.) United Illuminating Co. v. Wisvest-Connecti-
    cut, LLC, 
    259 Conn. 665
    , 671, 
    791 A.2d 546
     (2002).
    ‘‘Although ordinarily the question of contract interpre-
    tation, being a question of the parties’ intent, is a ques-
    tion of fact . . . [when, like here] there is definitive
    contract language, the determination of what the parties
    intended by their . . . commitments is a question of
    law [over which our review is plenary].’’ (Citation omit-
    ted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Bristol v. Ocean
    State Job Lot Stores of Connecticut, Inc., 
    284 Conn. 1
    ,
    7, 
    931 A.2d 837
     (2007).
    Here, reading the contract provisions as a whole and
    in light of each other, as we must, the language of the
    contract unambiguously demonstrates that critical path
    delay claims are subject to the ten day rule. Indeed,
    § 6.4 (a) of the contract provided that United would
    compensate Foley for ‘‘the actual, demonstrable delay
    in the [c]ritical [p]ath.’’ In order to be entitled to that
    compensation, however, the contract specifically pro-
    vided that, after encountering unknown or misidentified
    site conditions, Foley had ten business days within
    which to submit a claim for compensation arising from
    delays in the critical path, or that claim would ‘‘be
    irrevocably waived and released . . . .’’ The ten day
    notice requirement pertained to ‘‘[a]ny [c]laims by
    [Foley] for increased compensation or extension of
    completion deadlines . . . .’’ Critically, § 6.4 (b) pro-
    vided that the ‘‘[d]iscovery of unknown or misidentified
    site conditions shall not relieve [Foley] of any of its
    obligations under this [a]greement.’’
    Consequently, it is clear that the language of the con-
    tract provided that the ten day notice rule applied to
    any claims for which Foley sought additional compen-
    sation as a result of the extension of completion dead-
    lines. This obviously encompassed both unknown or
    misidentified site conditions as well as anything else
    that Foley believed caused a demonstrable delay in the
    critical path and impacted the completion date of the
    project.10 Thus, the court correctly determined that
    Foley’s delay claim was subject to the ten day rule.
    Given that we have determined that the court prop-
    erly applied the ten day rule to the delay claim, it is
    evident that Foley did not timely submit its claim for
    compensation arising from delays in the critical path.
    Indeed, the court determined that Foley failed to submit
    a critical path delay claim that included an analysis
    identifying the impact of individual delays on the proj-
    ect’s final completion date until June, 2012, when it
    submitted an analysis prepared by Riverso Associates.
    This submission was more than three and one-half years
    after construction had been completed. Thus, the court
    properly concluded that Foley’s untimely ‘‘claim for
    delay damages [was] irrevocably waived and released.’’
    B
    Waiver of Ten Day Rule
    Next, Foley claims that, even if the ten day rule did
    apply to the delay claim, it had submitted a valid delay
    claim because United waived its right to receive notice
    within ten days. Specifically, Foley argues that United
    relinquished its right to notice under the ten day rule
    because United’s August, 2007 letter was tantamount
    to a waiver of that notice provision. We reject this claim
    because the record demonstrates, consistent with the
    court’s conclusion, that United ‘‘never waived the notice
    requirements of article 6 as they relate to damages
    resulting from delays to the critical path.’’
    ‘‘Waiver involves an intentional relinquishment of a
    known right. . . . There cannot be a finding of waiver
    unless the party has both knowledge of the existence
    of the right and intention to relinquish it. . . . Waiver
    may be inferred from the circumstances if it is reason-
    able so to do. . . . Whether conduct constitutes a
    waiver is a question of fact. . . . The issue of waiver
    is a question of fact, dependent on all of the surrounding
    circumstances and the testimony of the parties. (Cita-
    tion omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Roy v.
    Metropolitan Property & Casualty Ins. Co., 
    98 Conn. App. 528
    , 532, 
    909 A.2d 980
     (2006). Being a question of
    fact, a finding of waiver or lack thereof is subject to the
    clearly erroneous standard of review. See Smithfield
    Associates, LLC v. Tolland Bank, 
    supra,
     
    86 Conn. App. 21
    .
    Foley’s claim that United waived the ten day rule
    lacks merit. To support its claim that United waived
    the ten day rule, Foley relies on the August, 2007 letter
    written by United in response to a request by Foley
    that the ten day rule not apply to critical path delay
    claims. Foley claims that, in the letter, United agreed
    that, henceforth, Foley would not be required to include
    critical path delay claims in change order requests, but
    that Foley’s rights would be reserved to submit critical
    path delay claims after the ten day notice period had
    elapsed. We disagree.
    In its memorandum of decision, the court found the
    following: ‘‘[The] language [in the August, 2007 letter]
    in no way gave Foley the relief it was seeking from
    article 6 of the contract. To the contrary, it confirmed
    that [United] was, in fact, not waiving any provision of
    the contract. It also made clear that resolution of direct
    costs and crew delays had nothing to do with whether
    there was a delay in the critical path. Finally, it con-
    firmed that the procedure outlined would not affect
    either party’s rights for delay and impact costs. Any
    rights Foley had to such costs were predicated on it
    meeting its obligations under the contract. Similarly,
    [United] retained the rights it had regarding such delay
    claims, including to a timely submittal.’’ The court’s
    conclusions are supported by the record.
    In the August, 2007 letter, United agreed to a proce-
    dure for issuing change orders that would compensate
    Foley for direct costs and crew delays. The letter clari-
    fied, however, that crew delays were distinct from criti-
    cal path delays, and that United did not forfeit any
    contractual right, including the right to timely notice
    of delay claims. Specifically, the letter provided: ‘‘The
    listing of the crew-day delay will not signify that
    [United] has waived any provision of the contract. A
    day of delay to a particular crew shall not be understood
    as being equal to a day of delay to the project sched-
    ule.’’11 This language demonstrates that, although
    United agreed to modify the process by which it issued
    change orders arising from crew delays, that modifica-
    tion would not affect the way United processed critical
    path delay claims. Indeed, United specified in the letter
    that crew delays were different from critical path
    delays, and that its contractual rights were reserved
    regarding critical path delays. Therefore, our review of
    the August, 2007 letter reveals that its language sup-
    ported the court’s conclusion that United did not waive
    the ten day rule.12
    The court’s determination that United did not waive
    the ten day rule is buttressed further by the conduct
    of United and Foley in the months following the August,
    2007 letter. In response to a request by Foley for addi-
    tional compensation, United submitted a letter to Foley,
    dated November 27, 2007, reiterating its expectation
    that critical path delay claims would be submitted with
    change order requests. In that letter, United wrote: ‘‘We
    acknowledge that Foley has made a number of requests
    to have [United] recognize the impact to various crews
    as a result of differing site conditions, but Foley has
    never submitted a Change Proposal that includes an
    impacted critical path as called for by the [contract].’’
    (Emphasis added.)
    Foley, likewise, demonstrated that it understood that
    United did not waive the ten day rule. In a letter that
    it submitted to Manafort, dated December 10, 2007,
    Foley demanded that its subcontractor ‘‘immediately
    produce an impacted schedule showing which delays
    and impacts you now believe are the responsibility of
    [United], Foley, or [Rizzo]’’ so that Foley could make
    a claim on Manafort’s behalf.
    Additionally, Foley insisted that, in providing that
    information to Foley, Manafort ‘‘carefully review Article
    11 of the [subcontract between Foley and Manafort]
    entitled ‘Delays.’ ’’ Article 11 of the subcontract pro-
    vided in relevant part that Foley would forward to
    United ‘‘reasonable claims as may be prepared by
    [Manafort] in accordance with the terms of the [con-
    tract] with respect to the delays . . . .’’ Foley, thus,
    demanded that Manafort provide a critical path delay
    claim to comply with article 6 of Foley’s contract with
    United. The language in the August, 2007 letter and the
    subsequent conduct of the parties, thus, supports the
    court’s conclusions that United did not waive the ten
    day rule, and that Foley ‘‘irrevocably waived and
    released’’ its untimely submitted delay claim.13
    II
    10 PERCENT MARKUP
    Next, Foley claims that the court improperly con-
    cluded that it was not entitled to a 10 percent markup
    on settlement payments that United made to Foley’s
    subcontractors pursuant to a markup provision of the
    contract. Foley argues that the court’s determination
    is at odds with the plain language of the contract.14
    We disagree.
    The following facts and procedural history are rele-
    vant to this claim. The trial court found that ‘‘provisions
    in the Manafort and Rizzo subcontracts allowed them
    to be compensated for changed conditions by following
    the procedures outlined in article 6 of the contract.’’
    Thus, after encountering unexpected conditions that
    allegedly delayed or increased the scope of their work,
    pursuant to the subcontract, Manafort and Rizzo sub-
    mitted change order requests to Foley. Foley forwarded
    the requests to United. ‘‘Under [Foley’s contract with
    United] Foley was entitled to charge a 10 percent
    markup on change order requests submitted by Mana-
    fort and Rizzo.’’ Specifically, the bid proposal that Foley
    submitted to United (markup agreement) provided for
    a 10 percent markup ‘‘[i]f [c]ost [p]lus work is encoun-
    tered on this project that requires materials, equipment
    and subcontractors not shown in [the bid proposal’s]
    schedules . . . .’’ ‘‘Foley regularly, although not
    always,’’ submitted to United requests for those
    markups.
    After the project was completed, Manafort and Rizzo,
    respectively, filed legal actions against United and
    Foley, in which they sought unreimbursed construction
    expenses. Their claims were not limited, however, to
    change order requests. They also alleged tort and
    CUTPA claims. ‘‘Thereafter, [United] mediated the sub-
    contractors’ claims directly with Manafort and Rizzo.
    Foley was invited to attend the mediation, but chose
    not to [attend]. [United] settled Manafort’s claim for
    $9,675,000 and Rizzo’s claim for $200,000.’’
    At trial, Foley claimed that it was entitled to a 10
    percent markup on the settlement payments pursuant to
    the markup agreement. The court determined, however,
    that ‘‘the [c]ontract [was] silent’’ on whether the markup
    encompassed the settlement payments. The court
    observed that ‘‘[p]arties often settle for a variety of
    reasons,’’ and stated that it would ‘‘not attempt to divine
    the reasons behind [United’s] decisions to pay Manafort
    and Rizzo what it did.’’ The court noted that it was
    ‘‘clear . . . that the settlement was not an admission
    of liability.’’ It concluded that ‘‘Foley [was] not entitled
    to a 10 percent markup.’’ We discern no error in this
    ruling.
    The markup agreement provided that Foley was enti-
    tled to a markup of 10 percent for ‘‘[c]ost [p]lus work
    . . . that require[d] . . . subcontractors not shown in
    [the bid proposal’s] schedules . . . .’’ There is no dis-
    pute that, pursuant to this provision, Foley was entitled
    to a markup on change order requests submitted by
    Manafort and Rizzo. This provision does not state that
    settlement payments also are encompassed within the
    markup agreement. ‘‘A term not expressly included will
    not be read into a contract unless it arises by necessary
    implication from the provisions of the instrument.’’ Tex-
    aco, Inc. v. Rogow, 
    150 Conn. 401
    , 408, 
    190 A.2d 48
    (1963). Indeed, the agreement included no language
    indicating that Foley was entitled to a markup on settle-
    ment payments. There is also nothing in the provisions
    of the contract that necessarily imply that Foley is enti-
    tled to a markup on settlement payments. We will not
    read such language into the contract.15 Consequently,
    the record supports the court’s determination that Foley
    was not entitled to a 10 percent markup on settlement
    payments that United made to Foley’s subcontractors.
    III
    INTEREST PAYMENTS
    Foley claims that the court’s decisions to deny its
    claims for interest were improper. Specifically, Foley
    maintains that the court should have determined (1)
    that it was entitled to prejudgment interest (prejudg-
    ment interest claim), and (2) that it was entitled to
    interest on United’s late payment of contract retainage
    (retainage interest claim). We disagree. Each claim will
    be addressed in turn.
    A
    Prejudgment Interest Claim
    First, Foley contends that the court improperly
    rejected its claim for prejudgment interest pursuant to
    General Statutes § 37-3a.16 We are not persuaded.
    The following additional facts are relevant to our
    consideration of this claim. At trial, Foley sought ‘‘pre-
    judgment interest pursuant to . . . § 37-3a on all
    amounts unpaid by [United].’’ The court denied that
    request. The court determined that, pursuant to articles
    8 and 17 of the contract, United ‘‘had the right to dispute
    each of the issues on which it withheld payment.’’ The
    court additionally observed that ‘‘on most issues, the
    court has agreed with [United],’’ and that, even on the
    issues in which it found in Foley’s favor, ‘‘there was a
    good faith basis for [United’s] position.’’ Finally, the
    court determined that, ‘‘apparently to gain some per-
    ceived advantage in this litigation,’’ Foley had refused
    United’s offer of full payment to resolve a dispute on
    a particular change order to which United conceded
    Foley was entitled. The court, thus, stated that it would
    not award Foley prejudgment interest because it was
    ‘‘difficult for the court to award a party interest when
    it engages in such gamesmanship.’’
    Foley argues that ‘‘the court mischaracterized Foley’s
    actions and failed to give proper weight to the evidence
    demonstrating [United’s] wrongful conduct.’’ We
    disagree.
    ‘‘[T]he decision of whether to grant interest under
    § 37-3a is primarily an equitable determination and a
    matter lying within the discretion of the trial court. . . .
    In determining whether the trial court has abused its
    discretion, we must make every reasonable presump-
    tion in favor of the correctness of its action. . . . [T]he
    court’s determination regarding the award of interest
    should be made in view of the demands of justice rather
    than through the application of any arbitrary rule. . . .
    Whether interest may be awarded depends on whether
    the money involved is payable . . . and [considera-
    tions such as] whether the detention of the money is
    or is not wrongful under the circumstances.’’ (Citation
    omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) MedValUSA
    Health Programs, Inc. v. MemberWorks, Inc., 
    273 Conn. 634
    , 666, 
    872 A.2d 423
    , cert. denied sub nom. Vertrue,
    Inc. v. MedValUSA Health Programs, Inc., 
    546 U.S. 960
    ,
    
    126 S. Ct. 479
    , 
    163 L. Ed. 2d 263
     (2005); see also DiLieto
    v. County Obstetrics & Gynecology Group, P.C., 
    310 Conn. 38
    , 53–54 n.13, 
    74 A.3d 1212
     (2013).
    In the present case, the court’s conclusion that United
    had a contractual and good faith basis to oppose Foley’s
    claims and withhold payment was supported by the
    record. Articles 8 and 17 of the contract provided United
    the right to dispute claims for compensation made by
    Foley. Moreover, Foley does not dispute that United
    fulfilled hundreds of its requests for compensation for
    direct costs during the course of the project. As the
    court found, during construction ‘‘Foley submitted 492
    [change order requests], which resulted in 294 change
    orders being issued.’’17 Indeed, the court observed that
    ‘‘of the [change order requests] submitted, only twelve
    that seek additional direct costs were at issue by the
    time this case went to trial.’’18
    At trial, United prevailed on the majority of the dis-
    putes upon which Foley alleged that United wrongfully
    withheld money. Although Foley now asserts that
    United, and not itself, actually was the party that par-
    took in ‘‘gamesmanship’’ during the project and the
    subsequent litigation, such a factual determination is
    beyond the province of this court. See Cadle Co. v.
    D’Addario, 
    268 Conn. 441
    , 462, 
    844 A.2d 836
     (2004)
    (‘‘[i]t is within the province of the trial court, as the
    fact finder, to weigh the evidence presented and deter-
    mine the credibility and effect to be given the evidence’’
    [internal quotation marks omitted]).
    The court relied on appropriate equitable considera-
    tions that were within its discretion. The court’s deci-
    sion not to award prejudgment interest to Foley
    pursuant to § 37-3a, therefore, was not an abuse of dis-
    cretion.
    B
    Retainage Interest Claim
    Next, Foley claims that it is entitled to interest on
    the late payment of the contract retainage19 pursuant to
    General Statutes § 42-158j.20 Foley argues that it sought
    interest under that statute for the defendant’s failure
    to pay timely the retainage, but that the court ‘‘failed
    to address this specific statute or render a decision on
    the merits.’’ According to Foley, the court should have
    awarded it ‘‘statutory interest on the balance of
    retainage improperly withheld by [United] following
    substantial completion of the project.’’ We are not per-
    suaded.
    The following facts and procedural history are rele-
    vant to this claim. On November 19, 2008, Foley notified
    United that the project was substantially complete.
    ‘‘While [United] initially agreed that substantial comple-
    tion had occurred . . . [United] rescinded that confir-
    mation and later took the position that substantial
    completion occurred on March 19, 2009. Despite this
    acknowledgment, [United] did not release any of the
    approximately $4,000,000 in retainage it was holding
    on the project until May 15, 2009, when it released
    $2,000,000. . . . The balance of the retainage was not
    paid until February 24, 2010.’’ (Citations omitted.)
    In its complaint, Foley alleged that United had vio-
    lated CUTPA by directing Foley to undertake additional
    work while knowing that it did not have sufficient funds
    to pay Foley, and by failing to make timely payments
    of the amounts due, including interest, despite repeated
    requests under § 42-158j. The court rejected Foley’s
    CUTPA claim. The court specifically found that there
    ‘‘was nothing deceptive or unfair in [United’s] conduct
    during the project. The parties had a number of good
    faith disputes. On some, they reached agreement. On
    others, they did not. The evidence proved nothing
    more.’’21 The court, however, did not refer to § 42-158j
    in its decision.
    Foley first argues that the court failed to rule on its
    retainage interest claim. We disagree.
    Our reading of the court’s memorandum of decision
    indicates that, although it did not expressly identify the
    statute, the court’s implicit denial of Foley’s claim for
    interest under § 42-158j is clear. Foley presented this
    claim in its complaint, and in its posttrial brief, as one
    of the predicates for its CUTPA claim. The court
    rejected the CUTPA claim in its entirety. Additionally,
    the court made findings supporting a determination that
    the retainage in question was not an ‘‘amount due and
    158j (c) (4). For example, in rejecting the prejudgment
    interest claim, the court found that, under the contract,
    the defendant ‘‘had the right to dispute each of the
    issues on which it withheld payment,’’ and that it had
    acted in good faith.
    Foley additionally contends that the court should
    have awarded it interest pursuant to § 42-158j. We are
    not convinced.
    Under § 42-158j (c) (4), a court may award contrac-
    tors statutory interest for ‘‘amount[s] due and owing.’’
    In the present case, however, the court concluded that
    ‘‘[u]nder [a]rticles 8 and 17 of the contract, [United]
    had the right to dispute each of the issues on which it
    withheld payment.’’ Additionally, the court determined
    that, even on the issues in the litigation in which it
    found in favor of Foley, ‘‘there was a good faith basis
    for [United’s] position.’’ United’s contractual right to
    dispute Foley’s claims, as well as its good faith basis
    for doing so, supported the court’s conclusion that
    United had not withheld an ‘‘amount due and owing’’
    from Foley. Therefore, the court’s decision not to award
    Foley prejudgment interest under § 42-158j was not an
    abuse of its discretion.
    IV
    ADDITIONAL CLAIMS
    Foley claims that the court improperly rejected addi-
    tional claims that it had pursued against United. Specifi-
    cally, Foley contends that the court should have
    concluded that it established causes of action against
    United sounding in (1) negligence and (2) violations of
    CUTPA. We disagree. Each claim will be addressed
    in turn.
    A
    Negligence
    Foley contends that the court improperly rejected its
    negligence claim. The following facts are relevant to
    our resolution of this claim. Foley alleged in its com-
    plaint that United was negligent because it breached
    its duty of care to Foley by, inter alia, ‘‘provid[ing]
    defective, inadequate and incomplete plans’’ for the
    project, and ‘‘fail[ing] to determine and to make known
    to Foley the true nature of soil and subsurface condi-
    tions existing at the project site . . . .’’ The court
    rejected those claims.
    The court determined that: ‘‘The parties rights and
    obligations are spelled out in the contract. There was
    no evidence presented by Foley, either fact or expert
    [testimony], that [United] owed some duty to Foley that
    did not arise out of the contract.’’ The court further
    explained: ‘‘Foley offered no evidence defining the stan-
    dard of care that applied to a party like [United] on a
    project such as this. Nor did it offer any evidence of how
    [United] breached this undefined standard of care.’’ The
    court also stated that Foley’s negligence claim was
    undermined because, based on the industry standard,
    it was the contractor, Foley, and not the owner, United,
    that was the party responsible for conducting explor-
    atory trenching, performing ‘‘pot holing,’’ and identi-
    fying obstructions. The court concluded: ‘‘[T]he
    contract provided a remedy for Foley in the event it ran
    into unidentified obstructions or environmental issues.
    Given the existence of that remedy, the court fails to
    see how not identifying every condition Foley might
    encounter breached some unidentified standard of
    care.’’22
    On appeal, Foley claims that the court should have
    concluded that United was negligent because (1) United
    failed to identify all underground utilities, and (2)
    United failed to perform soil testing and communicate
    the results to Foley. We disagree.
    ‘‘The essential elements of a cause of action in negli-
    gence are well established: duty; breach of that duty;
    causation; and actual injury. . . . Contained within the
    first element, duty, there are two distinct considera-
    tions. . . . First, it is necessary to determine the exis-
    tence of a duty, and then, if one is found, it is necessary
    to evaluate the scope of that duty.’’ (Internal quotation
    marks omitted.) Considine v. Waterbury, 
    279 Conn. 830
    , 858–59, 
    905 A.2d 70
     (2006).
    ‘‘The issue of whether a duty exists is a question of
    law . . . which is subject to plenary review. We some-
    times refer to the scope of that duty as the requisite
    standard of care.’’ (Citations omitted.) LePage v. Horne,
    
    262 Conn. 116
    , 123, 
    809 A.2d 505
     (2002). ‘‘[O]nly if such
    a duty is found to exist does the trier of fact then
    determine whether the defendant violated that duty in
    the particular situation at hand. . . . Put another way,
    the question of what a reasonable person would have
    done under the circumstances is a question to be deter-
    mined by the trier of fact, except where the individual’s
    conduct clearly has or has not conformed to what the
    community requires, and that no reasonable [trier of
    fact] could reach a contrary conclusion.’’ (Internal quo-
    tation marks omitted.) Considine v. Waterbury, supra,
    
    279 Conn. 859
    .
    1
    Undisclosed Utilities
    Foley argues that the court improperly rejected its
    negligence claim because it demonstrated that United
    breached its duty to disclose all underground utilities.
    To support its contention, Foley relies on a contract
    entered into between Black & Veatch and United, pursu-
    ant to which Black & Veatch was responsible for ‘‘locat-
    ing all [underground] utilities in the proposed route.’’
    Based on that contract’s language, Foley claims that
    ‘‘[United] had a duty to fulfill its contractual obligations
    with the degree of care which a public utility provider
    of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the
    same or similar conditions,’’ and that it breached that
    duty by failing to disclose to Foley all underground
    utilities. We are not persuaded.
    At the outset, we note that it is unclear exactly how
    a contractual duty that Black & Veatch owed to United
    was transformed into a duty that United owed to Foley.
    Nevertheless, we need not decide whether Foley dem-
    onstrated the existence of a duty by United to disclose
    all underground utilities to Foley because, even assum-
    ing that such a duty a existed, Foley failed to demon-
    strate that United breached a standard of care required
    of it.
    First, to prove its negligence claim, Foley was
    required to present expert testimony as to United’s stan-
    dard of care to establish that United breached an alleged
    duty to disclose to Foley all underground utilities. See
    Santopietro v. New Haven, 
    239 Conn. 207
    , 226, 
    682 A.2d 106
     (1996) (‘‘[i]f the determination of the standard of
    care requires knowledge that is beyond the experience
    of an ordinary fact finder, expert testimony will be
    required’’). Foley does not dispute the court’s assess-
    ment, however, that ‘‘Foley offered no evidence defining
    the standard of care that applied to a party like [United]
    on a project such as this.’’ Moreover, the court found
    that ‘‘the only credible evidence’’ regarding the industry
    standard was from Luis Cabreriza. Cabreriza testified
    that the industry practice actually was for the contrac-
    tor, not the owner, to have the ‘‘responsibility of per-
    forming pot holing to identify utilities . . . .’’ This
    credibility finding is unassailable on appeal. See Ruiz
    v. Gatling, 
    73 Conn. App. 574
    , 576, 
    808 A.2d 710
     (2002)
    (‘‘[w]here the trial court is the arbiter of credibility, this
    court does not disturb findings made on the basis of
    the credibility of witnesses’’).
    Second, the record supports the court’s conclusion
    that United did not breach an unidentified standard of
    care by ‘‘not identifying every condition Foley might
    encounter . . . .’’ The court heard testimony that it
    was impossible to identify every underground obstacle
    in an urban environment, some of which had been aban-
    doned for more than a century, before digging began.
    Foley does not dispute the court’s finding that, before
    construction commenced, United ‘‘told Foley that [it]
    would encounter more obstacles than were shown on
    the drawings.’’ The court’s conclusion that United did
    not breach a duty owed to Foley is buttressed by the
    language of the contract specifications, which disclosed
    that Foley ‘‘shall conduct [its] operations on the basis
    that underground installations may exist that are not
    indicated on the drawings,’’ and that ‘‘the accuracy and
    completeness of [the drawings] is unknown and is pre-
    sented solely to assist [Foley] in an approximate deter-
    mination of underground installations.’’
    Indeed, the contract provided a mechanism by which
    Foley could request compensation after encountering
    unexpected underground obstacles. Thus, the change
    order request process outlined in the contract sup-
    ported the court’s conclusion that the parties contem-
    plated encountering unexpected underground utilities
    during construction. Consequently, the court’s conclu-
    sion that United did not breach a duty owed to Foley
    because it did not disclose every underground utility
    was legally correct and supported by the record.
    2
    Soil Testing
    Foley additionally claims that the court improperly
    rejected its negligence claim because it had demon-
    strated that United ‘‘had a duty to perform soil testing
    and communicate the results to Foley,’’ and that Unit-
    ed’s ‘‘failure to identify and reveal the true nature of
    the soil conditions’’ damaged Foley. We disagree.
    Similar to Foley’s negligence claim pertaining to
    underground utilities, the court found that there was
    no testimony or evidence presented regarding the stan-
    dard of care required of a public utility company when
    testing soil and communicating the results to its con-
    tractor. Although Foley asserts that United ‘‘had a duty
    to fulfill its contractual obligations with the degree of
    care [of] a public utility provider of ordinary prudence,’’
    there was no evidence in the record from which the
    court could have ascertained the appropriate standard
    of care. The determination of the standard of care
    expected of United when testing soil and communicat-
    ing the results to Foley ‘‘require[d] knowledge that [was]
    beyond the experience of an ordinary fact finder’’ and,
    thus, required expert testimony. Santopietro v. New
    Haven, supra, 
    239 Conn. 226
    . Therefore, the court’s
    rejection of Foley’s negligence claim was supported by
    the record.
    B
    CUTPA
    Foley claims that the court improperly rejected its
    claim that United’s conduct during the project violated
    CUTPA. Foley argues that it ‘‘proved numerous
    instances of unfair and deceptive acts or practices com-
    mitted by [United],’’ which included United’s failure:
    (1) to disclose the true extent of underground obstacles;
    (2) to disclose the extent of environmental hazards; (3)
    to process and pay change order requests in a timely
    manner; and (4) to ‘‘make timely payments to Foley for
    undisputed amounts that were due and owing.’’ We are
    not persuaded.
    ‘‘CUTPA provides in relevant part that [n]o person
    shall engage in unfair methods of competition and
    unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of
    any trade or commerce. General Statutes § 42-110b (a).
    It is well settled that in determining whether a practice
    violates CUTPA we have adopted the criteria set out
    in the cigarette rule by the federal trade commission
    for determining when a practice is unfair: (1) [W]hether
    the practice, without necessarily having been pre-
    viously considered unlawful, offends public policy as
    it has been established by statutes, the common law,
    or otherwise — in other words, it is within at least the
    penumbra of some common law, statutory, or other
    established concept of unfairness; (2) whether it is
    immoral, unethical, oppressive, or unscrupulous; (3)
    whether it causes substantial injury to consumers,
    [competitors or other businesspersons]. . . . All three
    criteria do not need to be satisfied to support a finding
    of unfairness. A practice may be unfair because of the
    degree to which it meets one of the criteria or because
    to a lesser extent it meets all three. . . .
    ‘‘It is well settled that whether a defendant’s acts
    constitute . . . deceptive or unfair trade practices
    under CUTPA, is a question of fact for the trier, to
    which, on appellate review, we accord our customary
    deference. . . . [W]here the factual basis of the court’s
    decision is challenged we must determine whether the
    facts set out in the memorandum of decision are sup-
    ported by the evidence or whether, in light of the evi-
    dence and the pleadings in the whole record, those
    facts are clearly erroneous.’’ (Internal quotation marks
    omitted.) Centimark Corp. v. Village Manor Associates
    Ltd. Partnership, 
    113 Conn. App. 509
    , 523, 
    967 A.2d 550
    , cert. denied, 
    292 Conn. 907
    , 
    973 A.2d 103
     (2009).
    On the basis of our review of the record, we conclude
    that the evidence supports the court’s conclusions, and
    therefore, Foley’s CUTPA claim has no merit. In
    rejecting Foley’s prejudgment interest claim, we con-
    cluded that the evidence supported the court’s determi-
    nations that United ‘‘had the right to dispute each of
    the issues on which it withheld payment,’’ and that,
    even ‘‘[o]n the issues where the court has agreed with
    Foley . . . there was a good faith basis for [United’s]
    position.’’ Additionally, in rejecting Foley’s negligence
    claim, we found support in the record for the court’s
    determination that ‘‘not identifying every condition
    Foley might encounter’’ did not breach any duty that
    United may have owed to Foley. The same evidence
    upon which those findings were predicated also pro-
    vided the basis for the court’s determination that the
    defendant did not engage in any conduct prohibited
    by CUTPA.
    Finally, the court heard testimony from United’s proj-
    ect manager, Charles Maresca, that, when United solic-
    ited bids from potential contractors, it disclosed
    potential obstacles in a way intended to ‘‘ensure that
    the maximum amount of information that we could
    possibly give to all the bidders was going to be por-
    trayed, be total[ly] represented on the plans . . . .’’ The
    record, thus, supports the court’s conclusion that Foley
    did not demonstrate that United engaged in unfair or
    deceptive acts or practices. We therefore reject Foley’s
    CUTPA claim.
    V
    REQUEST FOR LEAVE TO AMEND COMPLAINT
    Finally, Foley claims that the court improperly denied
    its request for leave to amend its complaint. We
    disagree.
    The following facts and procedural history are rele-
    vant to the resolution of this claim. On June 1, 2012,
    Foley filed a request for leave to file a fifth amended
    complaint, in which Foley attempted to add counts
    sounding in negligent misrepresentation and common-
    law fraud. In a memorandum supporting its request,
    Foley asserted that the ‘‘two additional counts of negli-
    gent misrepresentation and common-law fraud by non-
    disclosure are variations of the tort counts previously
    pleaded.’’ United objected to Foley’s request on the
    grounds that the added claims were untimely, did not
    relate back to the operative complaint, and granting
    the request would delay the trial.
    On July 25, 2012, the court denied Foley’s request for
    leave to file an amended complaint. In an oral ruling, the
    court reasoned that the proposed fraud and negligent
    misrepresentation counts related exclusively to Unit-
    ed’s alleged conduct before the parties entered into the
    contract, but the allegations in the operative complaint
    pertained to United’s alleged conduct after the parties
    had entered into the contract. The court, thus, con-
    cluded that the new counts in the proposed complaint
    did not relate back to the fourth amended complaint
    and, as a result, denied Foley’s request for leave to
    amend.
    On appeal, Foley asserts that the court improperly
    denied its request for leave to amend its complaint
    because ‘‘[t]he requested amendments did not present
    an ‘entirely new and different factual situation,’ but
    expanded the existing pleading.’’ We are not persuaded.
    Our standard of review of the plaintiff’s claim is well
    defined. ‘‘While our courts have been liberal in permit-
    ting amendments . . . this liberality has limitations.
    Amendments should be made seasonably. Factors to
    be considered in passing on a motion to amend are the
    length of the delay, fairness to the opposing parties
    and the negligence, if any, of the party offering the
    amendment. . . . The motion to amend is addressed
    to the trial court’s discretion which may be exercised
    to restrain the amendment of pleadings so far as neces-
    sary to prevent unreasonable delay of the trial. . . .
    Whether to allow an amendment is a matter left to the
    sound discretion of the trial court. This court will not
    disturb a trial court’s ruling on a proposed amendment
    unless there has been a clear abuse of that discretion.
    . . . It is the [plaintiff’s] burden in this case to demon-
    strate that the trial court clearly abused its discretion.’’
    (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
    Wagner v. Clark Equipment Co., 
    259 Conn. 114
    , 128,
    
    788 A.2d 83
     (2002).
    ‘‘Our relation back doctrine provides that an amend-
    ment relates back when the original complaint has given
    the party fair notice that a claim is being asserted stem-
    ming from a particular transaction or occurrence,
    thereby serving the objectives of our statute of limita-
    tions, namely, to protect parties from having to defend
    against stale claims. . . . To relate back to an earlier
    complaint, the amendment must arise from a single
    group of facts. . . . In determining whether an amend-
    ment relates back to an earlier pleading, we construe
    pleadings broadly and realistically, rather than narrowly
    and technically. . . . [T]he complaint must be read in
    its entirety in such a way as to give effect to the pleading
    with reference to the general theory upon which it pro-
    ceeded, and do substantial justice between the parties.
    . . . Our reading of pleadings in a manner that
    advances substantial justice means that a pleading must
    be construed reasonably, to contain all that it fairly
    means, but carries with it the related proposition that
    it must not be contorted in such a way so as to strain
    the bounds of rational comprehension. . . . Finally, in
    the cases in which [our Supreme Court has] determined
    that an amendment does not relate back to an earlier
    pleading, the amendment presented different issues or
    depended on different factual circumstances rather
    than merely amplifying or expanding upon previous
    allegations.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation
    marks omitted.) Grenier v. Commissioner of Transpor-
    tation, 
    306 Conn. 523
    , 559–60, 
    51 A.3d 367
     (2012).
    Both parties agree that the proposed counts were
    barred by the applicable statute of limitations unless
    the relation back doctrine applied. Our review of the
    fourth amended complaint reveals that its allegations
    exclusively pertained to the parties’ conduct after the
    parties entered into the contract.23 Specifically, the
    fourth amended complaint included nine counts. In five
    of the counts, Foley alleged either breach of contract
    claims, or sought damages related to that breach. In
    three of the other counts of the fourth amended com-
    plaint, Foley pleaded that United breached the implied
    covenant of good faith and fair dealing contained in the
    contract, interfered with Foley’s contractual relation-
    ships with its subcontractors, and violated CUTPA
    through its conduct after the parties already had entered
    into the contract. In the sole remaining count of the
    fourth amended complaint, Foley pleaded that United
    was negligent because it breached its duty to Foley
    by not properly performing ‘‘its obligations and duties
    under the . . . contract.’’ (Emphasis added.)
    The fifth amended complaint, however, included alle-
    gations of fraud and negligent misrepresentation that
    related solely to United’s alleged misconduct before the
    parties entered into the contract. Specifically, in both
    proposed counts, Foley alleged that ‘‘[p]rior to the exe-
    cution of the contract, [United] became aware that
    Foley would encounter many more utilities and obsta-
    cles that were not shown on the revised plans and
    specifications.’’ (Emphasis added.) In the negligent mis-
    representation count, Foley pleaded that United ‘‘let
    Foley enter into the contract’’ despite having this knowl-
    edge. In the common-law fraud count, Foley alleged
    that United ‘‘expected that if it informed Foley of the
    inaccuracies in the revised plans and specifications that
    Foley would bid the project differently.’’ (Emphasis
    added.) Foley also alleged that, nevertheless, United
    ‘‘made the business decision not to disclose this infor-
    mation to Foley.’’
    In the present case, the allegations in the proposed
    counts pertained exclusively to United’s alleged mis-
    conduct prior to entering into the contract and, as a
    result, presented a different factual situation than the
    allegations of the fourth amended complaint, which
    pertained solely to postcontract conduct. The proposed
    complaint, thus, ‘‘present[ed] a new and different fac-
    tual situation that would require the presentation of
    different evidence.’’ Sherman v. Ronco, 
    294 Conn. 548
    ,
    556, 
    985 A.2d 1042
     (2010). Our Supreme Court has deter-
    mined that, in circumstances such as these, the court
    acts within its discretion by denying a request for leave
    to amend the complaint. See, e.g., Alswanger v. Smego,
    
    257 Conn. 58
    , 61, 
    776 A.2d 444
     (2001) (allegation of lack
    of informed consent regarding resident’s participation
    in surgery did not relate back to allegation that defen-
    dants had failed to disclose all material risks in connec-
    tion with plaintiff’s surgery, care and treatment).
    Consequently, the court’s decision to deny Foley’s
    request for leave to amend the complaint was not an
    abuse of discretion and is supported by the record.
    The judgment is affirmed.
    In this opinion the other judges concurred.
    1
    Thus, in simpler terms, a delay in the critical path is a postponement to
    construction that affects the final completion date of the project.
    2
    Black & Veatch coordinated the project on behalf of United and acted
    as United’s agent during all relevant negotiations with Foley. Therefore,
    unless otherwise noted, Black & Veatch and United are referred to inter-
    changeably throughout this opinion.
    3
    The contract defines ‘‘substantial completion’’ in relevant part as ‘‘the
    date on which [Foley] has successfully completed the [w]ork . . . .’’
    4
    Polychlorinated biphenyls are commonly referred to as ‘‘PCBs.’’ See
    Northeast Ct. Economic Alliance, Inc. v. ATC Partnership, 
    272 Conn. 14
    ,
    20, 
    861 A.2d 473
     (2004). The court heard testimony that PCBs were a form
    of soil contamination.
    5
    The record reveals that two distinct types of delays occurred during the
    project: crew delays and critical path delays. Crew delays quantified ‘‘how
    many days delay was experienced by the impacted crew . . . .’’ Critical
    path delays, on the other hand, measured delays to activities that determined
    the end date of a project. Crucially, crew delays did not equate to critical
    path delays.
    6
    During the course of the project, Foley submitted 492 change order
    requests, which resulted in United issuing 294 change orders.
    7
    The nine count operative fourth amended complaint included five counts
    sounding in breach of contract, a claim United breached the implied covenant
    of good faith and fair dealing, two tort claims, which sounded in negligence
    and tortious interference, and a claim that United’s conduct violated the
    Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act, General Statutes § 42-110a et seq.
    8
    The court ruled against United on a counterclaim in which United sought
    indemnification for settlement payments made to Foley’s subcontractors.
    United has not appealed from any aspect of the court’s ruling.
    9
    Foley also claims that the court improperly determined that, even if
    timely, Foley had failed to prove its delay claim. This was a separate and
    independent ground upon which the court denied Foley’s delay claim.
    Because we conclude that the court correctly ruled that Foley irrevocably
    waived and released its delay claim, we need not reach the court’s separate
    ground for denying Foley’s delay claim on its merits. See Weiss v. Smulders,
    
    313 Conn. 227
    , 265, 
    96 A.3d 1175
     (2014).
    10
    Foley claims that certain delays were ‘‘undisputed’’ and solely attribut-
    able to United, and therefore were sufficient proof of critical path delays
    without any need to provide notice pursuant to the ten day rule. We disagree.
    In fact, we see no reason why those delays somehow would be exempt
    from the ten day rule as well as the requirement of providing an analysis
    as to how those delays affected the completion deadline. Indeed, the contract
    authorized Foley to submit a claim for additional compensation for ‘‘[a]ny
    [c]laims’’ that caused an extension of the completion deadlines.
    11
    The court also heard from two witnesses that further clarified the crew
    delay/critical path delay distinction. Stephen Pitaniello, United’s expert wit-
    ness, explained: ‘‘[A] day of delay on the critical path affects the end date
    of the project by a day. There are other delays that don’t impact the critical
    path. So something may start late, something may end late, but if it’s not
    on the critical path, it doesn’t affect the end date of the project.’’ Jeremy
    Robards of Black & Veatch testified that, when delays occurred to one area
    of construction, a contractor might have the ability to divert its crew to
    another area, or work around the delayed area, and, thus, would be able
    to avoid delaying the end date of the project.
    12
    Similarly, Foley claims that the language that United included in its
    change orders following the issuance of the August, 2007 letter renders
    erroneous the court’s determination that United did not waive the ten day
    rule. We are not persuaded.
    Following the release of the August 2007 letter, United included the follow-
    ing language in its change orders: ‘‘It is agreed that [a specified number of]
    crew days are attributable to this change and that the significance of this
    designation of time and the delay and impact costs associated with same
    shall be in accordance with [United’s] letter dated August 28, 2007 . . .
    which shall be part of this agreed change.’’
    This language, like that of the August, 2007 letter, merely distinguished
    crew delays from critical path delays. This language did not signify that
    United had waived the ten day rule in relation to critical path delay claims.
    13
    Foley claims, for the first time on appeal, that the court improperly
    failed to find that it ‘‘substantially complied’’ with the notice provision of
    the contract. Because this claim was not raised before the trial court, we
    decline to address the claim on appeal. See DuBaldo Electric, LLC v. Mon-
    tagno Construction, Inc., 
    119 Conn. App. 423
    , 443, 
    988 A.2d 351
     (2010) (‘‘[t]o
    review claims articulated for the first time on appeal and not raised before
    the trial court would be nothing more than a trial by ambuscade of the trial
    judge’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]).
    14
    Foley additionally claims, for the first time on appeal, that the court’s
    interpretation of the markup provision ‘‘has the absurd consequence of
    promoting litigation as a way to avoid payment of valid contractual markup
    provisions.’’ Foley did not make this claim in the trial court and, instead,
    relied solely on its argument regarding the contract’s plain language. Accord-
    ingly, we decline to consider this claim on appeal. See Practice Book § 60-
    5 (‘‘[t]he court shall not be bound to consider a claim unless it was distinctly
    raised at the trial or arose subsequent to the trial’’); Alexandre v. Commis-
    sioner of Revenue Services, 
    300 Conn. 566
    , 585–86, 
    22 A.3d 518
     (2011).
    15
    As the court accurately noted, ‘‘[p]arties often settle for a variety of
    reasons.’’ ‘‘The numerous factors that affect a litigant’s decision whether to
    compromise a case or litigate it to the end include the value of the particular
    proposed compromise, the perceived likelihood of obtaining a still better
    settlement, the prospects of coming out better, or worse, after a full trial,
    and the resources that would need to be expended in the attempt.’’ (Internal
    quotation marks omitted.) United States Securities & Exchange Commis-
    sion v. Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., 
    752 F.3d 285
    , 295 (2d Cir. 2014).
    16
    General Statutes § 37-3a (a) provides in relevant part: ‘‘[I]nterest at the
    rate of ten per cent a year, and no more, may be recovered and allowed in
    civil actions or arbitration proceedings under chapter 909, including actions
    to recover money loaned at a greater rate, as damages for the detention of
    money after it becomes payable. . . .’’
    17
    The record reflects that these change orders resulted in more than
    $25,000,000 in additional compensation for Foley.
    18
    The court only addressed eleven change order requests in its memoran-
    dum of decision because the parties resolved one change order request
    during trial.
    19
    General Statutes § 42-158i (3), contained within chapter 742b governing
    construction contracts, defines retainage in relevant part as ‘‘a sum withheld
    from progress payments to the contractor or subcontractor, otherwise pay-
    able to a contractor or subcontractor by an owner conditioned on substantial
    or final completion of all work . . . but does not include any sum withheld
    due to the contractor’s or subcontractor’s failure to comply with construc-
    tion plans or specifications.’’
    20
    General Statutes § 42-158j governs the required contract provisions
    regarding the timely payment of contractors and the remedy for untimely
    payments. Subsection (c) (4) of § 42-158j entitles a contractor to receive
    interest at the rate of 1 percent per month after the other party to the
    contract has received notice of an outstanding ‘‘amount due and owing.’’
    See also General Statutes § 42-158j (a).
    21
    Foley additionally challenges the court’s rejection of its CUTPA claim.
    We address that claim in part IV B of this opinion.
    22
    Foley asserts that the court improperly ‘‘denied Foley’s negligence
    claims based on its conclusions that there was no evidence ‘that [United]
    owed some duty to Foley that did not arise out of the contract.’ ’’ Our review
    of the court’s decision, however, reveals that the court based its conclusion
    not only on the lack of evidence of a duty United owed to Foley, but also
    on Foley’s failure to present evidence as to the standard of care and Foley’s
    failure to demonstrate that United breached that undefined standard.
    23
    For the purposes of the relation back doctrine, a subsequent amended
    complaint may be compared to an earlier amended complaint so long as
    the earlier amended complaint has been filed within the applicable statute
    of limitations. See Deming v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., 
    279 Conn. 745
    ,
    775, 
    905 A.2d 623
     (2006).