Fain v. Benak ( 2021 )


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    MARIE FAIN v. BETHANY BENAK ET AL.
    (AC 43898)
    Alvord, Cradle and Eveleigh, Js.
    Syllabus
    The plaintiff sought to recover damages for personal injuries that she sus-
    tained when her vehicle was struck by a vehicle driven by the defendant
    B, an employee of the defendant Department of Administrative Services.
    The plaintiff alleged that her injuries were the result of B’s negligence.
    Following a trial to the court, the court rendered judgment in favor of
    the plaintiff and awarded damages. The plaintiff filed a motion for
    reconsideration as to her claimed future medical expenses, and attached
    to that motion a letter from her treating physician, G, which had been
    admitted as a full exhibit at trial. The letter stated that it was more
    probable than not that the plaintiff would require future medical treat-
    ment. The court granted the plaintiff’s motion, awarded additional dam-
    ages, and the defendant Department of Administrative Services appealed
    to this court. Held:
    1. The defendant Department of Administrative Services could not prevail
    on its claim that the trial court erred in declining to apply the unavoidable
    accident doctrine, which was based on its claim that B was not negligent
    because she experienced a sudden emergency caused by the blowout
    of her left front tire: because the court found that B was negligent and
    caused the collision with the plaintiff’s vehicle, the accident could not
    be considered unavoidable as a matter of law; the court determined
    that B was negligent in the way in which she operated the vehicle and
    that her actions were the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries, and,
    because these findings were inapposite to a determination that the
    record could support a finding that the negligence of neither party was
    involved, the court correctly determined that its finding of negligence
    necessarily precluded a finding that the accident was unavoidable.
    2. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the plaintiff’s motion
    for reconsideration after it determined that she had presented sufficient
    evidence to support an award of damages for future medical expenses:
    G’s letter and certain additional evidence presented at trial supported
    a conclusion that the plaintiff would incur future medical expenses and
    also provided evidence as to the specific costs of those expenses; this
    evidence took the plaintiff’s claimed future medical expenses out of the
    realm of speculation, provided a degree of medical certainty that she
    would need future care, and presented sufficient evidence from which
    the court could approximate the costs of future medical treatment.
    Argued March 10—officially released July 13, 2021
    Procedural History
    Action to recover damages for personal injuries the
    plaintiff sustained as a result of the named defendant’s
    alleged negligence, brought to the Superior Court in
    the judicial district of New London, where the action
    was withdrawn as to the named defendant; thereafter,
    the case was tried to the court, Knox, J.; judgment for
    the plaintiff, from which the defendant Department of
    Administrative Services appealed to this court; subse-
    quently, the court, Knox, J., granted the plaintiff’s
    motion for reconsideration and awarded the plaintiff
    additional damages, and the defendant Department of
    Administrative Services amended its appeal; thereafter,
    the court, Knox, J., denied the motion for reconsidera-
    tion and to set aside the judgment filed by the defendant
    Department of Administrative Services, and the defen-
    dant Department of Administrative Services amended
    its appeal. Affirmed.
    James E. Coyne, for the appellant (defendant Depart-
    ment of Administrative Services).
    Charles K. Norris, with whom, on the brief, was
    Anthony D. Sutton, for the appellee (plaintiff).
    Opinion
    ALVORD, J. The defendant Department of Adminis-
    trative Services1 appeals from the judgment of the trial
    court rendered in favor of the plaintiff, Marie Fain, in
    this negligence action following a trial to the court. On
    appeal, the defendant claims that the court erred in (1)
    declining to apply the ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine’’
    to the facts of the case and (2) granting the plaintiff’s
    motion for reconsideration after it determined that she
    presented sufficient evidence to support an award of
    damages for future medical expenses. We affirm the
    judgment of the trial court.
    The following facts, as found by the court in its memo-
    randum of decision, and procedural history are relevant
    to our discussion of the claims on appeal. On the morn-
    ing of June 5, 2017, the plaintiff was driving south on
    Flanders Road in East Lyme. The plaintiff was traveling
    at the posted speed limit of thirty-five miles per hour.
    The plaintiff drove this route daily during her commute
    to her job as a school teacher. That morning, a vehicle
    operated by the defendant’s employee, Bethany Benak,
    struck the plaintiff’s vehicle.2 The collision happened
    suddenly and without warning; the two vehicles were
    heading in opposite directions and were in their respec-
    tive lanes when Benak’s vehicle crossed into the plain-
    tiff’s lane, the southbound lane, and struck the plaintiff’s
    vehicle. On impact, the plaintiff’s vehicle spun and
    entered the northbound lane, where it collided with
    another vehicle. Finally, the plaintiff’s vehicle came to
    a stop at a stone wall. On the basis of the plaintiff’s
    testimony, which the court found was credible, the
    court determined that during the course of the accident,
    Benak’s vehicle crossed the center line and did not
    slow down.
    Just prior to the accident, Benak heard a popping
    sound, and the vehicle she was operating pulled to the
    left,3 toward the southbound lane of traffic. At trial, the
    police officer who responded to the scene testified that
    Benak’s front left tire appeared to have blown out, and
    the court found that there was a tear in the tire. At the
    time the tire burst, Benak did not know the speed at
    which she was traveling, whether she had applied her
    vehicle’s brakes, or how far she was from the plaintiff’s
    vehicle.
    After the accident, an ambulance transported the
    plaintiff to the emergency department of a hospital. The
    plaintiff sustained a fractured hip, a bruised kidney,
    and a fractured arm as a result of the accident. Due to
    the nature of the fracture, her arm required surgery to
    attach a plate and screws to the broken bone. The
    plaintiff remained hospitalized for four days before
    being discharged to a rehabilitative center for two
    weeks. Because of the fracture in her hip, the plaintiff
    was ‘‘non-weight bearing’’ for approximately two
    months and, as a result, spent much of her time in a
    bed or a wheelchair. In addition to these physical ail-
    ments, the plaintiff was unable to take part in her normal
    summertime activities and was unable to properly care
    for herself or her family. Furthermore, the plaintiff was
    unable to return to work as an elementary school
    teacher until December, 2017, six months after the acci-
    dent. At the time of trial, two and one-half years after
    the accident, the plaintiff continued to experience pain
    as a result of her injuries.
    On August 15, 2018, the plaintiff commenced the pres-
    ent action. In the plaintiff’s operative complaint, filed
    on December 2, 2019, she alleged that Benak was negli-
    gent and claimed that the defendant was liable for the
    plaintiff’s damages pursuant to General Statutes § 52-
    556.4 The case was tried to the court, Knox, J., on
    December 12 and 13, 2019. Both parties submitted post-
    trial briefs. On January 15, 2020, the court issued its
    memorandum of decision, in which it found that Benak
    had negligently operated her vehicle and had caused the
    collision with the plaintiff’s vehicle. The court rendered
    judgment in favor of the plaintiff and awarded damages
    in the amount of $344,867.33. This award included com-
    pensation for economic damages in the amount of
    $84,867.335 and noneconomic damages in the amount
    of $260,000.
    In its memorandum of decision, the court found that it
    was reasonably probable that the plaintiff would require
    future surgery and physical therapy; however, the court
    also found that there was ‘‘insufficient evidence upon
    which to determine future medical expenses.’’ On Janu-
    ary 23, 2020, the plaintiff filed a motion for reconsidera-
    tion as to her claimed future medical expenses and
    attached a letter from her treating physician, Daniel
    Gaccione, which was admitted into evidence as a full
    exhibit during trial. The defendant objected to the plain-
    tiff’s motion for reconsideration. While the motion was
    pending, the defendant filed this appeal. On February
    11, 2020, the trial court granted the plaintiff’s motion for
    reconsideration and awarded the plaintiff an additional
    $14,250 in damages for future medical expenses.6
    On February 3, 2020, while the plaintiff’s motion for
    reconsideration remained pending, the defendant filed
    a motion for reconsideration, reargument and to set
    aside the judgment in favor of the plaintiff. On February
    17, 2020, the court denied the defendant’s motion. The
    defendant thereafter amended its appeal. Additional
    facts will be set forth as necessary.
    I
    The defendant first claims that the trial court erred
    in refusing to apply the ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine’’
    to the facts of the case. In particular, the defendant
    argues that the court should have applied the ‘‘unavoid-
    able accident doctrine’’ because ‘‘the blowout of the tire
    was not foreseeable and amount[ed] to an unavoidable
    accident.’’ We disagree.
    Before we address the substance of the defendant’s
    first claim, we set forth the appropriate standard of
    review. The defendant maintains that whether a court
    should apply the ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine’’ is a
    question of law subject to plenary review. The plaintiff,
    on the other hand, maintains that our review is guided
    by the abuse of discretion standard.
    ‘‘The scope of our appellate review depends upon
    the proper characterization of the rulings made by the
    trial court. To the extent that the trial court has made
    findings of fact, our review is limited to deciding
    whether such findings were clearly erroneous. When,
    however, the trial court draws conclusions of law, our
    review is plenary and we must decide whether its con-
    clusions are legally and logically correct and find sup-
    port in the facts as they appear in the record.’’ (Internal
    quotation marks omitted.) DeLeo v. Equale & Cirone,
    LLP, 
    202 Conn. App. 650
    , 659, 
    246 A.3d 988
    , cert. denied,
    
    336 Conn. 927
    , 
    247 A.3d 577
     (2021).
    In its memorandum of decision, the court set forth
    its determination with respect to the applicability of the
    ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine’’ as follows: ‘‘In Shea v.
    Tousignant, [
    172 Conn. 54
    , 
    372 A.2d 151
    ] (1976), the
    court held that liability cannot be imposed on the opera-
    tor of a vehicle who has a sudden medical emergency
    resulting in the loss of control of the vehicle. See also
    Smith v. Czescel, [
    12 Conn. App. 558
    , 
    533 A.2d 223
    , cert.
    denied, 
    206 Conn. 803
    , 
    535 A.2d 1316
    ] (1987). The court
    rejects the application of the ‘unavoidable accident’
    doctrine for the following reasons. First, there is no
    claim that Benak experienced a sudden medical emer-
    gency which prevented her . . . [from] maintain[ing]
    control of the vehicle. This court will not by analogy
    extend the doctrine to a mechanical issue with the
    vehicle. Second, and more significantly, the court finds
    that the plaintiff has sustained her burden of proof that
    the driver of the state vehicle negligently operated her
    vehicle and caused the collision with the plaintiff’s vehi-
    cle in one or more of the ways set forth in the operative
    complaint.’’
    The defendant does not argue clear error with respect
    to the court’s factual finding that there was no claim
    that Benak experienced a sudden medical emergency
    that prevented her from controlling her vehicle or its
    factual finding that Benak negligently operated her vehi-
    cle. Rather, the defendant claims only that the court
    erred in declining to apply the concept of unavoidable
    accident to these facts. Our resolution of this issue
    depends on whether the court properly declined to
    apply the ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine’’ to the facts of
    this case.7 Therefore, our standard of review is plenary.
    Having established the standard of review, we turn
    to the defendant’s claim that the court erred in refusing
    to apply the ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine.’’ The plain-
    tiff responds that the ‘‘court’s decision to not apply the
    unavoidable accident doctrine to the evidence adduced
    at trial was correct, as the trial court clearly and
    unequivocally found that the defendant’s operator was
    negligent as alleged by the plaintiff in the operative
    complaint.’’ We agree with the plaintiff.
    The following additional facts are relevant to our
    resolution of this claim. In the trial court’s memoran-
    dum of decision, the court expressly credited the plain-
    tiff’s testimony that ‘‘the state vehicle when it was
    approaching the plaintiff’s vehicle crossed the center
    line and failed to slow down.’’ The court found that
    ‘‘the plaintiff [had] sustained her burden of proof that
    the driver of the state vehicle negligently operated her
    vehicle and caused the collision with the plaintiff’s vehi-
    cle in one or more of the ways set forth in the operative
    complaint.’’ Further, the court determined that Benak’s
    negligence was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s
    damages.
    In her operative complaint, the plaintiff alleged that
    Benak was negligent in a number of ways. The allega-
    tions relate to Benak’s actions after her tire blew out,
    with the exception of the allegation that she failed to
    adhere to the speed limit in the time leading up to the
    accident. 8 Failing to remain in her lane, failing to brake,
    and general inattentiveness while driving are among
    the allegations.9
    On the basis of these theories of liability and the
    evidence presented at trial, the court determined that
    the plaintiff proved that Benak ‘‘negligently operated
    her vehicle and caused the collision with the plaintiff’s
    vehicle . . . .’’ On the basis of the court’s conclusion
    that the plaintiff proved that Benak negligently operated
    her vehicle, the court ‘‘[rejected] the application of the
    ‘unavoidable accident’ doctrine’’ to the facts of the case.
    The court elucidated that there was ‘‘no claim that
    Benak experienced a sudden medical emergency which
    prevented her [from] maintain[ing] control of the vehi-
    cle,’’ and it declined to extend ‘‘by analogy . . . the
    doctrine to a mechanical issue with the vehicle.’’
    On appeal, the defendant argues that, because Benak
    ‘‘experienced a sudden, unexpected emergency, caused
    by the blowout of her left front tire causing her to cross
    over the centerline of the highway and go partially into
    the lane in which the plaintiff was operating her vehi-
    cle,’’ she was not negligent. It is the defendant’s position
    that, ‘‘in order for the plaintiff to prevail the plaintiff
    would have had to have produced evidence that . . .
    Benak had some ‘premonition, warning, or advanced
    notice’ that the tire on the subject vehicle was about
    to blow out.’’ This argument is premised on the defen-
    dant’s claim that the ‘‘unavoidable accident doctrine’’
    precludes liability. However, this argument is not
    responsive to the plaintiff’s allegations or to the court’s
    findings.
    The defendant does not challenge on appeal the trial
    court’s findings aside from its claim that the ‘‘unavoid-
    able accident doctrine’’ precludes a finding of negli-
    gence and its related claim that, in order to prevail at
    trial, the plaintiff needed to prove that Benak knew
    of the impending blowout or negligently caused it to
    occur.10 Ultimately, because the court found that Benak
    was negligent, the accident cannot be considered
    unavoidable or inevitable as a matter of law.
    In support of its claim, the defendant relies on Profes-
    sors Prosser and Keeton’s definition of ‘‘unavoidable
    accident,’’ which provides that ‘‘[a]n unavoidable acci-
    dent is an occurrence which is not intended and which,
    under all the circumstances, could not have been fore-
    seen or prevented by the exercise of reasonable precau-
    tions. That is, an accident is considered unavoidable or
    inevitable at law if it was not proximately caused by
    the negligence of any party to the action, or to the
    accident. . . . [T]he driver of an automobile who sud-
    denly loses control of the car because the driver is
    seized with a heart attack, a stroke, a fainting spell, or
    an epileptic fit is not liable, unless the driver knew that
    he might become ill, in which case he may have been
    negligent in driving the car at all.’’ (Footnotes omitted.)
    W. Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of
    Torts (5th Ed. 1984) § 29, p. 162.
    In Connecticut, this concept has been incorporated
    into a model jury instruction, which provides: ‘‘The
    defendant claims that any injury suffered by the plaintiff
    was the result of an unusual or unexpected event and
    was not the result of either party’s negligence. If you
    find that the alleged injuries and/or losses in question
    did not result from either the defendant’s or the plain-
    tiff’s negligence but were caused solely by some other
    happening, then the defendant is not liable to the plain-
    tiff.’’ Connecticut Civil Jury Instructions 3.6-16, avail-
    able at https://www.jud.ct.gov/JI/Civil/Civil.pdf (last vis-
    ited July 7, 2021). Our Supreme Court has condoned
    this instruction only in the context of a driver losing
    consciousness while operating a motor vehicle. See
    Shea v. Tousignant, 
    supra,
     
    172 Conn. 56
    , 58 (directing
    trial court to provide instruction on remand in case
    in which defendant passed out or fell asleep without
    warning). Additionally, on more than one occasion, the
    court has expressed disapproval of the charge. See, e.g.,
    Tomczuk v. Alvarez, 
    184 Conn. 182
    , 190–91, 
    439 A.2d 935
     (1981); see also W. Keeton et al., supra, § 29, p. 163
    (noting that instructions on doctrine have fallen into
    disfavor in many states).
    The concept of unavoidable accident does not excuse
    a defendant from liability. Rather, it contextualizes the
    question of whether an actor has been negligent. See
    Tomczuk v. Alvarez, 
    supra,
     
    184 Conn. 190
    –91. Indeed,
    our Supreme Court has explained that ‘‘[a]n instruction
    on unavoidable accident serves no useful purpose and
    functions to confuse and mislead the jury and direct
    their attention from the primary issues of negligence,
    proximate cause and burden of proof. An additional,
    unnecessary instruction on the concept of unavoidable
    accident would only complicate the rules concerning
    negligence, proximate cause and burden of proof which
    must be explained to the jury. Instructions concerning
    unavoidable accident usually should be given only when
    the record can support a finding that the negligence of
    neither party is involved. When a foundation has been
    established it still remains within the sound discretion
    of the trial judge to determine whether an unavoidable
    accident charge is appropriate. Even if we assume an
    abuse of discretion, instructions on negligence, proxi-
    mate cause and burden of proof could operate as a
    sufficient substitute for the unavoidable [accident]
    charge so as to preclude us from finding error.’’ Id.; see
    also Barrese v. DeFillippo, 
    45 Conn. App. 102
    , 108–109,
    
    694 A.2d 797
     (1997).
    In the present case, the court, acting as the fact finder,
    determined that Benak was negligent in the way in
    which she operated her vehicle, noting issues with her
    speed and braking, and that her actions were the proxi-
    mate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. Because these
    findings are inapposite to a determination that ‘‘the
    record can support a finding that the negligence of
    neither party is involved’’; (internal quotation marks
    omitted) Barrese v. DeFillippo, supra, 
    45 Conn. App. 108
    ; the court correctly determined that its finding of
    negligence necessarily precluded a finding that the acci-
    dent was unavoidable.11
    II
    The defendant’s second claim is that the court erred
    in granting the plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration and
    in increasing the award of damages to include future
    medical expenses. We disagree.
    The question of whether to grant a motion for recon-
    sideration ‘‘is within the sound discretion of the court.’’
    Shore v. Haverson Architecture & Design, P.C., 
    92 Conn. App. 469
    , 479, 
    886 A.2d 837
     (2005), cert. denied,
    
    277 Conn. 907
    , 
    894 A.2d 988
     (2006). ‘‘The standard of
    review regarding challenges to a court’s ruling on a
    motion for reconsideration is abuse of discretion. As
    with any discretionary action of the trial court . . . the
    ultimate [question for appellate review] is whether the
    trial court could have reasonably concluded as it did.’’
    (Internal quotation marks omitted.) 
    Id.
    The following additional facts are relevant to our
    resolution of this claim. As discussed previously, the
    court, in its memorandum of decision, determined that
    there was insufficient evidence on which to determine
    future medical expenses. In support of her motion for
    reconsideration, the plaintiff attached a letter from her
    physician, which was admitted as a full exhibit during
    the trial. Gaccione stated in his letter: ‘‘With [regard]
    to further treatment, there is a better than 50 [percent]
    chance that it may be necessary to remove [the plain-
    tiff’s] left forearm hardware in the future. In addition,
    she may require physical therapy treatment for up to
    [ten] visits on an annual basis for the next several years
    while she continues to recover from her right hip and
    lower back injuries. In other words, it is more probable
    than not that she would require this treatment related
    to her left ulna and right acetabular fracture/lumbar
    sprain in the future.’’ Gaccione went on to state that
    future arm surgery would cost between $6000 and $8000
    and that physical therapy usually costs between $100
    and $150 per visit. At trial, the plaintiff also introduced
    a summary of her physical therapy visits showing that
    she already had incurred $4987 in physical therapy bills;
    this exhibit was entered into evidence in full. Addition-
    ally, in its initial memorandum of decision, the court
    found that the plaintiff had a life expectancy of thirty-
    seven years. Upon review of the plaintiff’s motion and
    over the defendant’s objection, the court found ‘‘that
    the plaintiff offered sufficient evidence of the reason-
    able cost of future medical expenses for the surgical
    removal of hardware for the right acetabular fracture
    and physical therapy treatments. The court award[ed]
    the plaintiff future medical expenses in the sum total
    of $14,250.’’
    On appeal, the defendant argues that because the
    letter from Gaccione ‘‘does not provide the court . . .
    with sufficient evidence to make a reasonable estimate
    of the cost of such treatment . . . [and] does not pro-
    vide the court with sufficient evidence upon which to
    calculate how much physical therapy is going to be
    necessary and for how long . . . the award of . . .
    future medical expenses is not supported by the evi-
    dence . . . .’’ We disagree.
    ‘‘Damages for the future consequences of an injury
    can never be forecast with certainty.’’ (Internal quota-
    tion marks omitted.) Marchetti v. Ramirez, 
    240 Conn. 49
    , 56, 
    688 A.2d 1325
     (1997). Accordingly, an award
    of future medical expenses should be ‘‘based upon an
    estimate of reasonable probabilities, not possibilities.
    . . . The obvious purpose of this requirement is to pre-
    vent the [fact finder] from awarding damages for future
    medical expenses based merely on speculation or con-
    jecture. Because, however, [f]uture medical expenses
    do not require the same degree of certainty as past
    medical expenses . . . [i]t is not speculation or conjec-
    ture to calculate future medical expenses based upon
    the history of medical expenses that have accrued as
    of the trial date . . . when there is also a degree of
    medical certainty that future medical expenses will
    be necessary.’’ (Citations omitted; emphasis in original;
    internal quotation marks omitted.) 
    Id., 54
    –55.
    In Marchetti, the plaintiff’s treating physician
    ‘‘expressed the opinion that the plaintiff [would] require
    future medical treatment for his injuries.’’ 
    Id., 55
    .
    Although the physician could not estimate the costs of
    that future treatment, our Supreme Court determined
    that the jury reasonably could have awarded the plain-
    tiff damages for future medical expenses because ‘‘the
    evidence established that the plaintiff had received
    medical treatment for his injuries on a regular basis
    since the date of the accident,’’ and because the plaintiff
    established life expectancy and total costs of treatment
    as of the date of trial. 
    Id., 56
    .
    In the present case, Gaccione’s letter and the addi-
    tional evidence presented at trial support a conclusion
    that the plaintiff would incur future medical expenses
    and also provided evidence as to the costs of her future
    medical expenses. Specifically, the plaintiff submitted
    evidence of the treatment she likely would need in the
    future (follow-up arm surgery and physical therapy),
    the costs of such treatment (between $6000 and $8000
    for the arm surgery and between $100 and $150 per
    physical therapy appointment), the approximate length
    of time she would need physical therapy (several years),
    her past medical expenses (including $4987 for physical
    therapy), and her life expectancy (thirty-seven years).
    This evidence took the plaintiff’s claimed future medical
    expenses out of the realm of speculation, provided ‘‘a
    degree of medical certainty’’ that she would need future
    care, and presented sufficient evidence from which the
    court could approximate the costs of future medical
    treatment. (Emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks
    omitted.) Marchetti v. Ramirez, supra, 
    240 Conn. 55
    .
    Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
    granting the motion for reconsideration and in
    determining that this evidence was sufficient to support
    the award of future medical expenses.
    The judgment is affirmed.
    In this opinion the other judges concurred.
    1
    Although the plaintiff’s complaint originally also named Bethany Benak
    as a defendant, the plaintiff subsequently withdrew her complaint against
    Benak, and Benak is not a party to this appeal. We refer in this opinion to
    the Department of Administrative Services as the defendant.
    2
    The defendant admits that Benak ‘‘was operating a vehicle owned and
    insured by the defendant . . . and with its full permission and consent,’’
    and that her operation of the vehicle was in the course of her employment
    when the accident occurred.
    3
    In its memorandum of decision, the court stated that Benak testified
    that ‘‘prior to the impact, she heard a pop-like sound and experienced the
    car pull to the right,’’ but, as noted by the defendant in its principal appellate
    brief, Benak’s testimony indicates that the vehicle pulled to the left and into
    the other lane of traffic.
    4
    General Statutes § 52-556 provides: ‘‘Any person injured in person or
    property through the negligence of any state official or employee when
    operating a motor vehicle owned and insured by the state against personal
    injuries or property damage shall have a right of action against the state to
    recover damages for such injury.’’
    5
    The award of economic damages included compensation for medical
    bills ($59,699.05), lost wages ($23,289), and expenses incurred to modify
    the plaintiff’s home to accommodate her wheelchair ($1909.28).
    6
    The defendant filed a motion for articulation and rectification as to the
    court’s award of damages for future medical expenses. The court denied
    the motion. The defendant did not seek review of the court’s ruling denying
    its motion for articulation.
    7
    We note that a trial court’s denial of a request to charge the jury on
    unavoidable accident is subject to abuse of discretion review. See Tomczuk
    v. Alvarez, 
    184 Conn. 182
    , 190–91, 
    439 A.2d 935
     (1981); see also Barrese v.
    DeFillippo, 
    45 Conn. App. 102
    , 108–109, 
    694 A.2d 797
     (1997). In the present
    case, however, plenary review is appropriate to address the applicability of
    the unavoidable accident concept in light of the court’s unchallenged findings
    of negligence.
    8
    The plaintiff’s allegations in her operative complaint are as follows:
    Benak (1) ‘‘[f]ailed to grant one half of the highway to the plaintiff’s vehicle
    in violation of’’ General Statutes § 14-231; (2) ‘‘[f]ailed to pass to the right
    of the plaintiff’s vehicle in violation of’’ § 14-231; (3) ‘‘[f]ailed to grant the
    right of way to the plaintiff’s motor vehicle’’; (4) ‘‘[f]ailed to grant one half
    of the highway to the plaintiff’s motor vehicle’’; (5) ‘‘[f]ailed to operate her
    motor vehicle upon the right in violation of’’ General Statutes § 14-230; (6)
    ‘‘[f]ailed to keep a proper and reasonable lookout for other motor vehicles
    on the highway’’; (7) ‘‘[f]ailed to apply her brakes in time to avoid a collision
    although by a proper and reasonable exercise . . . of her faculties, she
    could and should have done so’’; (8) ‘‘[f]ailed to turn her motor vehicle so
    as to avoid a collision with the plaintiff’s motor vehicle’’; (9) ‘‘[f]ailed to
    sound her horn or otherwise warn the plaintiff of the impending collision’’;
    (10) ‘‘[f]ailed to take reasonable precautions to avoid the collision’’; (11)
    ‘‘[f]ailed to keep her motor vehicle under proper and reasonable control’’;
    (12) ‘‘[w]as inattentive and failed to keep and maintain a reasonable and
    proper lookout’’; (13) ‘‘[o]perated her motor vehicle at an excessive rate of
    speed in violation of’’ General Statutes §14-219; (14) ‘‘[o]perated her motor
    vehicle at a rate of speed greater than was reasonable, having regard to
    traffic, highway, weather, and other conditions, in violation of’’ General
    Statutes §14-218a; (15) ‘‘[o]perated her motor vehicle at an excessive rate
    of speed under the circumstances then and there existing’’; (16) ‘‘[o]perated
    her motor vehicle on the left side of the highway in violation of’’ General
    Statutes §§ 14-235 and 14-234; (17) ‘‘[d]rove her motor vehicle on the left
    side of the highway into the path of the plaintiff’s vehicle; and (18) ‘‘[f]ailed
    to operate her motor vehicle within her single lane of traffic in violation
    of’’ General Statutes § 14-236.
    9
    At no point does the plaintiff claim that Benak negligently caused the
    blowout or that she had notice of the impending mechanical problem.
    10
    The defendant asserts that this issue is based on a question of law,
    indicating that it does not dispute the trial court’s factual findings.
    11
    Because the court found that the plaintiff’s injuries were a result of
    Benak’s negligence and were not caused by an unavoidable accident, we
    need not address whether this concept applies to mechanical issues.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: AC43898

Filed Date: 7/13/2021

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 7/12/2021