Clark Construction Group v. DOES & Darrell Banks , 163 A.3d 768 ( 2017 )

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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 16-AA-751
CLARK CONSTRUCTION GROUP, LLC, et al., PETITIONERS,
v.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, RESPONDENT,
and
DARRELL BANKS, INTERVENOR.
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Compensation Review Board of the District of Columbia
Department of Employment Services
(CRB-11-16)
(Submitted May 10, 2017 Decided July 13, 2017)
Sarah M. Burton was on the brief for petitioners.
Karl A. Racine, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Todd S. Kim,
Solicitor General, and Loren L. AliKhan, Deputy Solicitor General, filed a
statement in lieu of brief in support of respondent.
David J. Kapson was on the brief for intervenor.
Before THOMPSON and MCLEESE, Associate Judges, and REID, Senior Judge.
Opinion for the court by Senior Judge REID.
Opinion by Associate Judge MCLEESE, concurring in part and dissenting in
2
part, at page 14.
REID, Senior Judge: Petitioners, Clark Construction Group, LLC, and
Zurich North America (“Clark Construction”), seek review of the Decision and
Order of the Compensation Review Board (“CRB”) affirming the Administrative
Law Judge‟s (“ALJ”) Compensation Order on Remand; the order concerned the
claim of Intervenor, Darrell Banks, who suffered an injury at work on March 7,
2013. Clark Construction, Mr. Banks‟ employer at the time of his injury, contests
the CRB‟s determination that: 1) Mr. Banks‟ medical conditions, namely his
lumbar spine (lower back) and cervical spine (neck) complaints, are causally
related to the work accident, and 2) Mr. Banks is entitled to temporary total
disability benefits from February 14, 2014, onward. For the reasons stated below,
we affirm the decision of the CRB.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
A formal hearing regarding Mr. Banks‟ claim for workers‟ compensation
benefits was held on January 15, 2015, before an ALJ. The ALJ issued a
Compensation Order, dated March 31, 2015, following the hearing. These
documents show the following. Mr. Banks worked for Clark Construction as a pile
3
driver for approximately seven years. As a pile driver, Mr. Banks‟ expertise was
“highly specialized” and his “usual work duties required walking, lifting and heavy
labor.” On March 7, 2013, he sustained an injury after slipping on wet clay and
striking a “boulder-like dirt hump.” He testified that he had a chainsaw in his
hands, his “head snapped back and [he was] trying to hold the chainsaw so that it
[did]n‟t cut [him].” His “feet went out from under” him. He hit the hump below
his neck, in between his shoulder blades, and also hit his back “[r]ight above [his]
belt.” He was treated at Clark Construction‟s clinics in March and April 2013. His
neck and upper back were hurting at the time but he did not mention his neck
because the pain in that area was not as severe as his lower back pain, and he was
“trying to go back to work.” He was treated by Dr. Joshua Anderson in December
2013; Dr. Anderson ordered an MRI of the lumbar spine. Clark Construction
informed Mr. Banks that they would still pay him if he showed up for work and
refrained from filing a workers‟ compensation claim. While Mr. Banks continued
to show up for work, the work required no physical exertion and he was eventually
laid off in May 2013 due to “lack of work.” Mr. Banks worked for another
company, Berkel, intermittently from September 2013 to December 2013; that job
required no physical exertion, but he was “periodically laid off due to lack of pile
driver work” and to date “has not returned to the full duties of his pre-injury
employment.”
4
Between February and December 2014, Mr. Banks saw Dr. Godwin Darko
at MedStar Washington Hospital Center Support Services; at that time Mr. Banks
used a cane to ambulate because of severe leg pain. In June 2014, Mr. Banks saw
Dr. Michael E. Batipps, a neurologist; he complained of neck pain and informed
Dr. Batipps that upon falling on the day of the 2013 work accident, he “had
immediate sensation of sharp shooting pain that radiated from his neck down his
back.”1 Dr. Batipps diagnosed Mr. Banks with a “lumbar disc herniation with
nerve root impingement; he prescribed EMG and NCV studies, a cervical MRI,
physical therapy and medication.” Clark Construction ordered an independent
medical evaluation by Dr. Clifford Hinkes. After mentioning Mr. Banks‟
treatment by Clark Construction‟s clinics, and Doctors Anderson, Darko, and
Batipps, Dr. Hinkes disagreed with Dr. Batipps‟ diagnosis and thought that the
1
Dr. Batipps noted on June 17, 2014, that at the time of his examination,
Mr. Banks said “he also injured his neck in the fall with persistent neck pain. . . .
He has neck pain radiating to the upper shoulder onset from injury on 3/[8]/13 fall
incident. He did not discuss with doctors because . . . low back pain was much
greater than neck pain.” Dr. Batipps opined that Mr. Banks “probably [suffered
from] cervical spinal cord impingement due to [his 2013 fall at work], also,
possible cervical disc herniation with cervical cord compression.” Consequently,
Dr. Batipps concluded that Mr. Banks “needs MRI of the cervical spine and EMG
of the upper extremities . . . to rule out cervical spinal cord compression and
possible progression myelopathy.” Mr. Banks testified at the hearing that his
“neck area . . . pains [him] all the time,” and that he did not have difficulties with
his neck before March 7, 2013.
5
cervical MRI was unnecessary.2 In November 2014, neurosurgeon Dr. Jason
Garber, who prepared a Utilization Review report, reviewed record documents, and
concluded that the study recommended by Dr. Batipps “would be helpful to
evaluate [Mr. Banks‟] current complaints of neck pain,” but he did “NOT believe
this study is care reasonably required to address the sequelae of the compensable
event.”
In her Compensation Order (“CO”), the ALJ found that Mr. Banks‟ lower
back complaints were causally related to his work injury.3 The ALJ also found that
Mr. Banks‟ neck complaints were not related to his work injury. 4 Further, the ALJ
concluded that he was not entitled to temporary total disability benefits because he
was laid off for economic reasons and had found other work that he could perform.
2
In his report, Dr. Hinkes concluded: “I respectfully disagree with the
recommendations from Dr. Batipps. A cervical spine MRI is not necessary. This
is not related to the work injury.”
3
While the ALJ accepted the opinion of Dr. Hinkes for purposes of
rebutting the presumption of compensability afforded to Mr. Banks in proving that
his back injury was causally related, she ultimately rejected the doctor‟s opinion as
it was too conclusory to establish a lack of causal connection when taken together
with the evidence presented by Mr. Banks.
4
The ALJ accepted the opinion of Dr. Hinkes relating to Mr. Banks‟ neck
complaints and found that a lack of evidence or complaints of neck pain prior to
June 2014 was sufficient to reject a causal connection.
6
Both parties appealed the order to the CRB. The CRB issued a Decision and
Remand Order (“DRO”), affirming that Mr. Banks‟ lumbar condition was causally
related to his work injury, but vacating the CO on the issues of Mr. Banks‟ neck
complaints and the denial of temporary total disability benefits. After reviewing
and referencing this court‟s case law regarding the presumption of compensability,
the CRB concluded that “the mere statement of a physician‟s opinion in opposition
to the presumption is not sufficient to overcome the presumption,” and that “Dr.
Hinkes‟s opinion . . . is so spare a discussion as to fairly be characterized as being
„unaccompanied by a discussion of the reasoning upon which it is based.‟”
Furthermore, the CRB declared: Dr. Hinkes‟ “opinion . . . is ambiguous. It is not
clear whether Dr. Hinkes feels the cervical MRI is not necessary medically, or that
it is not related to the accident.”5 On December 31, 2015, the ALJ issued a
Compensation Order on Remand (“COR”), finding that Mr. Banks‟ injuries to the
neck and lower back were both causally related to the work injury; after reviewing
the record evidence, the ALJ awarded Mr. Banks temporary total disability benefits
5
With respect to Mr. Banks‟ claim for temporary total disability benefits,
the CRB declared, in part, that “[t]here is no finding that [Mr. Banks] had returned
to suitable alternative employment when he worked for [a] short time,
intermittently, at Berkel[,]” and that “except for the „intermittent‟ periods of light
duty at Berkel, [Mr. Banks] has been and remains temporarily totally disabled from
the date of the layoff from [Clark Construction] to the present and continuing.”
The CRB remanded the matter for findings of fact relating to the claim for
temporary total disability benefits.
7
from February 4, 2014, “through the present and continuing.” On June 28, 2016,
the CRB affirmed the COR in its Decision and Order. Clark Construction filed a
timely appeal to this court.
ANALYSIS
The review of the CRB‟s final order is limited to the determination of
whether it was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” Reyes v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 48
A.3d 159, 164 (D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). While our review
looks at the final order of the CRB, “we cannot ignore the compensation order [of
the ALJ] which is the subject of the Board‟s review.” Georgetown Univ. Hosp. v.
District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 916 A.2d 149, 151 (D.C. 2007). “We
will affirm the CRB‟s decision if (1) the agency made findings of fact on each
contested material factual issue, (2) substantial evidence supports each finding, and
(3) the agency‟s conclusions of law flow rationally from its findings of fact.”
Reyes, supra, 48 A.3d at 164 (internal quotation marks omitted). Substantial
evidence consists of “relevant evidence such as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” Fluellyn v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t
Servs., 54 A.3d 1156, 1160 (D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Our
8
review . . . is limited, and [w]here there is substantial evidence to support the
[CRB‟s] findings . . . then the mere existence of substantial evidence contrary to
that finding does not allow this court to substitute its judgment for that of the
[CRB].” Potomac Elec. Power Co. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs.,
77 A.3d 351, 354 (D.C. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Causal Relation to Work-Related Event
A. Presumption of Compensability for Neck Complaints
Clark Construction first argues that Dr. Hinkes‟ evaluation was sufficient to
rebut the presumption of compensability, and that the CRB erred in finding that it
failed to rebut the presumption of compensability for Mr. Banks‟ neck injury based
on the evaluation of Dr. Hinkes. Under the District of Columbia Workers‟
Compensation Act, where the claimant presents some evidence of a work-related
event that has the potential to contribute to his disability, “the statutory
presumption operates to establish a causal connection between the disability and
the work-related event, activity, or requirement, such that the disability is
compensable.” Washington Post v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs.,
852 A.2d 909, 911 (D.C. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). “This
presumption serves to effectuate the humanitarian purpose of the statute [and]
9
reflects a strong policy favoring awards in arguable cases.” Washington Hosp. Ctr.
v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 744 A.2d 992, 996 (D.C. 2000)
(internal quotation marks omitted). To rebut this presumption, an employer “must
show by substantial evidence that the disability did not arise out of and in the
course of employment.” Young v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 865
A.2d 535, 540 (D.C. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Substantial
evidence need not be unequivocal and can include the evaluation of a medical
expert. See Safeway Stores, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 806
A.2d 1214, 1220 (D.C. 2002) (noting that a doctor‟s “extensive diagnosis, which
provided a detailed explanation supporting his conclusions” was sufficient to rebut
the presumption of compensability). “To rebut the presumption, the employer‟s
evidence must be „specific and comprehensive enough to sever the potential
connection between the disability and the work-related event.‟” Washington
Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 992 A.2d
1276, 1281 (D.C. 2010) (quoting Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. District
of Columbia Emp’t Servs., 827 A.2d 35, 42 (D.C. 2003)).
Here, while Clark Construction presented a medical evaluation by Dr.
Hinkes in which he mentions Mr. Banks‟ treatment by other medical professionals,
the CRB found Dr. Hinkes‟ report to be “spare” and conclusory without any
10
discussion of the reasoning for the conclusion. Furthermore, as we indicated
earlier in this opinion, the CRB noted that Dr. Hinkes‟ discussion of the cervical
MRI was ambiguous as “[i]t is not clear whether Dr. Hinkes feels the cervical MRI
is not necessary medically, or that it is not related to the accident.”6 We see no
basis on which to disturb the CRB‟s conclusion. Although unequivocal evidence is
not required to rebut the presumption of compensability, we agree that the CRB
could reasonably conclude that the evidence was not “specific and comprehensive
enough that a reasonable mind might accept it as adequate.” Washington Post,
supra, 852 A.2d at 911 (internal quotation marks, citation, and brackets omitted);
see also Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., supra, 992 A.2d at 1281 (“[T]he
employer‟s evidence must be specific and comprehensive enough to sever the
potential connection between the disability and work-related event.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).7
6
Significantly, Dr. Hinkes‟ recommendation against a cervical MRI
spanned two sentences: “A cervical spine MRI is not necessary. This is not
related to the work injury.” Dr. Hinkes‟ report contained no further explanation on
how he arrived at this conclusion.
7
The existence of a causal relation between Mr. Banks‟ neck injury and the
work accident is supported by substantial evidence. As the CRB indicated, the
ALJ credited Mr. Banks‟ testimony. Mr. Banks stated that when he fell, he had a
chainsaw in his hands, his head snapped back and he hit an area of his back below
his neck and between his shoulder blades, and an area of his back right above his
belt line. He had pain in his neck and lower back when he was treated at the
employer‟s clinic right after his accident. He explained that he did not mention or
(continued…)
11
B. Lower Back Complaints
Clark Construction also argues that while the CRB determined that Mr.
Banks‟ lumbar condition was causally related, it failed to undertake any reasoning
to support this conclusion. The extent of the CRB‟s analysis is limited to its order:
Because the rejection of Dr. Hinkes‟s opinions and the
[utilization review] report‟s conclusions are supported by
substantial evidence, the conclusion that Claimant‟s
lumbar condition is medically causally related to the
work injury and the award of causally related medical
care to the lumbar spine as provided and recommended
by Dr. Batipps is AFFIRMED.
(…continued)
seek help for his neck pain because his lower back pain was the most severe, and
he was trying to get back to work. Moreover, Dr. Batipps‟ medical report noted
that Mr. Banks “already has had chronic neck pain since a fall and injury at
work . . . with chronic cervical strain,” and Dr. Batipps opined that Mr. Banks
“probably [suffered from] cervical spinal cord impingement.” Our dissenting
colleague in part suggests remanding the case for the CRB to consider whether Mr.
Banks‟ medical records and Dr. Hinkes‟ evaluation together are sufficient to rebut
the presumption of compensability regarding Mr. Banks‟ neck complaints. The
dissent states that “[t]he ALJ specifically relied upon those medical records as part
of the basis for its conclusion that Clark Construction had rebutted the presumption
of compensability.” However, the record reveals that in its initial compensation
order, the ALJ considered Mr. Banks‟ medical records only in the context of Dr.
Hinkes‟ evaluation in determining whether Clark Construction rebutted the
presumption of compensability. Moreover, (1) given the CRB‟s analysis of Dr.
Hinkes‟ evaluation in its Decision and Remand Order, (2) our limited review, and
(3) the presumption‟s purpose to effectuate the humanitarian purpose of the
Workers‟ Compensation Act, we see no reason to remand the case for the medical
records to be addressed separately and together with Dr. Hinkes‟ evaluation.
12
Despite the lack of extensive reasoning, the CRB‟s conclusion is based on
substantial evidence. The ALJ pointed to the breadth of evidence supporting the
causal connection between Mr. Banks‟ lower back complaints and the work
accident. Moreover, Dr. Hinkes‟ opinion was appropriately categorized as
“conclusory and [did] not take into account [Mr. Banks‟] credible description of the
significant pain emanating from his lumbar injury.” The ALJ was also correct in
rejecting the Utilization Review report for the purpose of opining on medical
causation rather than the reasonableness of the treatment suggested. See D.C. Code
§ 32-1501 (2012 Repl.) (defining “Utilization review”). Ultimately, the CRB‟s
conclusion is not arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.
Temporary Total Disability Benefits
Finally, Clark Construction argues that the CRB erred in concluding that Mr.
Banks was entitled to temporary total disability benefits. Clark Construction
claims that Mr. Banks was able to work for another employer after the March 7
accident, and any inability to work could have been related to his other medical
conditions.
13
To qualify for temporary total disability benefits, the claimant bears the
burden of showing that his disability is temporary and total. “A claimant suffers
from total disability if his injuries prevent him from engaging in the only type of
gainful employment for which he is qualified.” Logan v. District of Columbia
Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 805 A.2d 237, 241 (D.C. 2002) (internal quotation marks
and brackets omitted). “Total disability does not mean absolute helplessness,” but
instead the claimant must show that “he can perform no services other than those
which are so limited in quality, dependability or quantity that a reasonably stable
market for them does not exist.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). If the
claimant can meet this burden, “a prima facie case of total disability is established,
which the employer may then seek to rebut by establishing the availability of other
jobs which the claimant could perform.” Id. at 242 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
The CRB‟s decision that Mr. Banks remains temporarily totally disabled
stems from substantial evidence. It appropriately affirmed the ALJ‟s finding that
Mr. Banks cannot return to his pre-injury job, which is based on the evidence from
Mr. Banks‟ testimony, his medical records, and the evaluation of Dr. Batipps.
Moreover, Mr. Banks‟ role at Clark Construction after the accident and his
intermittent employment at Berkel do not suggest otherwise, as his duties required
14
no physical exertion.8 There is no indication that Clark Construction offered Mr.
Banks suitable employment after he was laid off, or that his employment at Berkel
was suitable alternative employment. Moreover, Mr. Banks‟ layoff from Clark
Construction does not necessarily “sever[] the causal link between injury and wage
loss.” Upchurch v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 783 A.2d 623, 627
(D.C. 2001). Thus, we see no basis for disturbing the CRB‟s conclusion that Mr.
Banks is entitled to temporary total disability benefits.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Decision and Order of the CRB.
So ordered.
MCLEESE, Associate Judge, concurring in the judgment in part and
dissenting in part: I agree with the court‟s affirmance of the CRB‟s conclusions
that Mr. Banks‟s back symptoms were causally related to a workplace injury, ante
at 11-12; and that Mr. Banks was entitled to temporary total disability benefits,
8
While Clark Construction claims that Mr. Banks had “documented work
ability of standing continuously, walking continuously, climbing/balancing
continuously, kneeling/crouching/crawling continuously, and reaching with hands
and arms continuously,” Mr. Banks explained at the formal hearing that he could
not actually perform those tasks, and his work with Clark Construction and with
Berkel after his injury was quite limited. The ALJ found Mr. Banks‟ testimony to
be “credible in all aspects.”
15
ante at 12-14. I do not agree, however, with the court‟s affirmance of the CRB‟s
conclusion that Clark Construction failed to rebut the presumption of
compensability as to Mr. Banks‟s neck symptoms. Ante at 8-10. I therefore
respectfully concur in the judgment in part and dissent in part.
In this case, an ALJ found that Mr. Banks had failed to demonstrate that Mr.
Banks‟s neck symptoms were causally related to a work injury. The CRB
reversed, concluding that the evidence relied upon by Clark Construction was not
sufficient to rebut the presumption of compensability. Clark Construction argues
that the CRB erred by failing to take into account medical records indicating that
Mr. Banks did not describe any neck complaints to various physicians. The court
affirms the ruling of the CRB without addressing this argument. In my view, the
court should remand for the CRB to consider those medical records when deciding
whether the evidence relied upon by Clark Construction, taken as a whole, sufficed
to rebut the presumption of compensability.
In affirming the CRB, the court focuses on the CRB‟s determination that the
medical evaluation by Dr. Hinkes -- the physician upon whom Clark Construction
relied -- was “spare,” conclusory, and ambiguous. Clark Construction, however,
did not rely solely upon Dr. Hinkes‟s medical evaluation to attempt to rebut the
16
presumption of compensability. Rather, Clark Construction also relied upon
medical records indicating that Mr. Banks did not complain about neck symptoms
to a medical provider until approximately a year after the workplace injury. The
ALJ specifically relied upon those medical records as part of the basis for its
conclusion that Clark Construction had rebutted the presumption of
compensability. The CRB did not address the significance of those medical
records in reversing the conclusion of the ALJ.
I express no view on whether the medical records relied upon by Clark
Construction, taken together with Dr. Hinkes‟s evaluation, are “specific and
comprehensive enough to sever the potential connection between” Mr. Banks‟s
neck injury and his work injury. Washington Hosp. Ctr. v. District of Columbia
Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 744 A.2d 992, 998 (D.C. 2000) (internal quotation marks
omitted). In my view, that question is substantial enough that the CRB should
address it in the first instance. Cf. Reyes v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t
Servs., 48 A.3d 159, 164 (D.C. 2012) (“remand[ing] to the agency for further
consideration of the evidence”); Munson v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t
Servs., 721 A.2d 623, 627 (D.C. 1998) (“A remand . . . for such clarification
conforms with our practice of remanding open legal issues for reasoned
17
interpretation by the agency charged with administering the statute.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).