Bangura v. United States ( 2021 )

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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
Nos. 19-CO-721 & 19-CO-722
HASSAN BANGURA, APPELLANT,
v.
UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.
Appeals from the Superior Court
of the District of Columbia
(FEL-5136-95 & FEL-2072-96)
(Hon. Wendell P. Gardner, Jr., Trial Judge)
(Submitted January 19, 2021 Decided April 1, 2021)
Anne Keith Walton for appellant.
Michael E. McGovern, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
Michael R. Sherwin, Acting United States Attorney, and Elizabeth Trosman,
Suzanne Grealy Curt, and Timothy R. Cahill, Assistant United States Attorneys,
were on brief for appellee.
Before GLICKMAN and DEAHL, Associate Judges, and FERREN, Senior Judge.
FERREN, Senior Judge: Hassan Bangura appeals the trial court’s order
denying his petition for writ of error coram nobis to reinstate his right to appeal his
2
convictions. He argues that the trial court abused its discretion by applying
incorrect legal standards in its evaluation of coram nobis requirements and making
findings that lacked a firm factual foundation. For the reasons elaborated below,
we affirm.
I. Facts and Proceedings
Bangura was indicted on July 12, 1995, in case 1995 FEL 005136 on a
single count of Possession with Intent to Distribute a Controlled Substance-
Cocaine (PWID). He was subsequently charged on December 19, 1995, in case
1996 FEL 002072 for violating the Bail Reform Act (BRA) when he failed to
appear for his original trial date. The two cases were consolidated for trial. On
December 10, 1996, Bangura was found guilty on both and given probationary
sentences on each. For the PWID charge, Bangura was sentenced to ten to twenty
years of incarceration, execution of sentence suspended as to all, with two years of
probation. For the BRA charge he was sentenced to twenty months to five years of
incarceration, execution of sentence suspended as to all, with two years of
probation. Both of the two-year probationary periods, which were to be served
concurrently, have since been completed. After pronouncing each sentence, the
trial court informed Bangura of his appeal rights, but no notice of appeal was filed.
3
On October 15, 2018, more than two decades later, Bangura filed a motion
pursuant to D.C. Code § 23-110 to vacate and reenter the trial court’s judgments,
alleging ineffective assistance from his trial counsel, who, Bangura said, had
violated his duty by failing to file a notice of appeal, as Bangura had requested,
within the time prescribed by D.C. Ct. App. R. 4(b)(l). 1 The government opposed
Bangura’s motion on December 10, 2018, arguing that he was no longer in
custody, as required by § 23-110, when he filed the motion, and thus is not entitled
to relief. The government further argued that the motion should be denied because,
even if Bangura’s motion is re-characterized as a petition for coram nobis relief, he
cannot demonstrate that he satisfies the essential criteria for a grant of the writ, nor
can he justify the delay in filing his motion.
On March 13, 2019, the trial court ordered Bangura to address whether D.C.
Code § 23-110 is the proper vehicle for achieving his requested relief and to
respond to the government’s arguments. Bangura filed a reply on April 12, 2019,
conceding that he was no longer in custody and that he therefore should have filed
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1
Pursuant to D.C. Ct. App. R. 4(b)(l), “[a] notice of appeal in a criminal
case must be filed with the Clerk of the Superior Court within 30 days after entry
of the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken, unless a different time is
specified by the provisions of the District of Columbia Code.”
4
a petition for writ of error coram nobis. He also moved for coram nobis relief to
advance his ineffectiveness claim, and to vacate and re-enter the judgments against
him to facilitate a timely notice of appeal.
On July 12, 2019, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on this matter.
Both parties were provided an opportunity to present evidence and argument.
Bangura introduced an affidavit in which he claimed to have instructed his trial
attorney to file a notice of appeal after sentencing. At the hearing, Bangura also
presented the case jackets for his cases, both of which contained notes that his
appellate rights were explained by the trial court. Bangura chose not to testify or
present any witnesses. His trial attorney testified for the government.
On July 29, 2019, the trial court denied Bangura’s petition, concluding that
he had failed to prove his allegations based solely on “an unsubstantiated affidavit
indicating merely that he requested his trial counsel to file a notice of appeal.”
More specifically, the court ruled that Bangura could not demonstrate that he had
met the first, second, and third requirements for a coram nobis claim. Bangura’s
timely appeal followed.
5
II. The Law
As explained in our Hamid decision: 2
The writ of error coram nobis requires that: (1) the trial
court be unaware of the facts giving rise to the petition;
(2) the omitted information be such that it would have
prevented the sentence or judgment; (3) petitioner be able
to justify the failure to provide the information; (4) the
error be extrinsic to the record; and (5) the error be of the
most fundamental character.
“A writ of error coram nobis is an ‘extraordinary remedy’ which should be
granted ‘only under circumstances compelling such action to achieve justice.’” 3 It
is available only “to correct a miscarriage of justice resulting from errors of the
most fundamental character, where no other remedy is available and sound reasons
exist for failure to seek appropriate earlier relief.” 4 We review a trial court’s denial
of a petition for writ of error coram nobis for an abuse of discretion, 5 which will
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2
United States v. Hamid, 531 A.2d 628, 634 (D.C. 1987) (internal citations
and quotations omitted).
3
Butler v. United States, 884 A.2d 1099, 1104 (D.C. 2005) (quoting United
States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 511 (1954) and United States v. Higdon, 496 A.2d
618, 619 (D.C. 1985)).
4
Magnus v. United States, 11 A.3d 237, 245 (D.C. 2011) (alterations and
quotation marks omitted).
5
See Butler, 884 A.2d at 1105; see also Hamid, 531 A.2d at 632; Higdon,
496 A.2d at 620.
6
occur when a trial court bases its decision on an incorrect legal standard 6 or renders
a decision that is not based on a “firm factual foundation.” 7
III. Analysis
A. The Trial Court’s Ruling
The trial court denied Bangura coram nobis relief after addressing, in order,
the first three requirements for the writ. First, the court opined that coram nobis
relief is limited to “correct[ing] the record in matters of fact existing at the time of
the pronouncement of the judgment.” 8 Accordingly, because “trial counsel’s
timing for filing an appeal could not have occurred until after the judgment was
rendered,” the trial court ruled that Bangura failed to satisfy the first requirement
for the writ.
Second, the court observed that, even if the first requirement could be
deemed satisfied by trial counsel’s failure to file an appeal, the “omitted
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6
See In re J.D.C., 594 A.2d 70, 75 (D.C. 1991).
7
Johnson v. United States, 398 A.2d 354, 364 (D.C. 1979).
8
Douglas v. United States, 703 A.2d 1235, 1236 (D.C. 1997) (internal
quotations omitted).
7
information” attributable to the notice of appeal — i.e., counsel’s alleged
ineffectiveness — “would not have prevented the sentence or judgment.”
Bangura’s ineffectiveness claim was “perfunctory”; there was no “indication that
he expressed to his trial counsel a clear interest in appealing his case”; and in any
event the court “made its decision at trial with a full understanding of the facts and
circumstances,” thereby precluding any “prejudice such that the omitted
information would have prevented the judgment.”
Third, concluded the court, Bangura was “unable to justify his failure to
provide the omitted information.” He “failed to show he acted with due diligence
in protecting his appellate rights,” having waited “nearly twenty-two years to
communicate the claimed error to the court” and thus diminishing the credibility of
his claim. He therefore defaulted on the third requirement as well.
B. Bangura’s Appeal
As to the first requirement for the writ, Bangura rejects the trial court’s
understanding that coram nobis relief is limited to correcting errors of fact. He
points out, to the contrary, that this court has “expanded coram nobis relief to
8
include the correction of fundamental legal errors in addition to factual errors,” 9
and that long ago we granted a writ of error coram nobis to authorize a remand for
resentencing after trial counsel had missed the filing deadline for noting an
appeal. 10 It follows, Bangura argues, that his ineffectiveness claim is not barred
from coram nobis relief by the impossibility of “facts giving rise to the petition”
that occur after sentence or judgment.
Next, observes Bangura, this court has “made clear that a meritorious
ineffective assistance of counsel claim meets the second coram nobis
requirement”; 11 thus, the judgment here might have been vacated if a timely appeal
had been filed.
Finally, according to Bangura, the third requirement was satisfied despite his
nearly 22-year delay in raising the ineffectiveness claim. More specifically, he
was “very reasonably unaware due to the lack of understanding of the appellate
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9
Magnus, 11 A.3d at 246.
10
See Hines v. United States, 237 A.2d 827, 829 (D.C.1968).
11
See Fatumabahirtu v. United States, 148 A.3d 260, 268 & n.13 (D.C.
2016).
9
process” that trial counsel had failed to “provide the information” — i.e., to file the
appeal — that would have erased his sentence or judgment.
C. Decision on Appeal
In his brief, Bangura has chosen, first, to argue the merits of his claim: that
trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing to “file a notice of appeal
upon his request.” Logically, however, that argument is preceded by the threshold
question whether he satisfied the procedural requirements for claiming coram
nobis relief — a question that embraces whether the merits can be reached. We
therefore proceed to consider, initially, whether the trial court abused its discretion
in concluding that Bangura failed to satisfy the first three coram nobis
requirements at issue here.
We agree with Bangura that he has satisfied the first two requirements for
coram nobis relief. We have said that the first requirement for the writ — that “the
trial court be unaware of the facts giving rise to the petition” — is not limited (as
the trial court believed) to a ruling based on a trial court unawareness of “facts.”
The first requirement can be met as well by reliance on the court’s being unaware
10
of legal error, 12 such as post-trial ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to note
an appeal. 13 Moreover, the second requirement can be satisfied if such ineffective
assistance should have “prevented the sentence or judgment” or, as alleged here,
should have resulted in vacation of the judgment, coupled with resentencing “to
permit a timely appeal.” 14
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12
Magnus, 11 A.3d at 246 (“At least since the Supreme Court resurrected
the [coram nobis] remedy over half a century ago in [United States v. Morgan, 346
U.S. 502 (1954)] its scope has expanded to encompass the correction of
fundamental legal errors in addition to factual ones.”); see Fatumabahirtu, 148
A.3d at 268 (“federal courts have routinely held that ineffective assistance is an
error of the most fundamental character.”) (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted).
13
Fatumabahirtu, 148 A.3d at 268. (in applying second requirement for
coram nobis relief, the court concluded that appellant’s success in “establish[ing]
prejudice as a result of ineffective assistance of counsel is sufficient to show that
the judgment here would not have been entered absent the error”); Samuels v.
United States, 435 A.2d 392, 395 (D.C. 1981) (“failure of counsel to file a timely
notice of appeal when his client instructs him to do so amounts to ineffective
assistance of counsel”); Hines, 237 A.2d 827, 829 (“failure to file timely notice [of
appeal] impresses us as such an extraordinary inattention to a client’s interests as to
amount to ineffective assistance of counsel cognizable in a collateral attack upon
the judgment”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
14
Samuels, 435 A.2d at 395 (counsel’s failure “to file a timely notice of
appeal when his client instructs him to do so amounts to ineffective assistance of
counsel” for which the “appropriate remedy . . . is for the trial court to vacate
sentence and resentence the defendant in order to permit a timely appeal”); see
Williams v. United States, 783 A.2d 598, 599 (D.C. 2001 (en banc) (remanding for
trial court “to vacate and reenter . . . order denying [appellant’s] motion alleging
ineffective assistance of trial counsel so that an appeal from that order may be
noted in the required manner”).
11
We therefore turn to the third requirement: whether Bangura has “justif[ied]
the failure to provide the information” — i.e., the failure to file his petition for the
writ — for a period of 22 years since the gravamen of his complaint against trial
counsel arose. Here, we part company with Bangura, who asserts that the trial
court “misapplied the law by stating that the mere passage of time and prejudice to
the government defeated his claim.” 15
Contrary to Bangura’s contention, the trial court wrote, quoting our decision
in Hamid: “While it is true that ‘the passage of time cannot be found to preclude
the granting of this extraordinary writ on purely legal grounds, delay in asserting
the basis for its invocation might, in any given case, affect the credibility and/or
viability of a petitioner’s claim.’” 16 Thus, Bangura’s delay was part of the trial
court’s credibility determination when it evaluated the evidence as to whether he
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15
See Farnsworth v. United States, 232 F.2d 59, 63 (D.C. Cir. 1956)
(“where the fundamental constitutional right has been denied, an accused should
not be precluded from relief because he cannot satisfy a court that he had good
cause for any delay in seeking it”).
16
Hamid, 531 A.2d at 632; compare id. (three-year delay in filing petition
did not bar relief where defendant did not realize until eighteen months before
filing that he had been convicted of a felony rather than a misdemeanor) with
Stewart v. United States, 37 A.3d 870, 878 (D.C. 2012) (noting that defendant’s
credibility is “subject to grave doubt in light of . . . the inference that would
necessarily be drawn against him as a result of his protracted delay in asserting this
claim and the prejudice to the government caused thereby,” when he waited more
than a dozen years after sentencing before making an ineffectiveness claim).
12
told his attorney to file the notice of appeal. The delay, as such, did not determine
the trial court’s ruling as to whether he satisfied the third requirement of the writ.
We therefore consider how Bangura’s substantial delay in charging trial counsel
with constitutional ineffectiveness in failing to file an appeal affected the trial
court’s ruling.
Bangura contends that he established ineffective assistance by “present[ing]
a sworn affidavit stating that he requested his trial counsel to file a notice of appeal
and that his trial counsel never filed the notice.” He adds that he “bolstered his
claim by establishing at the hearing that his trial counsel could not remember
whether or not he requested a notice of appeal to be filed, failed to maintain
contact with him following his sentencing, and no longer had his file.” We agree
that, if Bangura had asked his attorney to file an appeal and the attorney had failed
to do so, the presumed prejudice Bangura suffered as a result 17 may well have been
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17
“[P]rejudice is presumed ‘when counsel’s constitutionally deficient
performance deprives a defendant of an appeal that he otherwise would have
taken.’” Garza v. Idaho, 139 S. Ct. 738, 744 (2019) (quoting Roe v. Flores-
Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 484 (2000)).
13
sufficient to show that error affected the judgment. 18 The trial court ruled,
however, that this scenario did not occur.
The court rejected Bangura’s ineffectiveness claim for insufficient proof.
Other than his pleadings, Bangura’s support for his petition consisted solely of his
affidavit, in which he claimed that his attorney had failed to file a notice of appeal
after being specifically requested to do so. The trial court, however, weighed this
evidence against the testimony of Bangura’s attorney — Bangura himself did not
testify — as well as Bangura’s failure to present evidence as to “what
conversations, if any, took place between him and his trial counsel during the
thirty-day period for filing an appeal.” The court found Bangura’s claim to be
“perfunctory,” “conclusory,” and “palpably incredible,” explicitly finding that
there was “no such indication that he expressed to his trial counsel a clear interest
in appealing his case.” 19
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18
Fatumabahirtu, 148 A.3d at 268 n.13 (A meritorious Strickland claim is
sufficient to satisfy the second requirement for coram nobis relief).
19
In finding Bangura’s affidavit “unsubstantiated,” the trial court relied, in
part, on its finding that Bangura had failed to use “due diligence in bringing his
claim to light,” as implicitly required by the third requirement of the writ of coram
nobis.
14
We perceive no basis for second-guessing this trial court ruling. 20 Thus, the
trial court did not err in applying the third requirement for a writ of error coram
nobis; it did not conclude categorically, as Bangura asserts, that the passage of time
barred his claim. Rather, in line with Hamid, 21 the trial court concluded that
Bangura’s delay in asserting his claim substantially diminished its credibility.
Indeed, the trial court held that, because Bangura failed to provide an explanation
that justified his delay in presenting his claim “(e.g., duress, fear, or other
sufficient cause),” or present “corroborative evidence,” it could not find a basis for
delay other than neglect. It was because of this, not the delay itself, that the trial
court concluded — and we agree — that Bangura failed to satisfy the third
requirement for the writ.
IV. Conclusion
Based on the record support for the trial court’s finding that Bangura never
requested counsel to file a notice of appeal, as well as Bangura’s inability to
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20
See Russell v. United States, 65 A.3d 1172, 1176 (D.C. 2013) (The “court
[of appeals] must give deference to the factfinder’s ability to weigh the evidence”)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
21
See text accompanying supra note 16.
15
provide “sound reasons” for his “failure to seek appropriate earlier relief,” 22 we
hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Bangura’s petition
for a writ of coram nobis.
Affirmed.
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22
Magnus, 11 A.3d at 245.