Bennett v. Fedex Corp. ( 2022 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
BRUCE L. BENNETT,
Plaintiff
v. Civil Action No. 21-2349 (CKK)
FEDEX OFFICE AND PRINT SERVICES,
INC.,
Defendant
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(June 9, 2022)
In this action, Plaintiff Bruce L. Bennett, an attorney proceeding pro se, alleges that two
employees of a FedEx Office store defamed him after another customer accused him of stealing
her credit card. Pending before the Court is Defendant FedEx Office and Print Services Inc.’s [5]
Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Upon review of the
pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court shall GRANT
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and shall DISMISS this case.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The following facts, which the Court must accept as true at this stage of the proceedings,
are set forth in Plaintiff’s Complaint, ECF No. 1-2. See Brown v. Gov. of Dist. of Columbia, 390
F. Supp. 3d 114, 122 (D.D.C. 2019).
1
The Court’s consideration has focused on the following:
• Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 5;
• Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 8; and
• Defendant’s Reply in Support of Motion to Dismiss (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 10.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of
assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
1
Plaintiff, who proceeds pro see, is an attorney who resides in Washington, D.C. Compl. at
7. 2 On May 12, 2021, Plaintiff was “having copies made” at a FedEx Office store located at 715
D Street SE in Washington, D.C. Id. at 2. While Plaintiff was being assisted by a store employee,
another customer, a “middle-aged white woman,” approached him and “began to loudly exclaim
to the Plaintiff . . . that [he] had stolen her credit card.” Id. at 4. Plaintiff denied having her credit
card, prompting the woman to become “louder and more belligerent,” and to threaten to “get the
police.” Id. Plaintiff alleges that there were other customers in the store at the time who knew
him. Id.
According to Plaintiff, a store manager asked him to come speak to her and another
manager. Id. at 5. The two managers “questioned the Plaintiff as to what was going on” and
mentioned that they had heard the female customer yelling from “all the way [at] the back of the
store.” Id. They also asked if Plaintiff had the female customer’s credit card, to which Plaintiff
responded that he did not. Id. Another customer then approached the managers and handed over
the “stolen credit card,” explaining that it had “accidentally gotten stuck in some of his work
papers.” Id.
Plaintiff contends that this encounter was “unlawful racial profiling,” which resulted in a
“lost contract” and “damage to [Plaintiff] personally.” Id. at 2. He alleges that due to this
“unlawful racial profiling,” he was “late in filing an independent contract that he sought to secure.”
Id. at 6. He asserts claims for “defamation and slander,” id. at 8; Pl.’s Opp’n at 1, and seeks
damages in the amount of $200,000, Compl. at 9.
2
The Court’s citations to the Complaint refer to the page numbers specified in the ECF-generated heading
of the document filed at ECF No. 1-2.
2
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed his Complaint in D.C. Superior Court on July 14, 2021. See ECF No. 1-1.
Counsel for Defendant accepted service of the summons and Complaint on Defendant’s behalf on
August 13, 2021. On September 3, 2021, Defendant removed the action to this Court pursuant to
§ 1332(a)(1) because Plaintiff and Defendant are citizens of different states, and the amount in
controversy exceeds $75,000. Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1. Plaintiff resides in the District of
Columbia, and Defendant is incorporated in and maintains its principal place of business in Texas.
Id. ¶¶ 9, 10; Declaration of Tim Alford (“Alford Decl.”) ¶ 3, ECF No. 1-6. Plaintiff seeks damages
of $200,000. Compl. at 1.
On September 10, 2021, Defendant filed a [5] Motion to Dismiss, seeking dismissal of the
Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See generally Def.’s Mot. In an
order dated September 10, 2021, the Court directed Plaintiff to file a response to Defendant’s
Motion to Dismiss by no later than October 15, 2021. In accordance with Fox v. Strickland, 837
F.2d 507 (D.C. Cir. 1988), the Court advised Plaintiff that a failure to respond by that date would
result in the Court treating the motion as conceded and dismissing the case. Plaintiff filed his
opposition on September 17, 2021, and Defendant filed its reply on September 24, 2021.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss a
complaint that “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
“[A] complaint [does not] suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual
enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)). The factual allegations within a complaint, if accepted as true, must
be sufficient to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A
3
claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678. Courts “do not accept as true, however, the plaintiff's legal conclusions or inferences that
are unsupported by the facts alleged.” Ralls Corp. v. Comm. on Foreign Inv. in U.S., 758 F.3d
296, 314–15 (D.C. Cir. 2014).
Complaints submitted by plaintiffs proceeding pro se are reviewed by the court under “less
stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519,
520 (1972). A pro se plaintiff must still plead “‘factual matter’ that permits the court to infer more
than the ‘mere possibility of misconduct.’” Jones v. Horne, 634 F.3d 588, 596 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
(citation and internal quotations omitted). However, an attorney proceeding pro se—as is the
Plaintiff in this case, see Compl. at 5, 7—is “not entitled to the same level of solicitude often
afforded non-attorney litigants” because an attorney is “presumed to have knowledge of the legal
system.” Lovitky v. Trump, 308 F. Supp. 250, 253 (D.D.C. 2018) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Lempert v. Power, 45 F. Supp. 3d 79, 81 n.2 (D.D.C. 2014)).
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff characterizes this suit as “an action for damages regarding slander and
defamation.” Compl. at 4. Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Complaint fails to allege facts
plausibly stating either claim, and seeks dismissal of this action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). The
Court agrees with Defendant, and so shall dismiss this case.
To state a claim for defamation under District of Columbia law, a plaintiff must allege “(1)
that he was the subject of a false and defamatory statement; (2) that the statement was published
to a third party; (3) that publishing the statement was at least negligent; and (4) that the plaintiff
suffered either actual or legal harm.” Farah v. Esquire Magazine, 736 F.3d 528, 533–34 (D.C.
4
Cir. 2013). “When confronted with a motion to dismiss [a defamation claim], a court must evaluate
‘[w]hether a statement is capable of defamatory meaning,’” which is a threshold “question of law.”
Jankovic v. Int’l Crisis Grp., 494 F.3d 1080, 1091 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Weyrich v. New
Republic, Inc., 235 F.3d 617, 627 (D.C. Cir. 2001)). “A court must also determine the threshold
question of law of whether the statement is false.” Smith v. Clinton, 253 F. Supp. 3d 222, 239
(D.D.C. 2017) (citing White v. Fraternal Order of Police, 909 F.2d 512, 520 (D.C. Cir. 1990)).
Because Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that Defendant made “statements” that were false or
capable of defamatory meaning, his defamation claim fails as a matter of law.
The Complaint alleges three “statements” made by Defendant’s employees to Plaintiff: (1)
questioning Plaintiff about “what was going on” concerning the altercation between Plaintiff and
the female customer; (2) asking Plaintiff if he had the female customer’s credit card; and (3) stating
that they could hear the female customer yelling “all the way to the back of the store.” Compl. at
5. “A statement is defamatory ‘if it tends to injure plaintiff in his trade, profession or community
standing, or lower him in the estimation of the community.’” Weyrich, 235 F.3d at 627 (quoting
Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 838 F.2d 1287, 1293–94 (D.C. Cir. 1988)). The alleged
defamatory remark “must be more than unpleasant or offensive; the language must make the
plaintiff appear ‘odious, infamous, or ridiculous.’” Howard Univ. v. Best, 484 A.2d 958, 989 (D.C.
1984) (quoting Johnson v. Johnson Pub. Co., 271 A.2d 696, 697 (D.C. 1970)). None of the three
alleged “statements” satisfies these requirements.
Defendant argues the first two “statements” alleged were actually questions, and therefore
are insufficient to establish the first element of a defamation claim. Def.’s Mot. at 5. This
jurisdiction follows the “widely adopted defamation principle that questions are questions.” Abbas
v. Foreign Policy Grp. LLC, 783 F.3d 1328, 1339 (D.C. Cir. 2015). “[A]s a matter of defamation
5
law . . . a question, however embarrassing or unpleasant to its subject is not [an] accusation.” Id.
at 1338 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Because questions “indicate a defendant’s
lack of definitive knowledge about the issue . . . posing questions has rarely given rise to successful
defamation claims.” Id. Neither question alleged here supplies the basis for a false and defamatory
statement.
As to the third statement alleged in the Complaint—the FedEx manager’s comment that
the female customer’s yelling could be heard from the back of the store—Plaintiff has not pled
sufficient facts demonstrating that this statement was false or capable of defamatory meaning.
First, the manager’s observation concerns the female customer, not Plaintiff. See Deripaska v.
Associated Press, 282 F. Supp. 3d 133, 143 (D.D.C. 2017) (“Defamation is personal; a plaintiff
who alleges defamation must show that the statement was published of and concerning him.”
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). Second, nothing in the Complaint shows this
comment was false; rather, Plaintiff himself alleges that the female customer became “louder and
more belligerent” throughout their interaction. See Compl. at 4. Accordingly, the factual
allegations regarding the managers’ comment about the female customer’s volume also fail to state
a plausible defamatory or false statement.
In his Opposition, Plaintiff does not directly address any of Defendant’s arguments
regarding the lack of any defamatory or false statement. Instead, he re-summarizes the facts
alleged in the Complaint, asserting that they give rise to a defamation claim. Plaintiff’s conclusory
assertions are insufficient to overcome the deficiency of his factual allegations. Moreover,
Plaintiff concedes that it was the female customer who “made the defaming and slanderous
statements,” not any of Defendant’s store employees. Pl.’s Opp’n at 2.
6
Finally, although Plaintiff characterizes his claim as one for “Defamation/Slander,” he cites
in his Opposition a case addressing a “libel per se” claim. See id. at 1 (citing Raboya v. Shrybman
& Assocs., 777 F. Supp. 58 (D.D.C. 1991)). 3 To the extent Plaintiff seeks to state claim for “libel
per se” under District of Columbia law, the Complaint also fails to plausibly allege facts supporting
such a claim. An actionable libel per se claim requires the “contents of a defamatory publication”
which are “attributable to [the] defendant” to “impute . . . the commission of some criminal
offense” that “involves moral turpitude and is such as will injuriously affect [the Plaintiff’s] social
standing[.]” Raboya, 777 F. Supp. at 59 (quoting Farnum, 293 A.2d at 281). The Complaint fails
to allege facts supporting any such “defamatory publication” satisfying this requirement. Plaintiff
fails to allege facts plausibly stating a claim that any of Defendant’s employees made any statement
which imputed the commission of such a crime to him. Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff seeks
to pursue a claim for “slander” distinct from his “defamation” claim, that claim also fails to pass
muster under Rule 12(b)(6).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s [5] Motion to Dismiss the Complaint is
GRANTED. This case shall be DISMISSED. An appropriate Order accompanies this
Memorandum Opinion.
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
Date: June 9, 2022
3
Although the court in Raboya uses the term “libel per se,” the case upon which it relies to present
the elements of such of claim uses the term “slander per se.” Farnum v. Colbert, 293 A.2d 279,
281 (D.C. 1972).
7